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| 送交者: Cloud999 2016年12月26日08:31:16 于 [军事天地] 发送悄悄话 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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12月26日 事实的真相以前我们分析过，Augusta, GA 只是这个人体基地的一个点，而且我们也追踪到还有一个点在加州。那么经过更多的分析，显示事实的真相可能是如此。这些地下通道是很久以前就存在的，是为了战争或避难用的，后来在南北战争中，又充当奴隶逃跑到北方的通道。那么在后来的后来，就被一些别有用心的人充当了非法活动的场地。而到了80年代后，日本人就加入进来，把其改造成了一个军事，人体实验基地，成了报复美国的一种手段。当然，我也强调历史和解，仇恨和解，但要在正确的认知，悔改下的和解。如果一边在屠杀受害者，一边高谈和解，并千方百计掩盖事情真相的曝光，这不是悔改的表现，最多是转移了屠杀的目标，我们不能原谅罪恶势力彼此勾结下的和解。根据分析，这个基地的入口就在Deerfield, ILLinois. 世界每一个人都是这个基地的受害者，都是这些大药厂的受害者，受害者以亿为单位来计算。你们很可能都在不知不觉中受到了他们的伤害，请把信息传达到世界每一个角落，让我们一起携手和世界上最邪恶的势力做顽强的斗争，他们现在还在屠杀无辜的受害者，每天在我家里杀人。请你们和我站在一起，保卫我！ Baxter InternationalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Baxter Healthcare)
Baxter International Inc. is an American health care company with headquarters in Deerfield, Illinois.[2] The company primarily focuses on products to treat hemophilia, kidney disease, immune disorders and other chronic and acute medical conditions. The company had 2013 sales of $16.3 billion, across two businesses: BioScience and Medical Products. Baxter's BioScience business produces recombinant and blood plasma proteins to treat hemophilia and other bleeding disorders; plasma-based therapies to treat immune deficiencies and other chronic and acute blood-related conditions; products for regenerative medicine, and vaccines. Baxter's Medical Products business produces intravenous products and other products used in the delivery of fluids and drugs to patients; inhalational anaesthetics; contract manufacturing services; and products to treat end-stage renal disease, or irreversiblekidney failure, including products for peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis.[1] ContentsHistory[edit]Baxter International was founded in 1931 by Donald Baxter, a medical doctor, as a manufacturer and distributor of intravenous therapy solutions. Baxter's interest was bought out in 1935 by Ralph Falk, who established a research and development function. In 1939 the company developed a vacuum-type collection container, extending the shelf life of blood from hours to weeks. In 1954, the company expanded operations outside of the United States by opening an office in Belgium. In 1956 Baxter International introduced the first functioning artificial kidney, and in 1971 became a member of the Fortune 500. In 1971, Baxter built a major manufacturing plant in Ashdod, Israel and as a result, the company was placed on the Arab League boycott list in the early 1980s.[3] Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the company expanded to deliver a wider variety of products and services (including vaccines, a greater variety of blood products) through acquisitions of various companies. Sales and production facilities also expanded throughout the world.[4] In 1982, Baxter acquired Medcom, Inc., a New York-based firm founded by Richard Fuisz and his brother, that had large markets in the United States and Saudi Arabia.[5][6][7]Baxter chief executive Vernon Loucks fired Fuisz who then brought anti-boycott charges against Baxter to the U.S. Commerce Department Office of Anti-Boycott Compliance (OAC). Fuisz alleged that Baxter had sold their profitable Ashdod facility to Teva Pharmaceutical Industries in 1988[8] while simultaneously negotiating the construction of a similar plant in Syria in partnership with the Syrian military in order to be removed from the Arab League blacklist in 1989.[3][9][10] In 1993 Baxter pleaded guilty to a felony in relation to an anti-boycott law in the United States.[8][11] In July 15, 1985, American Hospital Supply Corporation CEO Karl D. Bays and Baxter's then-CEO Vernon R. Loucks Jr., signed an agreement that merged two of the United State's "largest producers of medical supplies."[12] This was a "one-Baxter approach" in which the company provided "70% to 80% of what a hospital needed."[13] In 1991, Baxter's home infusion subsidiary, Caremark, "was accused by the government of paying doctors to steer patients to its intravenous drug service"[14] In 1992 Caremark spun off from Baxter International.[14] Caremark was fined $160 million for the "four-year-long federal mail-fraud and kickback" scheme in which the "home-infusion business unit made weekly payments to scores of doctors that averaged about $75 per patient for referring those patients to its services. Some doctors earned as much as $80,000 a year from the kickbacks, according to government documents."[14] In 1996, the company entered into a four-way, $640 million settlement with haemophiliacs 1999 in relation to blood clotting concentrates that were infected with HIV.[15] Under pressure from shareholders due to poor performance and an unsuccessful merger, Loucks was forced to resign.[11]:115 Baxter acquired medical device firm Baxa on November 10, 2011.[16] In 2011, Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC completed the acquisition of Baxter Healthcare Corporation's US generic injectables business (Multi-Source Injectables or MSI).[17][18] In July 2013, EU antitrust regulators approved Baxter's bid for Sweden's Gambro.[19] In March 2014, Baxter announced plans to create two separate, independent global healthcare companies—one focused on developing and marketing bio-pharmaceuticals and the other on medical products. The medical products company retained the name Baxter International Inc. and the bio-pharmaceuticals company is named Baxalta and spun off as a new public company that showed on trading boards as of July 1, 2015 CE.[20] In July 2014, Baxter announced that it was exiting the vaccines business—divesting its commercial vaccine portfolio to Pfizer (with sale expected to close by the end of the year) and exploring options for its vaccines R&D program, including influenza.[21] In October 2015, José E. Almeida was named Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.[22] In December 2016, Baxter announced it would acquire Claris Lifesciences injectables subsidiary, Claris Injectables, for $625 million.[23] Baxter Boys[edit]During the tenure of Vernon Loucks who was Baxter's CEO from 1980 to 1998 and chairman from 1987 to 1999, company sales "more than quadrupled to $5.7 billion while its workforce rose from 30,000 to 42,000." During that time, Loucks hired and groomed a number of staff who went on to become CEOs elsewhere. Baxter alumni groomed by Loucks included Terry Mulligan of MedAssets, Lance Piccolo at Caremark, Mike Mussallem of Edwards Lifesciences Corp and CEOs of Boston Scientific Corp. and Cardinal Health.[13] Environmental activities[edit]In 1997, a report produced by the company indicated that changes made to reduce environmental impacts generated savings that exceeded their cost, producing a net profit. Reporting was company-wide, with a variety of aggregation and reporting, including on the company's internet and intranet sites.[24] The company was an early joiner in the "green and greedy" movement, which aims to lessen the environmental impacts of manufacturing its products while saving the company money.[25] In 2009 the company announced it had reached a variety of its environmentally friendly goals, and that it would continue to try to reduce waste, emissions, energy use and environmental incidents over the coming years.[26] Structure[edit]
The company had 2014 sales of $16.7 billion, across two businesses: BioScience (2013 sales - $6.6 billion) and Medical Products ($8.7 billion).[1] Sales in 2013 were 42% in the United States, 30% in Europe, 16% in Asia Pacific, 12% in Latin America and Canada. In 2011, Baxter had approximately 61,500 employees. The breakdown of regional employees in 2013 was 36% in the United States; 34% in Europe; 16% in Asia Pacific; 14% in Latin America and Canada. In 2013, Baxter International spent more than $1.2 billion on research and development.[29] Corporate governance[edit]In 1953 William Graham became the company's CEO. Vernon Loucks became president and CEO in 1980. Loucks was forced to resign by shareholders.[11] When shareholders forced Loucks to resign,[30]
Loucks was succeeded by Harry Kraemer, who was succeeded by Robert Parkinson, who took the CEO position in 2004.[4] H1N1 vaccine[edit]In June 2009, Baxter International announced it expected to have the first commercial vaccine for the H1N1 ("swine flu") influenza as early as July of the same year. The company has been one of several working with the World Health Organization and United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on the vaccine, and uses a cell-based rather than egg-based technology that allows a shorter production time.[31] Philanthropy[edit]In 2008, Baxter launched Science@Work: Expanding Minds with Real-World Science, which supports teacher training and student development in healthcare and biotechnology in Chicago Public Schools.[32]:17 In 2013, the company was included in The Civic 50, a list of the most community-minded companies in America from The National Conference on Citizenship and Points of Light, published by Bloomberg.[33] In 2014, roughly 6,300 Baxter employees volunteered in their communities through The Baxter International Foundation's Dollars for Doers program, addressing local concerns such as healthcare, the environment and education.[34]:104 In 2014, Baxter and The Baxter International Foundation gave over $50 million.[35] Baxter was included for the 13th year in Corporate Responsibility magazine's 100 Best Corporate Citizens list in 2014 for its social responsibility performance.[36] Controversies[edit]1975 Hemofil - Hepatitis B outbreak[edit]In August 1975, Baxter / Travenol withdrew a clotting factor product "Hemofil" after the product was associated with an outbreak of Hepatitis B.[37] 1983 Prison Plasma Collection[edit]Baxter, unbeknownst to the FDA, continued to use prison plasma in factor concentrate production until October 1983, despite having entered into an agreement with the FDA (11 months earlier), that they would no longer use US prison plasma, which posed a high-risk of virus transmission.[38] 2001 Althane disaster[edit]Main article: Baxter Althane disaster The Baxter Althane disaster in autumn 2001 was a series of 56 sudden deaths of renal failure patients in Spain, Croatia, Italy, Germany, Taiwan, Colombia and the USA (mainly Nebraska and Texas). All had received hospital treatment with Althane hemodialysis equipment, a product range manufactured by Baxter International, USA.[39][40] 2008 Chinese heparin adulteration[edit]Main article: 2008 Chinese heparin adulteration In 2008, the quality of blood thinning products produced by Baxter was brought into question when they were linked to 19 deaths in the United States.