假冒偽劣的“官方網站” ---從official website一詞的中文翻譯想到的

自1996年起，互聯網（internet）一詞被廣泛的流傳，為普通人所熟知。經過多年的發展，互聯網已經在社會的各個層面為全人類提供了便利。電子郵件、即時消息、視頻會議，網絡日誌（blog）、網上購物等已經成為越來越多人的一種生活方式；而基於B2B，B2C等平台的電子商務，跨越洲際的商務會談以及電子政務等等為商業與政府辦公創造了更加安全，更加快捷的環境。

但是，多年以來，一直存在着一個困惑好啊好啊的問題，那就是中文的“官方網站”一詞。身為正宗業外人士的好啊好啊認為官方網站一詞是從official website或者official site的英文翻譯過來的。但是，無論如何，看着這個中文的詞就覺着那麼別扭。

英文的website一詞翻譯成為網站，這應該沒有什麼問題。意指在互聯網上，根據一定的規則，使用HTML等工具製作的用於展示特定內容的相關網頁的集合。簡單地說，網站是一種通信工具，就像布告欄一樣，人們可以通過網站來發布自己想要公開的信息，或者利用網站來提供相關的網絡服務。人們可以通過網頁瀏覽器來訪問網站，獲取自己需要的信息或者享受網絡服務。

可是將official website翻譯成為官方網站，就不那麼讓人感到名副其實了。不知道是什麼人對official website這個詞進行翻譯的。但是，好啊好啊覺得可以肯定的是，他/她一定是一位深受尊敬的中國互聯網事業的先驅者。可能是純技術人員出身的緣故吧，文學修養帶有瑕疵，這個詞的翻譯不是那麼精準確切。違背了清末新興資產階級啟蒙思想家、翻譯大師嚴復提倡的“信，達，雅”的標准。

何謂“信”“達”“雅”？嚴復在《天演論》中的“譯例言”講到：“譯事三難：信、達、雅。求其信已大難矣，顧信矣不達，雖譯猶不譯也，則達尚焉。”“信”指意義不背原文，即是譯文要準確，不歪曲，不遺漏，也不要隨意增減意思；“達”指不拘泥於原文形式，譯文通順明白；“雅”則指譯文時選用的詞語要得體，追求文章本身的古雅，簡明優雅。在中國的翻譯界，自嚴復首標“譯事三難：信、達、雅”之後，又有“忠實、通順和美”、“不增不減”、“神似”、“化”等說法提出。主張雖多，又各據其理，然就其可操作性來看，鮮有如“信達雅”之可觸可摸，可施可行者。

而“official website”也就是一個技術詞組，在翻譯過程中，本不存在在“達”的方面理解的困難，同時也不存在着“雅”的方面表達的障礙。可是，一不留神，現在廣為流傳使用的翻譯而來的中文“官方網站”一詞卻在第一重要的“信”上出了一些問題，那就是並沒有準確地表達的意思，有着歪曲其意的現象存在。雖然無論如何理解那都是無意的。

中文中的“官”字，甲骨文字形,從“宀”(mián),以冖覆眾,則有治眾的意思。流傳到今大體上有以下的意思：在政府擔任職務的人；屬於國家的或公家的。

再來看看英文中的official一詞的意思，在英文中大體上是如此描述的，An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or  gavernment and participates in the exercise of authority (either his own or that of his superior and/or employer, public or legally private). 這是作為名詞來描述的，該詞還具有形容詞的性質，其意思就附帶有和官有關的意思了。在中文詞典中，我們可以看到以下的意思：n. 行政官員；公務員；[體]裁判；高級職員；adj. 官方的，法定的；公職的，公務的；官氣十足；正式的。嘿嘿，

很明顯，official website中的official一詞在這里是作為形容詞使用的。的確，在中文翻譯中有很多的官字以及和官有關的文字在那裡擺着，顯得該詞萬分“官氣十足”。但是，當我們看中文的眾多的官方網站時，的確可以看到很多各級政府以及和國家政權有關的單位的網站，好啊好啊絕對認為這是毫無錯誤的。可是，除了這些政府以及和國家政權有關的單位的網站之外，在中文的互聯網汪洋大海的世界中，個人和非政府的網站，博客，微博等等均冠以“官方”二字，這些個人以及非政府單位（如公司）和“官”是扯不上任何關係的。而其網站，博客和微博前竟然赫赫地冠以“官方”二字，在好啊好啊看來真的有幾分掛羊頭、賣狗肉的樣子，滑稽十足，嘿嘿！

official 這個英文單詞來源於拉丁語，其詞根為fic，fact，fect，feas，feat詞根組，意思相當於英文的make,do，中文就表示“做，製作”的意思。office就是簡單而言是做事的地方，但是，這不是普通一般人為自己做事的地方，而是約定俗成地表示正式地為大家辦事、做事的地方，進而引深為辦公室，營業處，政府機關，官職。從而official也就成為了行政官員，公務員了。

