范例哲学对50个经典哲学问题的回答

根据现代科学哲学的理论，任何新的或革命的学说，必须能够回答旧的遗留下的问
题(如果不是解决的话)。必须对旧的问题提供新的解释，这也是对新理论的一个证
伪的过程。

范例哲学是一种新的理论，它应该也能够对过去的哲学问题提出新的解释。否则范
例哲学就不具有真理性。哲学问题的解决需要在思想界统一认识，不是哪个人说解
决了，就是结论。因为哲学是“上流(upstream)”学科，是建立标准的学科，不类
似物理，化学，数学等“下流(downstream)”学科，本身已经有明确的具体规范和
标准来衡量自身科学的新发展。

以下是网上搜索的一些哲学问题，让我从范例的角度予以回答：

1) Does God exist? (Metaphysics + Philosophy of Religion)

--- 根据对“上帝”的定义决定。如果上帝是“一个人”，那么这个上帝不存在。
如果上帝指的是一种“万能”，那这个上帝就是人类认识到和未认识到的自然和周
围世界本身。

2) How can we know that He exists? (Epistemology + Natural Theology + Philosophy
of Religion)

--- 这是“Problem if other minds exist”。人类属于自然范例，而自然范例非
唯一性。

3) Does God have a nature? (Phil. of Religion + Metaphysics)

--- 参见1)， 回答：当然了。

4) Does God have properties? (Phil. of Religion + Metaphysics)

--- 同前。

5) Can we gain knowledge about God's nature or properties? (Epistemology)

--- 同前。

6) Is God the source of all reality? (Metaphysics + Phil. of Religion)

--- 同1)。

7) What does it mean to say that God is transcendent over His creation?
(Phil. of Religion)

--- 根据如何定义“transcendent”而定。

8) Is God the source of morality? (Ethics + Phil. of Religion)

--- 是的。

9) What is Morality? (Ethics)

--- 人类(集体)生活的自身价值标准，约束和需要遵守的条件。

10) What is Good? (Ethics)

--- 人类文明发展到高级阶段的性质。

11) What is Evil? (Ethics)

--- 人类文明发展在初级阶段的表现。

12) How can we tell what is Good and Evil? (Ethics + Epistemology)

--- 根据其是否符合人类文明发展的阶段而定。

13) Why should I be moral at all? (Ethics)

--- 因为人类文明是自身发展的必然走向。

14) Are humans just physical entities or do they have an immaterial self?
(Metaphysics)

--- 不仅仅是。是的：它就是个人的思维。

15) Do humans have an essential nature? (Metaphysics)

--- 是的。人类体现的是上帝(非个人)的一部分。

16) Do humans have free-will? (Philosophy of Mind + Metaphysics)

--- 是的，它就是思维。

17) Are humans morally responsible for the things they think, do, intend,
etc.? (Philosophy of Mind + Metaphysics)

--- 是的。人类的文明进化包括自身的责任

18) Does the personal identity of a human persist through change? (Metaphysics)


--- 思维的性质没有变化，其他物质形态在变化。

19) What are the anthropological implications of determinism? (Metaphysics)

--- 人类文明的发展过程是必然性的。

20) If we can prod the brain and produce a physical or even a mental effect,
what implications follow? (Phil. of Mind)

--- 新的“高级范例”会产生，如形象，记忆，梦境，符号，语言等等。但对思维
自由的本质没有影响，如同梦境对人类白天醒来的行动没有影响一样。

21) How can God know the future? (Philosophical Theology + Phil. of Religion)


--- 上帝是否知道将来，依据个人是否知道上帝而定。

22) Does God know counterfactuals? (Phil. of Religion)

--- 根据人是否知道上帝而定。

23) Is God within time or outside of time? (Metaphysics, Philosophy of Time/Science)


--- 当然是在时间之外。

24) What is time? (Phil. Of Time/Science)

--- “动”是世界的本质，它在现象界的性质，即它发展阶段的一个性质。

25) Is time a physical entity or a metaphysical entity? (Phil. Of Time/Science)


--- 时间是物理性质。

26) How can humans have free-will and God be sovereign all at the same time?
(Phil. of Religion)

--- 就好像婴儿可以随意行动，而只有大人才知道何时适可而止。

27) Is science compatible with religious belief / Christianity? (Philosophy
of Science)

--- 是的。科学的任务是不断将宗教的教义细致化的过程。

28) What is science? (Phil. of Science)

--- 发现范例的宏观世界的因果规律的学科。

29) Is there only one scientific method? (Phil. of Science)

--- 不是。但最好的只有一个。

30) Do the findings of science imply naturalism or materialism? (Phil. Of
Science)

--- 是，但其本身不全面。

31) Which fields of study count as science? (Phil. of Science)

--- 从经验到普遍，从个别到一般，从猜想到证实，从陈述到逻辑和数学，从偶然
到必然等。

32) What theological implications follow from the findings of Quantum Physics?
(Phil. of Science)

--- 科学只适用于上帝造的宏观世界。

33) Is scientism a rational view? (Epistemology)

--- 不是，是极端化的思维。

34) Isn't Evil incompatible with God's being real? (Phil. of Religion)

--- 不矛盾。因为罪恶是人类文明发展的初级阶段必经之路(前述)。

35) Do God's omni-properties make sense? (Philosophical Theology)

--- 当然，否则就不叫上帝了。

36) Can God do anything? Even something logically incoherent? (Phil. of
Religion)

--- 不会。上帝的意图是通过人的行为来实现的，包括人类的非逻辑部分，它是人
类发展的必然阶段。

37) What is Truth? (Epistemology)

--- 上帝的万能。

38) How can only one religion be true? (Phil. of Religion)

--- 人类思维的偏执和狭隘。

39) How can one effectively compare different religions or views to see
which one is true? (Phil. Of Religion + Epistemology)

--- 采取盲人模象的办法。

40) Is the trinity a coherent concept? (Phil. of Religion)
--- 是的。

41) How could God become a man? (Phil. of Religion)

--- 人类的想象力的发挥。

42) What does it mean to say that Jesus has two natures? (Phil. of Religion
+ Metaphysics)

--- 没有研究。可能是拟人化的结果。

43) What are miracles? (Phil. of Religion)

--- 人没有意料的奇迹。

44) Are miracles possible? (Phil. of Religion)

--- 当然。

45) Can we examine ancient documents and gain knowledge from them? (Epistemology
+ Philosophy of History)

--- 是的而且必须。

46) Can we know certain truths without evidence? (Epistemology)

--- 是的。证明只与科学方法有关。

47) What role do supernatural experiences or mystical experiences have to
play? (Phil. of Religion)

--- 思维中。

47) Do abstract objects exist (i.e. does the number 2 exist)? (Metaphysics)

--- 是的。是“思在/微观世界”的部分。

48) If abstract objects exist, what is God's relation to them? (Metaphysics
+ Phil. of Religion)

--- 上帝给予人类的一个部分。

50) Do universals exist? (Metaphysics)

--- 是的，在思在中。

51) How to answer the Mind-Body problem?

--- 微观世界与宏观世界的划分。属于“跨界问题”。

52) How to answer the question of material or spirit whom comes first?

--- 属于“跨界问题”，都不是。“动”是宏观和微观世界的真正来源。

(全文完)