[41] Upon inspection, one of the raw ingredients used by Baxter was found to be contaminated – between 5 and 20 percent – with a substance that was similar, but not identical, to the ingredient itself. The company initiated a voluntary recall, temporarily suspended the manufacture of heparin, and launched an investigation. Investigation into the contamination has focused on raw heparin produced by Changzhou Scientific Protein Laboratories, a China-based branch of Scientific Protein Laboratories, based in Waunakee, Wisconsin. Due to procedural errors, Changzhou SPL's facilities were never subjected to inspection by US FDA officials, as required by FDA regulations. In addition, Changzhou SPL's products were also never certified as safe for use in pharmaceutical products by Chinese FDA officials, due to Changzhou SPL's registration as a chemical company rather than a pharmaceutical manufacturer.[42][43][44] Though Baxter was first to recall heparin because of increased adverse reactions, after the contaminant was identified and testing protocols were shared with other manufacturers globally, over a dozen other companies in nearly a dozen countries issued recalls, which linked back to certain supply points in China. 2009 Avian flu contamination[edit]In early 2009, samples of viral material supplied by Baxter International to a series of European laboratories were found to be contaminated with live Avian flu virus (Influenza A virus subtype H5N1).[45] Samples of the less harmful seasonal flu virus (subtype H3N2) were found to be mixed with the deadly H5N1 strain after a vaccine made from the material killed test animals in a lab in the Czech Republic. Though the serious consequences were avoided by the lab in the Czech Republic,[46] Baxter then claimed the failed controls over the distribution of the virus were 'stringent' and there was 'little chance' of the lethal virus harming humans.[47] 2009 drug cost inflation[edit]On July 2, 2009, Kentucky Attorney General Jack Conway announced a settlement between the state and Baxter Healthcare Corporation, a subsidiary of Baxter International, worth $2 million. The company had been inflating the cost of the intravenous drugs sold to Kentucky Medicaid, at times as much as 1300%.[48] 2010 Hepatitis C infections[edit]In 2010, a jury in Las Vegas, Nevada ordered Baxter and Teva Pharmaceuticals to pay $144 million to patients who had been infected with Hepatitis C after doctors wrongly reused dirty medical supplies to administer propofol to patients. The jury granted the award, despite the fact that the label for propofol clearly states that it is for single-patient use only and that aseptic procedures should be used at all times.[49] Per a 2009 indemnity agreement between Teva (the manufacturer) and Baxter (acting as a distributor on behalf of Teva), the litigation and related settlements were defended and paid by Teva.[50] 2010 infusion pump recall[edit]In 2010, Baxter was ordered by the FDA to recall all of their Colleague infusion pumps from the market due to 87 recalls and deaths associated with the pump.[51] 2008–2010 tax dodging[edit]In December 2011, the non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized Baxter for spending $10.45 million on lobbying and not paying any taxes during 2008–2010, instead getting $66 million in tax rebates, despite making a profit of $926 million.[52] See also[edit]References[edit]
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Deerfield, MassachusettsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Deerfield is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 5,125 as of the 2010 census.[1] Deerfield is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area in western Massachusetts, lying 30 miles (48 km) north of the city of Springfield. Deerfield includes the villages of South Deerfield and Old Deerfield which is home to two museums; Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association and Historic Deerfield, Inc. Historic Deerfield, Inc. is a museum with a focus on decorative arts, early American material culture, and history. Its house museums offer interpretation of society, history, and culture from the colonial era through the late nineteenth century. Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association has Memorial Hall Museum which opened in 1880, as well as the Indian House Memorial Children's Museum and Bloody Brook Tavern. The district has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is a center of heritage tourism in the Pioneer Valley near the Connecticut River. Deerfield has numerous schools, including Deerfield Academy, a private secondary preparatory school; Frontier Regional High School; Deerfield Elementary; and two separate private junior boarding schools, Bement School, which is co-ed, and Eaglebrook School, which accepts only boys. ContentsHistory[edit]Deerfield was the northwesternmost outpost of New England settlement for several decades during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. It occupies a fertile portion of the Connecticut River Valley and was vulnerable to attack because of its position near the Berkshires highlands. For these reasons it was the site of intertribal warfare and several Anglo-French and Indian skirmishes during its early history.[2] At the time of the English colonists' arrival, the Deerfield area was inhabited by the Algonquian-speaking Pocumtuck nation, who settled a major village by the same name. English colonists arrived in 1673, and Deerfield was incorporated in 1677. Settlement was the result of a court case in which the government in Boston returned some of Dedham to Native American control in exchange for land in the new township of Pocumtuck, on which Dedham residents could settle. The Dedham settlers' agent, John Plympton, signed a treaty with the Pocumtuck, including a man named Chaulk, who had no authority to deed the land to the colonists and appeared to have only a rough idea of what he was signing. Native Americans and the English had different ideas about property and land use; this, along with competition for resources, contributed to conflicts between them. Most of the Pocumtuck were gone by the time the settlers arrived, victims of disease and war with the Mohawk. The settlers expelled the few who remained by force; the Pocumtuck in turn sought French protection from colonists in Canada. At the Battle of Bloody Brook, on September 18, 1675, the dispossessed Indians destroyed a small force under the command of Captain Thomas Lathrop before being driven off by reinforcements. Colonial casualties numbered about 60. At dawn on May 19, 1676, Captain William Turner led an army of settlers in a surprise retaliatory attack on Peskeompskut, in present-day Montague, then a traditional native gathering place. Turner and his men killed 200 natives, mostly women and children. When the men of the tribe returned, they routed Turner's forces; Turner died of a mortal wound at Green River. In the pre-dawn hours of February 29, 1704, during Queen Anne's War, joint French and Indian forces (including 47 Canadians and 200 Abenaki, along with some Kanienkehaka (Mohawk), Wyandot, and a few Pocumtuck, all under the command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville) attacked the town in what became known as the Raid on Deerfield. The settlement was razed and 56 colonists were killed, including 22 men, 9 women, and 25 children. The attackers took 112 captives, including women and children, and forced them on a months-long trek to Quebec. Many died along the way; some were killed because they could not keep up. Deerfield and other communities collected funds to ransom the captives, and negotiations were conducted between the colonial governments. When New England released the French pirate Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste, Canada arranged redemption of numerous Deerfield people, among them the minister John Williams. He wrote a captivity narrativeabout his experience, which was published in 1707 and became well known. Because of losses to war and disease, the Mohawk and other tribes often adopted younger captives into their tribes. Such was the case with Williams's daughter Eunice, 8 years old when captured. She became thoroughly assimilated and at age 16 married a Mohawk man. Most of the Deerfield captives eventually returned to New England; others remained by choice in French and Native communities, such as Kahnawake, for the rest of their lives. As the frontier moved north, Deerfield became another colonial town with an unquiet early history. In 1753 Greenfield was set off and incorporated. During the early nineteenth century Deerfield's role in Northeast agricultural production declined. It was overtaken by the rapid development of the Midwestern United States as the nation's breadbasket, with transportation to eastern markets and New York City enhanced by construction of the Erie Canal. During the Colonial Revival movement of the late nineteenth century Deerfield citizens rediscovered the town's past. Residents founded the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association in 1870 and erected monuments to commemorate various events, including the Bloody Brook and 1704 attacks. In 1890 Charlotte Alice Baker returned to Deerfield to restore her family home, the Frary House.[3] Baker was assisted by the Boston architectural firm Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, and her project was one of the first historic preservations in western Massachusetts. Today, tourism is the town's principal industry. Major attractions are Historic Deerfield, a National Historic Landmark district with eleven house museums and a regional museum and visitors' center, and the Yankee Candle Company. An account of the town's early history was written by local historian George Sheldon and published in the late nineteenth century.[4] By this time South Deerfield and other New England villages were already absorbing a new wave of Eastern European immigrants, particularly fromPoland. The new people influenced Deerfield's demographics and culture. They were mostly Catholic peasants, who built their own churches and worked first as laborers, forming a community later known as Old Polonia. Twentieth-century immigrants from Poland tended to be more educated but settled in the larger cities. Immigrants in smaller communities followed different paths, and their descendants often moved to cities for more opportunities.[5] Geography[edit]According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.4 square miles (86.6 km2), of which 32.4 square miles (83.9 km2) is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), or 3.17 percent, is water.[6] Deerfield is located in the northern Pioneer Valley and is bordered by Greenfield to the north, Montague to the northeast, Sunderland to the southeast, Whately to the south, Conway to the west, and Shelburne to the northwest. The town center is located 8 miles (13 km) south of Greenfield, 29 miles (47 km) north ofSpringfield, and 93 miles (150 km) west of Boston. Deerfield's northern point is located at the confluence of the Deerfield and Connecticut rivers, with the former flowing through the northwest corner of the town and the latter forming the eastern border of the town. Several brooks and the Mill River also flow through the town. North Sugarloaf Mountain rises above the Connecticut in the southeast corner, providing a panoramic view of the valley and the town center. The Pocumtuck Range rises along the eastern side of town north of Sugarloaf. Interstate 91 passes from south to north through the central part of town, crossing the Deerfield River near the river's southernmost bend. The interstate is paralleled by U.S. Route 5 and Massachusetts Route 10, which run concurrently through the town. Route 116 also passes through town, combining with Routes 5 and 10 for a one-mile stretch, briefly passing into Whately before separating and crossing through the southern part of town and over the Connecticut River at the Sunderland Bridge. All three routes historically crossed through the center of the village prior to the construction of I-91 but were rerouted to a more direct route closer to the highway. A portion of the Springfield Terminal freight rail line passes through the town before branching off eastward and westward around Greenfield. The nearest Amtrak passenger service is in Springfield; a stop in Greenfield is under construction as part of the rerouting of Amtrak's Vermonter route. Deerfield has bus service through Peter Pan Bus Lines; the nearest small air service is in Gill and Northampton. The nearest national air service is Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. Demographics[edit]