為了了解official website的確切定義，好啊好啊將此詞組輸入google進行搜索，屏幕顯示，用時0.18秒找到約 159,000,000 條結果，也許是好啊好啊資助魯鈍，或者太懶而沒有好好翻頁尋找，竟然沒有找到一條該詞組的解釋或定義。無奈之下，只好求助英文版的維基百科全書，然而，令人失望的是竟然沒有一個official website的定義或解釋。只不過是在英文版的維基百科全書中找到了一個和official相關的website的解釋，那就是celebrity website這個詞組，可是這似乎是名人網站的的意思。這個詞組的英文解釋就更說明了這個問題，A website whose information revolves around a celebrity. This sites can be official (endorsed by the celebrity) or fan made (run by his/her fan, fans, without implicit endorsement).。

無奈之下，藉助於自己略懂一點兒的日語，想看看日語中official website是如何翻譯的。結果得知是“公式ウェブサイト”這麼一個亂七八糟的東東，嘿嘿。日文解釋是：公式ウェブサイト（こうしきウェブサイト）は、法人や著名人などが、広報・広告・PR・販売・顧客対応などを目的として自ら公開しているウェブサイトである。公式サイト、オフィシャルサイトとも呼ぶ。翻譯成中文後就是“公式網站”，其意思是法人或者著名的人以報道、廣告、宣傳、出售、以及為顧客服務為目的公開的網站，也叫公式サイト（公式網站，相對應official site）、オフィシャルサイト（這是日語中official website的一種表達方式，可以讀出近似的讀音來）。這樣看來和英文的celebrity website近似，可又有不同。從elebrity website是個人的，而日文中的公式ウェブサイト除了個人的之外，還有各種法人團體。但是，從日文中可以看出來，並沒有官方的意思。

不僅網站如此，博客，微博等中國特色的和互聯網關的事物都被賦予“官方”色彩，可是，在好啊好啊眼裡看到的往往大多數是和中文的“官”毫無關係的一些個人呀組織呀或單位在那裡活動。每每總是給人貽笑大方的感覺。

好啊好啊認為，official website一詞如果在中文翻譯成為“正式網站”，可能更為恰當一些。

從這個詞來看，當然，最初的譯者有文學素質微有瑕疵的感覺，但是，本質上反映了中國傳統文化中“官文化”，“官本位”的問題。

 “官文化”是資本主義文化出現之前，人類農業社會時最深厚、廣博、系統的文化，它在中華大地上的誕生，主導了中華帝國的形成演變，凝聚中華民族的統一延續。“官本位”是一種以官為本、以官為貴、以官為尊為主要內容的價值觀。

自夏商周以來，與國王或皇帝同父異母的人都定為同姓親王，有功的人都封為異姓王、公、侯什麼的，擁有皇帝分給他們的大量土地。國王和皇帝以及這些王、公、侯們任命一些管理人員，這些人員就是官員。

即使從秦、漢開始建立了中央集權體制，從州、郡、縣到中央，通過官來集權，實行金字塔結構，這樣的社會必定導致“官本位”。

而更為重要的是中國的農業社會皇權至上，普天下皆為皇土，一切都是皇帝的，一切都由皇帝說了算。皇帝任命的官員就在當地代表皇帝管理那個地區，官員的權威性不容挑戰，從而將“官本位”推向上了極致，現在“官本位”的土壤就是來自中國經歷了三千年的農業社會。這一切，都為中國三千年的農業社會管理進行了必要的保障。

最初，官員都是從有功人員中選拔任命的，或為有權利者推薦有才能的人。後來，到了隋、唐開始了通過考試來選拔官吏的制度，也就是科舉制度。科舉知道是古代中國的一項重要政治制度，對中國社會和文化產生了巨大影響，直接催生了不論門第、以考試產生的“士大夫”階層。為從前報國無門的非富貴階層的人們，開了一個參與治理國家的一個窄縫，為國家管理階層增添了新鮮血液和能量。但是，從改善“官文化”，“官本位”的角度來說，卻沒有什麼意義。