As of the census[17] of 2000, there were 4,750 people, 1,965 households, and 1,310 families residing in the town. Deerfield ranked 4th of the 26 towns in Franklin County by population and 247th of the 351 cities and towns in Massachusetts. The population density was 147.1 people per square mile (56.8/km2), which ranked 5th in the county and 269th in the Commonwealth. There were 2,060 housing units at an average density of 63.8 per square mile (24.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.24 percent White, 0.48 percent African American, 0.11 percent Native American, 0.86 percent Asian, 0.48 percent from other races, and 0.82 percent from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.56 percent of the population. There were 1,965 households, out of which 28.4 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them; 54.9 percent were married couplesliving together, 8.4 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3 percent were nonfamilies. Individuals made up 26.1 percent of all households, and 9.3 percent had someone living alone 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41, and the average family size was 2.92. The population by age was spread out, with 22.5 percent under the age of 18, 5.7 percent ages 18 to 24, 28.7 percent ages 25 to 44, 29.3 percent ages 45 to 64, and 13.8 percent 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 93.6 males. The median income for a household was $49,764, and the median income for a family was $64,909. Males had a median income of $40,413 versus $31,069 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,555. About 2.2 percent of families and 4.5 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3 percent of those under age 18 and 6.5 percent of those age 65 or over. Government[edit]Deerfield employs the open town meeting form of government and is led by a board of selectmen. The town has its own police, fire, and public works departments. The fire department and the post office both have two branches, in South Deerfield (where most of the town offices are) and in Old Deerfield Village, near Memorial Hall and the Old Town Hall. The town's Tilton Library is connected to the regional library network and is located in South Deerfield. The nearest hospital, Franklin Medical Center, is located in Greenfield, as are many regional state offices. Deerfield is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by the First Franklin district, which includes the southeastern third of Franklin County and towns in north central Hampshire County. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate by the Hampshire and Franklin district, which includes much of eastern Franklin and Hampshire Counties.[18] The town is patrolled by the Second (Shelburne Falls) Barracks of Troop B of theMassachusetts State Police.[19] Deerfield is represented in the United States House of Representatives as part of Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district and has been represented by Jim McGovern ofWorcester. Massachusetts is currently represented in the United States Senate by senators Ed Markey and Elizabeth Warren. Education[edit]Deerfield is the central member of Frontier Regional and Union 38 School Districts, which also includes Conway, Whately, and Sunderland. Each town operates its own elementary school, with Deerfield Elementary School serving the town's students from kindergarten through sixth grades. All four towns send seventh through twelfth grade students to Frontier Regional School in the town. Frontier's athletics teams are nicknamed the Red Hawks, and the team colors are red and blue. There are many art programs available during and after school at Frontier. Private schools in the town include the Bement School (a coeducational boarding school for grades K-9), the Eaglebrook School (a private boys' boarding school for grades 6-9), and Deerfield Academy, a private school for grades 9-12. There are other private schools in the Deerfield area. The nearest community college, Greenfield Community College, is located in Greenfield. The nearest state colleges are Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts in North Adams andWestfield State College; the nearest state university is the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The nearest private colleges, including members of the Five Colleges and Seven Sisters, are located to the southeast in the Northampton area. Notable people[edit]
Pictures[edit]
References[edit]
Deerfield, IllinoisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Deerfield is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States, approximately 25 miles north of Chicago. The population was 18,225 at the2010 census, a decline of 175 from 2000. Deerfield is home to the headquarters of Walgreens, Baxter Healthcare, Business Technology Partners, APAC Customer Services, Fortune Brands, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Consumers Digest, and Mondelēz International. Deerfield High School is one of the top high schools in the state, ranking #5 in 2012.[1] Deerfield is represented by the 10th Congressional District of Illinois (Republican Robert Dold), 29th District of the Illinois Senate(Democrat Julie Morrison) and the 58th District of the Illinois House of Representatives (Democrat Scott Drury). ContentsGeography[edit]According to the 2010 census, Deerfield has a total area of 5.62 square miles (14.56 km2), of which 5.58 square miles (14.45 km2) (or 99.29%) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (or 0.71%) is water.[2] Demographics[edit]
As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 18,420 people, 6,420 households, and 5,161 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,359.4 people per square mile (1,297.8/km2). There were 6,518 housing units at an average density of 1,188.7 per square mile (459.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 95.88% White, 0.33% African American, 0.04% Native American, 2.52%Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.69% of the population. There were 6,420 households out of which 43.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.0% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.21. In the village the population was spread out with 30.6% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there are 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males. The median income for a household in the village was $107,194, and the median income for a family was $118,683. Males had a median income of $90,226 versus $48,450 for females. The per capita income for the village was $50,664. About 1.3% of families and 1.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over. History[edit]Originally populated by the Potawatomi Native Americans, the area was settled by Horace Lamb and Jacob B. Cadwell in 1835 and named Cadwell's Corner. A shopping center located on the site of Cadwell's farm at Waukegan Road and Lake Cook Road still bears that name. The area grew because of the navigable rivers in the area, notably the Des Plaines River and the Chicago River. By 1840, the town's name was changed to Leclair. Within a decade, settler John Millen proposed a further name change to Deerfield in honor of his hometown, Deerfield, Massachusetts and the large number of deer living in the area. At the time, the alternate name for the village on the ballot was Erin. Deerfield won by a vote of 17-13.[6]The village's first school, Wilmot School, was founded in 1847. Originally a one-room schoolhouse, Wilmot is now an elementary school which serves 548 students. It is located on land donated by Lyman Wilmot, whose wife, Clarissa, was the village's first school teacher.[6] The village was incorporated in 1903[7] with a population in the low 400s. In the 1850s, the Deerfield home of Lyman Wilmot served as a stop on the Underground Railroad as escaped slaves attempted to get to Canada.[6] In a 1917 design by Thomas E. Tallmadge of the American Institute of Architects, Deerfield (and adjacent Highland Park) served as the center for a new proposed capital city of the United States.[6] By that year, all of Deerfield's original farms had been converted either to residential areas or golf courses.[6] On May 26, 1944, a US Navy plane crashed in Deerfield on the current site of the Deerfield Public Library, killing Ensign Milton C. Pickens.[8]Following World War II, a portion of Waukegan Road (Route 43) that runs through Deerfield has been designated a Blue Star Memorial Highway.[9] In 1959, when Deerfield officials learned that a developer building a neighborhood of large new homes planned to make houses available toAfrican Americans, they issued a stop-work order. An intense debate began about racial integration, property values, and the good faith of community officials and builders. For a brief time, Deerfield was spotlighted in the national news as "the Little Rock of the North."[10]Supporters of integration were denounced and ostracized by angry residents. Eventually, the village passed a referendum to build parks on the property, thus putting an end to the housing development. Two model homes already partially completed were sold to village officials.[10]The remaining land lay dormant for years before it was developed into what is now Mitchell Pool and Park and Jaycee Park. At the time, Deerfield's black population was 12 people out of a total population of 11,786.[11] This episode in Deerfield's history is described in But Not Next Door by Harry and David Rosen, both residents of Deerfield. Since the early 1980s, Deerfield has seen a large influx of Jews, Asians, and Greeks, giving the community a more diverse cultural and ethnic makeup.[11] On June 27, 1962, ground was broken by Kitchens of Sara Lee (now Sara Lee Corporation) for construction of the world's largest bakery. The plant, located on the current site of Coromandel Condominiums on Kates Road, began production in 1964 using state-of-the-art materials handling and production equipment. It was billed as the world's first industrial plant with a fully automated production control system. President Ronald Reagan visited the plant in 1985. The plant closed in 1990 as Sara Lee consolidated production inTarboro, North Carolina.[12] By 1991, headquarters employees had moved to downtown Chicago. In 2007, Sara Lee severed its final tie to its former home town with the closure of the Sara Lee Bakery Outlet Store. In 1982, Deerfield began an experiment with a community farm.[7] Two hundred residents applied for plots on a 3-acre (12,000 m2) community garden. The project had such a strong initial success that the village opened additional community farms on vacant land in the village. On December 19, 2005, the village board passed a strict anti-smoking ordinance. The law bans smoking in all public places, including businesses, bars, restaurants, parks, parade routes, public assemblies, and within 25 feet (7.6 m) from any of the above.[13] In November 2007, BusinessWeek.com listed Deerfield third in a list of the 50 best places to raise children.[14] The rankings were based on five factors: school test scores, cost of living, recreational and cultural activities, number of schools and risk of crime. Deerfield ranked behind Groesbeck, Ohio, and Western Springs, Illinois. In 2015, a plan to rezone a parcel of land originally zoned for single-family homes, in order to allow the construction of a 48-unit affordable apartment building complex, was proposed. The plan was met with a baffling mixture of resistance and support by residents.[15] Deerfield Historic Village[edit]Located in front of Kipling Elementary School is the Deerfield Historic Village, founded and maintained by the Deerfield Area Historical Society, this outdoor museum consists of five historic buildings and includes the headquarters for the Deerfield Historical Society.[16] The Historic Village includes the Caspar Ott House, considered to be the oldest building in Lake County, built in 1837. It was restored by Bob Przewlocki.[17] The George Luther House (1847) now includes the Society's offices and Visitor Center. The Bartle Sacker Farmhouse (1854) is a typical 19th century home. While those buildings are all original (although relocated from their original sites), the carriage house and little red school house are replicas.[16] Each year, all fourth graders in district 109 spend a day learning in the school house.[16][18] Shopping districts[edit]In 1998, a significant portion of the Deerfield downtown area (comprising a then-outdated shopping center called the Deerfield Commons and the former Deerfield Savings and Loan) was demolished and replaced with a new outdoor shopping district, Deerfield Square, sometimes called "The Square" or "The Commons" by some Deerfield residents. This district is composed of shopping stores, restaurants, and workout facilities, such as Barnes & Noble, Biaggi's Ristorante Italiano, Footloose, Potbelly Sandwich Shop, CorePower Yoga, Whole Foods Market, and Pure Barre. In addition to merchandising space, Deerfield Square includes office space and an outdoor plaza which is used during the summer for free outdoor concerts. Along the border with Northbrook, Deerbrook Mall opened in 1971. It includes both an indoor and outdoor shopping area- the last store located inside the mall was TJ Maxx which moved to Northbrook in 2014, finally allowing the interior of the mall to close. Near Deerbrook Mall is Cadwell's Corners, a small outdoor mall that carries the village's original name. Cadwell's Corners was mostly empty of stores by 2011, and the Deerfield Public Library selected the location for a temporary library during renovation of their original building.[19]Since Fresh Thyme moved in in June 2014, Cadwell's Corners has filled in.[20] Athletics[edit]
During both the 1982 and 1987 NFL players' strikes, Deerfield High School served as the practice field for the Chicago Bears players locked out of Halas Hall. The Chicago Bulls' former practice facility, the Berto Center, is in Deerfield. Previously, the Bulls practiced at the Multiplex, which was closed for many years and reopened in 2009 by the Deerfield Park District as the Sachs Recreation Center. A number of current and past Bulls players and staff have subsequently lived in Deerfield, including Will Perdue, John Paxson, and Ron Artest. The Bulls decided to upgrade from the Berto Center where they held their training and operations from 1992 to 2014 and relocated to the new Advocate Center in the Fall of 2014 which is located adjacent to the United Center as more Players and Staff were moving and living within the City limits of Chicago. Government and infrastructure[edit]The village hall is called the Bernard Forrest Deerfield Village Hall.[21] The United States Postal Service operates the Deerfield Post Office.[22] Economy[edit]In 1982 a 324-acre (131 ha) tax-increment-financing district opened along Lake-Cook Road, spurring business development. As of 1987 the office leasing activity in Deerfield increased tremendously, and throughout the 1980s office buildings were developed along Lake-Cook Road, between Interstate 294 and Waukegan Road. Two hotels, an Embassy Suites and a Hyatt, opened during the era to accommodate the increased business traffic. Factors augmenting the establishment of businesses along the corridor included the opening of the district, the abundance of vacant land, and the corridor's proximity to the Chicago Loop and O'Hare International Airport.[23] Corporate headquarters[edit]Deerfield is home to the headquarters of Baxter Healthcare,[24] Beam,[25] Big Apple Bagels,[26] CF Industries,[27] Consumers Digest,[28] Così,[29] Fortune Brands Home & Security,[30]Mondelēz International, United Stationers,[31] and Walgreens Boots Alliance,[32] As of 2009 Walgreens employed 5,200 people at its headquarters.[33] As of 2003 Baxter employed a total of 1,000 employees in its headquarters and in other offices in Deerfield.[34] Deerfield was at one time the bakery division headquarters of the Sara Lee Corporation.[35] In 1987 Sara Lee had about 1,200 employees in Deerfield. In 1990, the Deerfield Sara Lee plant and bakery headquarters was closed, and the land was sold to developers.[35] During 1987, Baxter Travenol (later Baxter International) had about 1,500 employees and Walgreens, then in an unincorporated area near Deerfield, had about 1,100 employees.[23] Offices of foreign companies[edit]Deerfield houses the headquarters of some U.S. subsidiaries of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, including Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America, Inc.,[36] Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc.,[37] and Takeda Global Research & Development Center, Inc.[38] Top employers[edit]According to Deerfield's 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[39] the top employers in the city are:
Cityscape[edit]As of 1987 Deerfield was mostly made up of single-family houses. As of that year the resale prices of Deerfield houses ranged from $100,000 to $300,000. 43.5% of the town's land consisted of single-family houses, while 1.1% contained multi-family housing. As of that year little of the remaining land was available for further residential development.[23] Education[edit]Deerfield is served by Deerfield Public Schools School District 109, which operates four public elementary schools (Kipling, South Park, Walden, and Wilmot) and two public middle schools (Caruso and Shepard).[40] The village is also home to one Roman Catholic school (Holy Cross School), one Conservative Jewish school (Rochelle Zelle Jewish Hishschool/Chicagoland Jewish High School), and two Montessori schools. The majority of Deerfield's children go on to attend Deerfield High School; however, a small portion attend Highland Park High School (both of which comprise School District 113). At one time, District 109 contained as many as eight elementary schools. However, Maplewood, Woodland Park, Briarwood, and Cadwell. (the original Deerfield Grammar School located on Deerfield Road was torn down to build the District Offices) were all closed beginning in the 1970s through the 1980s and their students absorbed by the four larger, remaining elementary schools. Trinity International University, a private Christian university, is headquartered in Deerfield.[41][42] Sister city[edit]Deerfield has one sister city:[43] Notable people[edit]
Popular culture[edit]In 1979, Deerfield created a "No-Kissing Zone" at the local train station in response to complaints about traffic jams at the station caused by couples taking too long to kiss their goodbyes at the drop-off point.[63] The "No-Kissing" signs (patterned after international traffic signs) attracted national attention and were featured in Time magazine and ABC's AM America (precursor to "Good Morning America"). A Deerfield family appearing on the game show Family Feud presented Richard Dawson with replica pins of the signs. In the 1980s, Deerfield and other North Shore communities inspired the teen films of director/screenwriter John Hughes. The fictional Shermer, Illinois, included elements of Deerfield and neighboring Northbrook and Highland Park. A number of media properties have been set and/or filmed Deerfield, including television drama Once and Again,[64] comedy Married... with Children[65] and portions of reality showAmerican High.[66] In film, the Deerfield train station is shown in the film Risky Business,[67] and Stolen Summer[68] used various parts of the village. The village was identified as the hometown of Kitty Pryde in the X-Men comics.[69] Deerfield also figures in the musical Dear Edwina, written by Marcy Heisler, a Deerfield native, and Zina Goldrich. The fictional protagonist lives at 427 Birchwood Avenue in Deerfield. Although the play is set in Paw Paw, Michigan, much of it (including the address) is inspired by Heisler's hometown, Deerfield.[citation needed] In 2010, the History Channel's documentary The Crumbling of America mentioned Deerfield in a discussion of frequent blackouts that residents experienced over 2000 times from 2000 to 2009.[70] Transportation[edit]Deerfield has two Metra stations connecting it to downtown Chicago, both on the Milwaukee District/North Line. References[edit]
Beam SuntoryFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Beam, Inc.)