農業社會過去了，現在中國進入了工業社會，在民眾尚還完全沒有適應工業社會所衍生的一些列文化特徵，中國海一隻腳已經踏入了後工業社會。而與此同時，農業社會所產生的“官文化”的先進性盪然無存，它的現代變種官僚資本主義所集合的反民主勢力成為中華民族進步發展的主要障礙。一百多年來總有人試圖以資本主義文化取代官文化，將中國納入資本統治的工業文明，由於官文化和官僚資本主義的抵制破壞，由於資本主義文化的局限，這種努力流於空想。而今資本統治日漸衰落，資本主義文化的腐朽、反動充分展現。導引中國發展的文化源於中國的社會矛盾。現實中國的社會矛盾要求新文化，中國人有必要也有能力創造新文化。以勞動者為主體的勞動社會主義自由文化確立民主的權威，排除資本主義文化的腐朽，批判和克服官文化，導引政治、經濟變革，中國就能振興並再度領先於世界。中國兩千多年的封建專制文化致使這種思想意識深入中國社會的層層面面，甚至可以說是中華文化的一部分，即“糟粕”的那部分。

官本位的其他方面就不在這里一一進行探討了。好啊好啊只是感到遺憾的是，如此一個常見的詞彙，確實是在在地是一個假冒偽劣的詞彙。表明了這麼一位有成就的從事專業工作的人，其骨子裡也透着官氣十足的“官文化”。

嘿嘿，

好啊好啊！

附：來自英文維基百科的各種網站。帶下劃線的就是celebrity website。

Websites
can be divided into two broad categories - static and interactive. Interactive
sites are part of the Web 2.0 community of sites, and allow for interactivity
between the site owner and site visitors. Static sites
serve or capture information but do not allow engagement with the audience
directly.

Type of Website             Description      Examples    Affiliate

A site, typically few in pages, whose
purpose is to sell a third party's product. The seller receives a commission
for facilitating the sale.    

Affiliate Agency

Enabled portal that renders not only its
custom CMS but also syndicated content from other content providers for an
agreed fee. There are usually three relationship tiers. Affiliate Agencies

(e.g., Commission Junction), Advertisers
(e.g., eBay) and consumer (e.g., Yahoo!). Archive site

Used to preserve valuable electronic
content threatened with extinction. Two examples are: Internet Archive, which
since 1996 has preserved billions of old (and new) web pages; and Google
Groups, which in early 2005 was archiving over 845,000,000 messages posted to
Usenet news/discussion groups. Internet
Archive, Google Groups Attack site

A site created specifically to attack
visitors' computers on their first visit to a website by downloading a file
(usually a trojan horse). These websites rely on unsuspecting users with poor
anti-virus protection in their computers. 

Blog (web log)

Sites generally used to post online diaries
which may include discussion forums (e.g., blogger, Xanga). Many bloggers use
blogs like an editorial section of a newspaper to express their ideas on
anything ranging from politics to religion to video games to parenting, along
with anything in between. Some bloggers are professional bloggers and they are
paid to blog about a certain subject, and they are usually found on news sites.     WordPress Brand building site              A site with the purpose of
creating an experience of a brand online. These sites usually do not sell
anything, but focus on building the brand. Brand building sites are most common
for low-value, high-volume fast moving consumer goods (FMCG).

Celebrity website

A website whose information revolves around
a celebrity. This sites can be official (endorsed by the celebrity) or fan made
(run by his/her fan, fans, without implicit endorsement).           jimcarrey.com Click-to-donate site

A website that allows the visitor to donate
to charity simply by clicking on a button or answering a question correctly. An
advertiser usually donates to the charity for each correct answer generated.              The Hunger Site, Freerice, Ripple
(charitable organisation) Community site

A site where persons with similar interests
communicate with each other, usually by chat or message boards. Myspace, Facebook, orkut Content site

Sites whose business is the creation and
distribution of original content          (e.g.,
Slate, About.com). Classified Ads site         Sites
publishing classified advertisements       gumtree.com
Corporate website

Used to provide background information
about a business, organization, or service. 

Dating website

A site where users can find other single
people looking for long range relationships, dating, or just friends.              Many of them are pay per services
such as eHarmony and Match.com, but there are many free or partially free
dating sites. Most dating sites today have the functionality of social
networking websites.

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) site              A site offering goods and services
for online sale and enabling online transactions for such sales.    

Forum website

A site where people discuss various topics.       

Gallery Website

A website designed specifically for use as
a Gallery, these may be an art gallery or photo gallery and of commercial or
non-commercial nature.             

Government Site

A website made by the local, state,
department or national government of a country. Usually these sites also
operate websites that are intended to inform tourists or support tourism.     For example, Richmond.com is the geodomain
for Richmond, Virginia. Gripe site

A site devoted to the criticism of a
person, place, corporation, government, or institution.       

Gaming website

Gambling website

A site that lets users play online games.
Some enable people to gamble online.

Humor site

Satirizes, parodies or otherwise exists
solely to amuse.            

Information site            Most websites could fit in this type of website to some
extent many of them are not necessarily for commercial purposes           RateMyProfessors.com, Free Internet
Lexicon and Encyclopedia. Most government, educational and nonprofit
institutions have an informational site.

Media sharing site        A site that enables users to upload and view media such as
pictures, music, and videos

Flickr, YouTube, Google Videos Mirror site

A website that is the replication of
another website. This type of websites are used as a response to spikes in user
visitors. Mirror sites are most commonly used to provide multiple sources of
the same information, and are of particular value as a way of providing
reliable access to large downloads.     

Microblog site

A short and simple form of blogging.
Microblogs are limited to certain amounts of characters and works similar to a
status update on Facebook

Twitter News site

Similar to an information site, but
dedicated to dispensing news, politics, and commentary.   cnn.com Personal website

Websites about an individual or a small
group (such as a family) that contains information or any content that the
individual wishes to include. Such a personal website is different from a
Celebrity website, which can be very expensive and run by a publicist or
agency.           

Phishing site

a website created to fraudulently acquire
sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card details, by
masquerading as a trustworthy person or business (such as Social Security
Administration, PayPal) in an electronic communication (see Phishing).

p2p/Torrents website

Websites that index torrent files. This
type of website is different from a Bit torrent client which is usually a stand
alone software.             Mininova, The
Pirate Bay, IsoHunt Political site          A
site on which people may voice political views, show political humor,
campaigning for elections, or show information about a certain political party
or ideology.            

Porn site

A site that shows sexually explicit content
for enjoyment and relaxation. They can be similar to a personal website when
it's a website of a porn actor/actress or a media sharing website where user
can upload from their own sexually explicit material to movies made by adult
studios.    

Question and Answer (Q&A) Site

Answer site is a site where people can ask
questions & get answers.   Yahoo!
Answers, Stack Exchange Network (including Stack Overflow) Rating site

A site on which people can praise or
disparage what is featured.         

Religious site

A site in which people may advertise a
place of worship, or provide inspiration or seek to encourage the faith of a
follower of that religion. 

Review site

A site on which people can post reviews for
products or services.          

School site

a site on which teachers, students, or
administrators can post information about current events at or involving their
school. U.S. elementary-high school websites generally use k12 in the URL  

Scraper site

a site which largely duplicates without
permission the content of another site, without actually pretending to be that
site, in order to capture some of that site's traffic (especially from search
engines) and profit from advertising revenue or in other ways.

Search engine site        A website that indexes material on the Internet or an
intranet (and lately on traditional media such as books and newspapers)and
provides links to information as a response to a query.   Google Search, Bing, GoodSearch, DuckDuckGo Shock site

Includes images or other material that is
intended to be offensive to most viewers      Goatse.cx,
rotten.com Showcase site

Web portals used by individuals and
organisations to showcase things of interest or value    

Social bookmarking site            A site where users share other
content from the Internet and rate and comment on the content.           StumbleUpon and Digg are examples.

Social networking site A site where users could communicate with one
another and share media, such as pictures, videos, music, blogs, etc. with
other users. These may include games and web applications.

Facebook, Orkut, Google+ Warez

A site designed to host or link to
materials such as music, movies and software for the user to download.         

Webmail

A site that provides a webmail service.              Hotmail, Gmail, Yahoo! Web portal

A site that provides a starting point or a
gateway to other resources on the Internet or an intranet.              msn.com, msnbc.com, yahoo

Wiki site

A site which users collaboratively edit its
content.        Wikipedia, WikiHow, Wikia

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