Beam Suntory, Inc. is an American manufacturer of spirits headquartered in Deerfield, Illinois. It is a subsidiary of Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd, which itself is a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. The company'’s principal products include bourbon whiskey, tequila, Scotch whisky, Irish whiskey, Canadian whisky, vodka, cognac,rum, cordials, and ready-to-drink pre-mixed cocktails. As a distinct entity, the company was established as Beam Inc. on October 3, 2011, from the remainder of the Fortune Brands holding company after it sold and divested various other product lines to form a business focused exclusively on spirits and directly related products.[2] On January 13, 2014, Suntory announced a deal to buy Beam Inc. for about $13.6 billion.[3] The acquisition was completed on April 30, 2014, for a final cost of about $16 billion – when it was also announced that Beam would become a subsidiary named "Beam Suntory".[4][5] Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd trades on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (2587). In March 2016, the company announced it would move its headquarters to the Merchandise Mart building on Chicago's Near North Side.[6] ContentsProducts[edit]The company's self-produced brands include the following:
The company sells its products to wholesale distributors, state governments, third party distributors, global or regional duty-free customers, other spirits producers, and joint ventures. In addition to brands produced directly by the company and its subsidiaries, it imports and markets some brands produced by others, such as the DeKuyper cordial. Additionally, Beam facilities produce spirits for brands owned by other companies, such as Calvert Extra blended whiskey, now owned by Luxco. The company also previously sold Harvey's Bristol Cream sherry, as well as brandys Fundador, Terry Centenario, Tres Cepas before selling these brands to Grupo Emperador Spain S.A., part of the Alliance Global Group.[7] Prior acquisitions[edit]On December 16, 2011, Beam Inc., agreed to buy the only independent Irish whiskey distiller that existed at the time, the Cooley Distillery, for $95 million.[8] On April 23, 2012, Beam announced it would acquire the Pinnacle vodka and Calico Jack rum brands for $600 million.[9] References[edit]
WalgreensFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Walgreen Company (Walgreens, or sometimes archaically Walgreen) is an American company which operates[2] as the second-largest pharmacy store chain in the United States behind CVS Health. It specializes in filling prescriptions, health and wellness products, health information, and photo services.[3] As of February 29, 2016, the company operated 8,177 stores in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It was founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1901. The Walgreens headquarters office is in the Chicago suburb of Deerfield, Illinois. In 2014, the company agreed to purchase the remaining 55% of Switzerland-based Alliance Boots that it did not already own to form a global business. Under the terms of the purchase, the two companies merged to form a new holding company, Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc., on December 31, 2014. Walgreens became a subsidiary of the new company, which retains its Deerfield headquarters and trades on the Nasdaq under the symbol WBA.[4] ContentsHistory[edit]Company history[edit]
Walgreens began in 1901, with a drug store on the corner of Bowen Ave and Cottage Grove in Chicago, owned by Galesburg nativeCharles R. Walgreen, Sr.[5] By 1913, Walgreens had grown to four stores on Chicago's South Side. It opened its fifth in 1915, and four more in 1916. By 1919, there were 20 stores in the chain. As a result of alcohol prohibition, the 1920s was a successful time for Walgreens. Although alcohol was illegal, prescription whiskey was available and sold by Walgreens.[6] In 1922, the company introduced a malted milkshake, which led to its establishing ice cream manufacturing plants. The next year, Walgreen began opening stores away from residential areas. In the mid-1920s, there were 44 stores with annual sales of $1,200,000. Walgreens had expanded into Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin. By 1930, it had 397 stores with annual sales of US$4,000,000. This expansion partly was attributed to selling alcohol, mainly whiskey, which Walgreen often stocked under the counter, as accounted in Daniel Okrent's Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition.[7] The stock market crash in October 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression did not greatly affect the company. In 1934, Walgreens was operating in 30 states with 601 stores. After Charles Walgreen, Sr., died in 1939, his son Charles R. Walgreen took over the chain until his retirement. The Charles R. Walgreen years were relatively prosperous, but lacked the massive expansion seen in the early part of the century. Charles "Cork" R. Walgreen III took over after Walgreen Jr.'s retirement in the early 1950s, and modernized the company by switching to barcode scanning. The Walgreen family was not involved in senior management of the company for a short time following Walgreen III's retirement. In 1986, it acquired the MediMart chain from Stop & Shop.[8] In 1995, Kevin P. Walgreen was made a vice-president and promoted to Senior Vice President - Store Operations in 2006.[9] On July 12, 2006, David Bernauer stepped down as CEO of Walgreens, replaced by company president Jeff Rein. Holding degrees in accounting and pharmacy from the University of Arizona, Rein was a pharmacist, store manager, district manager, and treasurer prior to being named Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board. Greg Wasson, former President of Walgreens Health Services, was named President and Chief Operations Officer. On October 10, 2008, Rein abruptly quit as CEO, replaced by Alan G. McNally as Chairman and Acting CEO.[10] On January 26, 2009, Gregory Wasson was named CEO, effective February 1, 2009.[11] 21st century expansion[edit]
Contributions to popular culture[edit]Walgreens claims credit for the popularization of the malted milkshake (or at least its version of the malted milkshake), invented by Ivar "Pop" Coulson in 1922,[30] although milkshakes and malted milk had been around for some time before. This development coincided with the invention of the electric blender in the same year. In November 2010, Walgreens filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against the Wegmans supermarket chain, claiming the "W" in the Wegman's logo is too similar to Walgreens'.[31] The lawsuit was settled in April 2011, with Wegmans agreeing to discontinue use of its "W" logo by June 2012, although the supermarket retains the right to use the “Wegmans” name in script.[32] According to Jo Natale, Wegmans director of media relations, “The cost of making relatively minor changes to a limited number of products was much less than the cost of litigating this case to the end.”[33] The logo for the Washington Nationals baseball team is similar to the Walgreens "W";[34] to date, Walgreens never challenged the Nationals' use of their "W" in a lawsuit. Corporate operations[edit]Walgreens has its corporate headquarters in Deerfield, Illinois.[35][36] As of 2009 Walgreens employed 5,200 people at its headquarters.[37] In 1987 Walgreens employed about 1,100 people at its headquarters, which was at the time in an unincorporated area on the west side of Deerfield.[38][39] As of 2000, headquarters was still in an unincorporated area in West Deerfield Township.[40] In the summer of 2014 a corporate relocation to Switzerland was considered as part of a merger with Alliance Boots, a European drugstore chain.[41] This drew controversy as many consumers felt that it was an attempt at tax inversion. On August 5, 2014 Walgreens announced that they would not be relocating their headquarters. Store model[edit]
Walgreens stores were originally connected to local groceries. In Chicago, their flagship market, they teamed up with either Eagle Food Centers or Dominick's Finer Foods, usually with a "walkthru" to the adjoining store and often sharing personnel. This concept was instated to compete with the popular dual store format used by chief competitor Jewel-Osco/Albertsons-Sav-On. They eventually ended the relationship with Eagle and focused primarily on a connection to the Dominick's stores. PharmX-Rexall filled the vacated Walgreen locations joined to Eagle stores.
In its 2009 business model, Walgreens are freestanding corner stores, with the entrance on the street with the most traffic flow, figuratively making it a "corner drugstore" similar to how many independent pharmacies evolved. Some stores have a drive-through pharmacy.[42] The store management team usually includes a Store Manager (MGR), an Executive Assistant Manager (EXA), and at least one Assistant Manager (MGT). In 2009, Walgreens introduced the Store Team Lead (STL), or "non-management keyholder", position in many of its stores. In 2012, Walgreens announced that they would be phasing out the MGT, EXA, and STL positions for the Assistant Store Manager Trainee (ASM-T), Assistant Store Manager (ASM), and Shift Leader (SFL) positions, respectively. The new management structure will implement a new structure and payscale that will more closely resemble their competitors to reflect the industry standard. Disability inclusion initiative[edit]In 2002, Walgreens senior vice president of supply chain and logistics Randy Lewis began a program aimed at providing opportunity to the disabled to work side by side with typical workers. The result was the development and opening of two distribution centers whose staff is approximately 40% disabled. The model was so successful that other companies such as Clarks Companies NA, Glaxo Smith Kline, Best Buy, and Costco have either examined it or placed it under consideration.[43] Related ventures[edit]
Walgreens used to own Sanborns, one of the largest pharmacy and department store chains in Mexico. Walgreens purchased Sanborns from Frank Sanborn in 1946 and sold it to Grupo Carso in 1982.[44] In the 1980s, Walgreens owned and operated a chain of casual family restaurants/pancake houses called Wag's, an attempt to compete with Woolworth's lunch counters. The Wag's restaurants were very similar in concept to Denny's, IHOP and Golden Bear. At the highpoint, it had over 100 locations. Walgreens sold most of these to Marriott Corp. in 1988[45] and by 1991 the chain was out of business. Consumer record[edit]December 2012, A judge ordered Walgreens to pay $16.57 million to settle a lawsuit. The claim was that over 600 stores were illegally dumping hazardous waste and unlawfully disposing of customer records containing confidential medical information.[46] Prescriptions[edit]
As of June 2008, Walgreens "agreed to stop altering prescriptions without physician approval as part of a multi-state agreement to settle allegations of improper billing," reported the Knoxville News Sentinel:[47][48]
"The compliance agreement will be in effect for five years. Walgreens did not admit liability, as part of the settlement," reported theChicago Sun-Times.[49] The Walgreens web site invited users to write reviews of some OTC products such as vitamins and nutritionals, but did not invite users to write reviews of the corresponding Walgreens-branded products. A recent revision of the Walgreens web site has added the ability to review any product it sells. Allegations of discrimination[edit]In March 2008, Walgreens settled a lawsuit with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) that alleged the company discriminated against African-Americans for $24 million.[50] The settlement was split between the 10,000 African-American employees of the company.[50] In the agreement, Walgreens avoided any admission of guilt.
In September 2011, Walgreens settled a lawsuit with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission which claimed that a store improperly terminated a worker with diabetes for eating a package of the store's food while working to stop a hypoglycemia attack.[51] Medicaid[edit]Also in 2008, Walgreens "agreed to pay $35 million to the U.S., 42 states and Puerto Rico for overcharging state Medicaid programs by filling prescriptions with more expensive dosage forms of ranitidine, a generic form of Zantac and fluoxetine, which is a generic form of Prozac."[52] In 2009, Walgreens threatened to leave the Medicaid program, the state and federal partnership to provide health insurance coverage to the poor, in Delaware, over reimbursement rates. Walgreens was the largest pharmacy chain in the state and the only chain to make such a threat.[53] The state of Delaware and Walgreens reached an agreement on payment rates and the crisis was averted.[54] In 2010, Walgreens stopped accepting Medicaid in Washington state, leaving its one million Medicaid recipients unable to get their prescriptions filled at these 121 stores.[55] On April 20, 2012. The U.S. [Department of Justice] announced, that Walgreens agreed to pay $7.9 million in settlement. The fine relates to allegations of violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the False Claims Act regarding beneficiaries of federal health care programs.[56] Express Scripts[edit]In 2011, Walgreens announced it would end its relationship with Express Scripts,[57] a prescription benefits manager. A coalition of minority groups, led by Al Sharpton's National Action Network,[58] sent letters urging CEO Gregory Wasson to reconsider. Groups sending letters were National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference,[59] the Congress of Racial Equality,[60] Hispanic Leadership Fund[61] and others. On July 19, 2012, Walgreens and Express Scripts announced a multi-year pharmacy network agreement that includes rates and terms under which Walgreens would participate in the broadest Express Scripts retail pharmacy network available to new and existing clients as of September 15, 2012. Use of proprietary drugs[edit]Walgreens was named in a lawsuit by the Union Food and Commercial Workers Unions and Employers Midwest Health Benefits Fund in the Northern District Court of Illinois in January 2012. The suit alleges Walgreens and Par Pharmaceuticals violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act[62] "at least two widespread schemes to overcharge" for generic drugs.[52]
Distribution of oxycodone[edit]In September 2012, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) accused Walgreens of endangering public safety and barred the company from shipping oxycodone and other controlled drugs from its Jupiter, Florida distribution center. The DEA said that Walgreens failed to maintain proper controls to ensure it didn't dispense drugs to addicts and drug dealers. The DEA also said that six of Walgreens' Florida pharmacies ordered in excess of a million oxycodone pills a year. In contrast, in 2011, the average pharmacy in the U.S. ordered 73,000 oxycodone tablets a year according to the DEA. One Walgreens pharmacy located in Fort Myers, Florida, ordered 95,800 pills in 2009, but by 2011 this number had jumped to 2.2 million pills in one year. Another example was a Walgreens pharmacy located in Hudson, FL a town of 34,000 people near Clearwater, that purchased 2.2 million pills in 2011, the DEA said. Immediate suspension orders are an action taken when the DEA believes a registrant, such as a pharmacy or a doctor, is "an imminent danger to the public safety." All DEA licensees "have an obligation to ensure that medications are getting into the hands of legitimate patients," said Mark Trouville, former DEA special agent in charge of the Miami Field Division. "When they choose to look the other way, patients suffer and drug dealers prosper." The Jupiter, Florida distribution center which opened in 2001 is one of 12 such distribution centers owned by Walgreens. Since 2009, Walgreens' Jupiter facility has been the single largest distributor of oxycodone in the state of Florida, the DEA said. Over the past three years, its market share has increased, and 52 Walgreens are among the top 100 oxycodone purchasers in the state, the DEA said.[63] In 2013, United States Attorney Wifredo Ferrer said Walgreens committed "an unprecedented number" of record-keeping and dispensing violations." Walgreens was fined $80 million. At the time, the largest fine in the history of the Controlled Substances Act[64] Sale of tobacco[edit]In common with other US pharmacies (a major exception is CVS Pharmacy), Walgreens stocks tobacco products for sale to the public. Some campaigners in the USA advocate the removal of tobacco from pharmacies due to the health risks associated with smoking and the apparent contradiction of selling cigarettes alongside smoking cessationproducts and asthma medication.[65] Walgreens and other pharmacies who continue to sell tobacco products have been subject to criticism, and attempts have been made to introduce regional bans on the practice, which has taken place in the City and County of San Francisco.[66][67] Walgreens defends its tobacco sales policy by reasoning that through selling tobacco in its outlets, it is more readily able to offer to customers advice and products for quitting smoking. See also[edit]References[edit]
Astellas PharmaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Astellas Pharma Inc. (アステラス製薬株式会社 Asuterasu Seiyaku Kabushiki-gaisha?) is a Japanese pharmaceutical company, formed on 1 April 2005 from the merger of Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (山之内製薬株式会社 Yamanouchi Seiyaku Kabushiki-gaisha?) and Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (藤沢薬品工業株式会社 Fujisawa Yakuhin Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha?). Astellas is a member of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFJ) keiretsu. ContentsCompanies in the NBI must meet eligibility requirements, including minimum market capitalization, average daily trading volume, and seasoning as a public company, among other criteria. The index is evaluated semi-annually in May and November and serves as the basis for the iShares About History[edit]Early foundations[edit]Fujisawa Shoten was started in 1894 by Tomokichi Fujisawa in Osaka, and was renamed Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. in 1943. Yamanouchi Yakuhin Shokai was started in 1923 by Kenji Yamanouchi in Osaka. The company was renamed Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. in 1940 and moved to Tokyo in 1942. Both companies started their overseas expansion at about the same time, opening offices in Taiwan in 1962 and 1963, respectively, and in the United States and Europe from 1977 onwards. Recent times & mergers[edit]Fujisawa acquired Lyphomed in 1990 and thereafter established its US R&D center in Deerfield, Illinois. Yamanouchi's R&D center in Leiderdorp was established with the acquisition of the pharmaceutical division of Royal Gist Brocades in 1991. Fujisawa and Yamanouchi combined in a "merger of equals," forming Astellas Pharma on 1 April 2005. At least some of its older products continue to be distributed under the original brand, ostensibly due to high brand-name recognition.[5] Astellas had a collaboration agreement with CoMentis from 2008 to 2014 focused on development of beta-secretase inhibitor therapeutics forAlzheimer's disease.[6] On June 9, 2010, Astellas acquired OSI Pharmaceuticals for $4.0 billion. In December 2014, Astellas expanded its 18-month-old collaboration with Cytokinetics, focussing on the R&D and commercialisation of skeletal muscle activators. The companies announced they will advance the development of CK-2127107 (a fast skeletal troponin activator) into Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy and possibly other neuromuscular conditions. The companies have extended their R&D program focussing on the discovery of additional skeletal sarcomere activators through into 2016. The collaboration is expected to generate more than $600 million for Cytokinetics as well as $75 million in milestone payments.[7] In November 2015 the company announced its move to acquire Ocata Therapeutics (formerly Advanced Cell Technology) for $379 million.[8] As of January 14, 2016, Astellas has not been able to acquire a majority of Ocata's common stock, which is necessary to complete the acquisition. The first deadline in the acquisition was November 17, 2015, and due to Astellas' failure to acquire a majority of Ocata's common stock, the deadline was extended to January 21, 2016. Many long-term stockholders have vowed to fight this acquisition by every legal means available to them, because they claim that the Astellas offer represents a huge discount - not a premium - to what they say is Ocata's true value. The deal was finally completed in February 2016.[9] [10] Later in November 2015 the company announce it would sell its dermatology business to LEO Pharma for $725 million.[11] In October 2016 Astellas announced it would acquire Ganymed Pharmaceuticals for $1.4 billion[12] Leo PharmaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Leo Pharma A/S is a multinational Danish pharmaceutical company, founded in 1908, with a presence in about 100 countries. Its headquarters are in Ballerup, near Copenhagen[2] The company is 100% integrated into a private foundation owned by the LEO Foundation.[3] Leo Pharma develops and markets products for dermatology, bone remodeling thrombosis and coagulation.[4] In 1945 it was the first producer of penicillin outside the USA and UK. ContentsHistory[edit]Formation & the 20th Century[edit]In 1908, pharmacists August Kongsted and Anton Antons bought the LEO Pharmacy in Copenhagen, Denmark. With the purchase, they established 'Københavns Løveapoteks kemiske Fabrik', today known as LEO Pharma. LEO Pharma celebrated its centennial in 2008. Flags bearing the LEO logo were flying in every country where LEO products are available, more than a hundred flags in total. Today, LEO Pharma has an ever growing pipeline with over 4,800 specialists focussing on dermatology and thrombosis.
21st Century & onwards[edit]In 2015, the company announced it would acquire Astellas Pharmas dermatology business for $725 million.[6] References[edit]
OSI PharmaceuticalsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is an American pharmaceutical company based in Long Island, New York with facilities in Colorado, New Jersey and the United Kingdom. OSI specializes in the discovery and development of molecular targeted therapies. Thoughoncology is the top priority for OSI, research and development targeting type 2 diabetes and obesity is conducted through their U.K. subsidiary Prosidion Limited.[1][2] OSI has also made a foray into the ophthalmology market through a marketing agreement withPfizer over Macugen (Pegaptanib) for Age-related macular degeneration; however, acquisition of the firm Eyetech, meant to provide control over this product and diversify the company, has been unsuccessful, ending in divestiture.[5][6] In mid-2007, OSI's revenues were based primarily on proceeds from Tarceva sales (which are shared with Genentech andHoffmann–La Roche) and royalty payments related to dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitor intellectual property.[5] On June 9, 2010, OSI was acquired by Japan-based, TSE-listed Astellas Pharma for $4.0 billion. ContentsTarceva[edit]See also: Erlotinib Tarceva (Erlotinib) was OSI's flagship and, as of 2007, only marketed product.[5][7] Tarceva is a small molecule inhibitor of theepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and is the only EGFR inhibitor to have demonstrated the ability to improve overall survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer and advanced pancreatic cancer.[1] Tarceva was discovered by Pfizer as CP-358774 (Moyer et al. Cancer Research, 1997, 57:4838), renamed OSI-774 when Pfizer was required to divest the compound in order to complete the buyout of Warner lambert/Parke-Davis and subsequently developed by OSI in conjunction with Genentech. See also[edit]
References[edit]
$$$$ Ocata TherapeuticsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ocata Therapeutics (named Advanced Cell Technology, Incorporated (ACT) until November 2014)[4] is a biotechnologycompany located in Marlborough, Massachusetts, United States. The company specializes in the development and commercialization of cell therapies for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Ocata is primarily developing stem cell-based technologies, both adult and human embryonic, and other methods and treatments in the area of regenerative medicine.[5] In November 2015 the company announced it would be acquired by Astellas Pharma for $379 million,[6] which was finally completed in February 2016.[7] ContentsHistory[edit]Formed in 1994, the company was led from 2005 to late 2010 by William M. Caldwell IV, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.[8]Upon Mr. Caldwell's death on December 13, 2010, Gary Rabin, a member of ACT's board of directors with experience in investment and capital raising, assumed the role of Chairman and CEO.[9] In 2007 the company's Chief Scientific Officer (CSO), Michael D. West, PhD, also founder of Geron (NASDAQ: GERN)[10] left Ocata to join a regenerative medicine firm, BioTime (NYSE MKT: BTX) as CEO. In 2008, for $250,000 plus royalties up to a total of $1 million, the company licensed its "ACTCellerate" technology to BioTime.[11] Robert Lanza was appointed CSO.[12] On November 22, 2010, the company announced that it had received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to initiate the first human clinical trial usingembryonic stem cells to treat retinal diseases.[13] A preliminary report of the trial published in 2012,[14] and a follow-up article was published in February 2015.[15] In July 2014, Ocata announced that Paul K. Wotton, previously of Antares Pharma Inc (ATRS:NASDAQ CM), became President and Chief Executive Officer.[16] On August 27, 2014, Ocata announced a 1-100 reverse stock split of its common stock.[17] Ocata was listed on NASDAQ in February 2015.[18] Research[edit]Macular degeneration[edit]On November 30, 2010, Ocata filed an Investigational New Drug application with the U.S. FDA for the first clinical trial using embryonic stem cells to regenerate retinal pigment epithelium to treat Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Dry AMD).[19] Dry AMD is the most common form of macular degeneration and represents a market size of $25–30 Billion in the U.S. and Europe.[20] Stargardt's disease[edit]In November 2010 the FDA allowed Ocata to begin a Phase I/II human clinical trial to use its retinal pigment epithelium cell therapy to treat Stargardt disease, a form of inherited juvenile macular degeneration.[21] See also[edit]References[edit]
External links[edit]Acquisition history[edit]The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors (this is not a comprehensive list):
Business[edit]Astellas' franchise areas are urology, immunology (transplantation), dermatology, cardiology, and infectious disease. Priority areas for R&D are infectious diseases, diabetes,gastrointestinal diseases, oncology, and diseases of the central nervous system. Products[edit]Some of the key products produced by Astellas include:
Operations[edit]The company's headquarters are in Tokyo, with research centers in Tsukuba and Osaka. Clinical development is centered in Northbrook, Illinois and Leiden, Netherlands. Combined revenues of the two pre-merger companies were $7.9 billion in 2004. Worldwide the company employs about 17,000 people. The United States subsidiary of Astellas is Astellas US LLC.[13] The company's advertising slogans are: References[edit]
External links[edit]
Deerfield School District 109From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Deerfield Public Schools 109 is a school district in Deerfield, Illinois. It consists of Kipling Elementary School, South Park Elementary School, Walden Elementary School, Wilmot Elementary School, Caruso Middle School, Shepard Middle School, and Helping Hands Preschool.[1] The district administration office is located on the site of Kipling Elementary School. Dr. Mike Lubelfeld is the district's superintendent, replacing Dr. Renee Goier who served as Superintendent for eight years. References[edit]External links[edit]Kinetic Engineering LimitedFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kinetic Engineering Limited is an Indian automotive manufacturer. The company was founded in the year 1972 by HK Firodia. Today it is an automotive component manufacturer which formerly sold two-wheelers under the brand names Kinetic Honda and later Kinetic. It introduced the Kinetic Luna moped which sold well domestically and was exported extensively to Argentina, Brazil, the US, and Sri Lanka. Later Kinetic Engineering formed a joint venture with Honda Motor Company to introduce Kinetic Honda scooters, which had electric start and gearless transmissions. Kinetic and Honda parted ways in 1998 with the Firodias bought out the majority stake of the MNC[clarification needed] joint venture partner. In 2008, Kinetic entered into a joint venture with Mahindra Automobiles, where Mahindra held an 80% stake.[1] By this joint venture, Mahindra acquired the two-wheeler manufacturing facilities as well as the then selling brands of Kinetic. After ceasing two-wheeler manufacturing, Kinetic Engineering produces and exports automotive components. Kinetic Motors resumed operations in January 2011 and has announced plans to produce electric vehicles. In February 2014, Kinetic sold its stake in Mahindra Two-Wheelers to Samena Capital for 182 Crores.[2] On June 27, 2015 MV Agusta to tie up with Kinetic Group for its Indian debut. Notes[edit]
External linksNieceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nidec Corporation (日本電産株式会社 Nihon Densan Kabushiki-gaisha?) is a Japanese manufacturer of electric motors. Their products are found in hard-disk drives, electric appliances, automobiles and commercial and manufacturing equipment.The company has the largest global market share for the tiny spindle motors that power hard-disk drives.[2][3] The two product groups with the largest sales are hard-disk drive motors and electrical and optical components with 21.5% and 30% of sales, respectively.[1] As of 2015, the company has 230 subsidiaries companies located across Japan, Asia, Europe and the Americas.[4] Nidec is listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange[5] and is a constituent of the TOPIX 100 stock market index. The company was number 42 on the 2005 edition of the Businessweek Infotech 100 list.[6] Also Nidec was featured on the 2014 Forbes World’s Most Innovative Companies list.[7] The acquisitions of Nidec[edit]
References[edit]
Walgreens Boots AllianceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc. is an American holding company headquartered in Deerfield, Illinois that owns Walgreens, Bootsand a number of pharmaceutical manufacturing, wholesale and distribution companies. The company was formed on December 31, 2014 after Walgreens purchased the 55% stake in Switzerland-based Alliance Boots that it did not already own. Walgreens had previously purchased 45% of the company in 2012 with an option to purchase the remaining shares within three years. Under the terms of the merger, the new company was organized into three divisions: Retail Pharmacy USA (Walgreens), Retail Pharmacy International (Boots), and Pharmaceutical Wholesale, incorporating Alliance Healthcare.[2] The new holding company began trading on the NASDAQ on December 31, 2014.[3] The combined business has operations in over 25 countries. Walgreens had formerly operated solely within the United States and its territories, while Alliance Boots operated a more international business. In October 2015, Walgreens Boots Alliance published its fourth quarter earnings report. Net sales in fiscal year 2015 increased by 35.4% to $103.4 billion, and net earnings rose to $4.2 billion.[4][5] ContentsOperations[edit]Retail Pharmacy USA[edit]Main articles: Walgreens and Duane Reade Walgreens and Duane Reade operate within the Retail Pharmacy USA division of Walgreens Boots Alliance. Both businesses sell prescription and non-prescription drugs, and a range of household items, including personal care and beauty products. Walgreens provides access to consumer goods and services, plus pharmacy, photo studio, health and wellness services in the United States through its retail drugstores. Walgreens had 8,230 drugstores as of December 2015.[6] Walgreens runs several online stores, such as: Beauty.com, Drugstore.com and VisionDirect.com. Walgreens has stores in all 50 US states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. On November 27, 2015, Walgreens announced the purchase of competitor Rite Aid for $17.2 billion.[7] Retail Pharmacy International[edit]Main articles: Boots UK and Farmacias Benavides
Boots forms the main part of the Retail Pharmacy International division of the company. The Boots brand has a history stretching back over 160 years and is a familiar sight on Britain's high streets. Stores are located in prominent high street and city center locations as well as in local communities. Most branches include a pharmacy and focus on healthcare, personal care and cosmetic products, with most stores selling over the counter medicines. Larger stores typically offer a variety of healthcare services in addition to dispensing prescriptions, and chlamydia testing & treatment (private service). Optician services are also offered in many larger stores, with Boots Opticians providing eye tests along with the sale of spectacles and contact lenses. Many stores also feature traditional photo processing and/or a Kodak picture kiosk where users of digital cameras and camera phones can create prints. Larger stores usually offer a range of electrical equipment such as hairdryers, curlers and foot massagers, whilst selected stores offer a range of sandwiches, baguettes, wraps, salads and beverages. Since 1936, there have been Boots stores outside the UK. Stores in countries as widely spread as New Zealand, Canada (see Pharma Plus) and France were all closed in the 1980s. Today, there are Boots branded stores outside the UK and Ireland in countries including United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Norway, Lithuania, The Netherlands, and Thailand. The remainder of the division is made up of the pharmacies Benavides in Mexico and Farmacias Ahumada (FASA) in Chile. Pharmaceutical Wholesale[edit]Main article: Alliance Healthcare Alliance Healthcare forms the main part of Walgreens Boots Alliance's Pharmaceutical Wholesale division. It operates twice daily deliveries to more than 16,000 delivery points in the UK alone.[8] Internationally, Alliance Healthcare supplies medicines, other healthcare products and related services to over 200,000 pharmacies, doctors, health centers and hospitals from over 350 distribution centers in 19 countries.[9] In addition to the wholesale of medicines and other healthcare products, Alliance Healthcare provides services to pharmaceutical manufacturers who are increasingly changing and adapting their approaches to distribution, while at the same time outsourcing non-core activities. These services include pre-wholesale and contract logistics, direct deliveries to pharmacies, and specialized medicine delivery including related home healthcare.[citation needed] The division's Alphega Pharmacy network provides a range of services for independent pharmacies, including branding, professional training and patient care, retail support services and supply benefits together with pharmacy and IT support.[10] Product brands[edit]Boots produces a large number of brands that Alliance Boots and Walgreens sought to launch internationally following the first share purchase in 2012.[citation needed] The majority are produced by its subsidiary BCM Limited, which manufactures both own-brand and third-party medicines, as well as cosmetic ranges including No 7, Kangol, FCUK, Soltan, and Botanics. BCM has facilities in the UK, Germany, and France.[11] BCM Specials manufactures bespoke non-licensed medicines for UK hospital and retail pharmacies.[citation needed] Launched in 1935, No7 is best known for its anti-aging beauty serums, developed in Nottingham that first appeared in 2007. The range comprises products designed to target the aging concerns of specific age groups. No7 became available in Walgreens and Duane Reade stores in the USA from November 2012, beginning in Los Angeles.[citation needed] Launched in 1939, Soltan markets its UVA 5-star protection, a standard of protection developed by Boots and now adopted as the benchmark for suncare products in the UK.[citation needed] Although in both 2004 and 2015 Watchdog, a BBC consumer investigative TV program, and cited on BBC News; plus the consumer WHICH? Magazine, each did an investigation finding the 5-star rating was unsubstantiated, and skincare experts declared it to be far less safe than claimed.[12][13][14] First launched in 1995, the Botanics range, developed in partnership with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, uses plant extracts in a variety of products, and includes a range of organic products. The Botanics range is also available through third party retailers.[citation needed] The Boots own brand range of products includes skincare, medicines, healthcare products and many more. Boots Laboratories skincare range for independent pharmacy customers was launched in France and Portugal in 2008/09and is also sold in Spain, Italy and Germany.[15] Boots launched Almus, a brand of generic prescription drugs, in the UK in 2003.[citation needed] It is now sold in five countries and is an umbrella brand for a wide range of lower cost generic medicines. Alliance Boots placed considerable emphasis on the design of the packaging in an attempt to reduce the number of errors by the dispensing chemist and by the patient relating to incorrect dosage which can result in either a dangerous accidental overdose or an equally dangerous under dose.[citation needed] Walgreens has a self-branded line of products, "Well at Walgreens".[16] References[edit]
External links[edit]
Mondelez InternationalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Mondelēz International)
Mondelez International, styled Mondelēz (/ˌmoʊndəˈliːz/),[2] is an American multinational confectionery, food, and beveragecompany based in Illinois which employs about 107,000 people around the world. It consists of the global snack and food brands of the former Kraft Foods Inc after the October 2012 spin-off of its North American grocery operations. The Mondelez name, adopted in 2012, was suggested by Kraft Foods employees and is a combination of the words for "world" and "delicious" in Romance languages.[3][4] The company, headquartered in the Chicago suburb of Deerfield, Illinois,[5] manufactures chocolate, biscuits, gum, confectionery, coffee, and powdered beverages. Mondelez International's portfolio includes several billion-dollar brands such asOreo, Chips Ahoy!, TUC, Belvita, Triscuit, LU, Nabisco, Club Social, Barni, and Peek Freans (cookies and crackers); Milka,Terry's, Côte d'Or, Toblerone, Cadbury, Marabou, Fry's, Lacta (chocolate), Trident, Dentyne, Chiclets, Halls, Stride, Cadbury (gum and candy), and Tang (powdered beverages). The company has an annual revenue of about $30 billion and operates in approximately 165 countries.[6] Mondelez Canada holds the rights to Christie Brown and Company, which consists of brands such as Mr. Christie and Dad's Cookies. Its head office is in Mississauga, Ontario, with operations in Scarborough and Montreal. ContentsHistory[edit]Origins[edit]Mondelez International is rooted in the National Dairy Products Corporation (National Dairy), which was founded on December 10, 1923, by Thomas H. McInnerney.[7] The company was formed to execute a rollup strategy in the fragmented United States ice cream industry, and with acquisitions it expanded into the full range of dairy products. McInnerney operated the Hydrox Corporation, a Chicago ice-cream company. In 1923 he went to Wall Street to ask investment bankers to finance his plan to consolidate the United States ice-cream industry. McInnerney initially encountered resistance, with one banker disparaging the dairy industry. He persevered, convincing a consortium (includingGoldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers) to finance a rollup strategy.[8] As a result, National Dairy was formed with the merger of McInnerney's Hydrox with the Rieck McJunkin Dairy Company of Pittsburgh. The company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange, with its initial public offering of 125,000 shares oversubscribed.[7] National Dairy grew quickly through a large number of acquisitions; typical of a rollup strategy, acquisitions were primarily for National Dairy stock instead of cash. The company acquired more than 55 firms between 1923 and 1931, including:
Kraft[edit]
Born in Stevensville, Ontario in 1874, James L. Kraft emigrated to the United States in 1903 and began a wholesale door-to-door cheesebusiness in Chicago. His first year of operations was "dismal", when he lost $3,000 and a horse. However, the business took hold and Kraft was joined by his four brothers to form the J. L. Kraft and Bros. Company in 1909. In 1912, the company established a headquarters in New York City to prepare for international expansion. By 1914 thirty-one varieties of cheese were sold across the US and Kraft opened a subsidiary cheese factory in Illinois.[9] In 1915 the company developed pasteurizedprocessed cheese, which did not require refrigeration and had a longer shelf life than conventional cheese.[9] The following year Kraft began national advertising and made its first acquisition, a Canadian cheese company.[9] In 1924, the company changed its name to the Kraft Cheese Company and was listed on the Chicago Stock Exchange.[9] Two years later, it was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Kraft then began to consolidate the US dairy industry through acquisition, competing with National Dairy and Borden. Acquisitions included:
In 1928 Kraft acquired the Phenix Cheese Company, manufacturer of Philadelphia cream cheese, and changed its name to Kraft Phenix.[citation needed] The following year, The New York Times reported that Kraft Phenix, the Hershey Company, and Colgate were considering a merger.[10] By 1930, Kraft Phenix controlled 40 percent of the US cheese market in the US and was the country's third-largest dairy company after National Dairy and Borden. That year the company began operating in Australia, after a merger with Fred Walker & Co.[9] National Dairy acquisition of Kraft-Phenix[edit]At the 1930 acquisition, National Dairy had sales of $315 million, compared with $85 million for Kraft Phenix. National Dairy management ran the company. After the acquisition, the company was known as National Dairy and its management ran the company until 1969, when it was renamed Kraftco.[11] Although the company's sales were historically dairy products, its product lines began to diversify from dairy products to caramel candies, macaroni-and-cheese dinners and margarine. During the 1950s, it began to move away from low-value-added-commodity dairy products such as fluid milk.[12] In 1933, National Dairy began advertising on radio. Two years later Sealtest ice cream was introduced as a national brand, replacing the company's regional brands.[9] During World War II, the company sent Britain four million pounds of cheese weekly.[9] Around this time, Thomas McInnerney and James L. Kraft died; in the late 1950s National Dairy further diversified, acquiring Metro Glass in 1956.[9] In 1947 the company sponsored an hour-long drama-anthology series, Kraft Television Theatre. The product advertised on the program, MacLaren’s Imperial Cheese, was selected because " ... [it had] not only had no advertising appropriation whatsoever, but had not even been distributed for several years". According to internal documents of J. Walter Thompson (the advertising firm which conceived the marketing test), "Although there was no other advertising support for it whatsoever, still grocery stores could not keep up with the demand."[13] During the 1960s Kraft introduced fruit jellies, fruit preserves, marshmallows, barbecue sauce and Kraft Singles, individually wrapped cheese slices.[9] During that decade the company expanded, acquiring Dominion Dairies of Canada in 1961 in its first effort to expand into fluid milk and ice cream outside the United States.[14] National Dairy becomes Kraft[edit]In 1969, National Dairy changed its name to Kraftco Corporation: "Expansion and innovation have taken us far afield from the regional milk and ice cream business we started with in 1923. Dollar sales of these original products have remained relatively static over the past ten years and, in 1969 accounted for approximately 25% of our sales."[15] The company moved to Glenview, Illinois in 1972;[9] four years later its name changed to Kraft as part of a reorganization, emphasizing its trademark.[9] Dart merger[edit]In 1980 Kraft merged with Dart Industries, manufacturers of Duracell batteries, Tupperware plastic containers, West Bend home appliances, Wilsonart plastics and Thatcher glass, to form Dart and Kraft.[9] During the decade the company offered mixed results to its shareholders, as new acquisitions in the food business (such as Churny cheese,Lender's Bagels, Frusen Gladje ice cream and Celestial Seasonings tea) slightly offset its lagging nonfood business (Tupperware and KitchenAid). Dart and Kraft spun off its nonfood business (except Duracell) into a new entity (Premark International) and changed its name back to Kraft. Premark was bought by Illinois Tool Works in 1999. In 1988 Kraft sold Duracell to private equity firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, which included it in a 1989 initial public offering.[9] Philip Morris acquisition and merger with General Foods[edit]
At the end of 1988, Philip Morris purchased Kraft for $12.9 billion. The following year Kraft merged with Philip Morris's General Foods unit (manufacturers of Oscar Mayer meats, Maxwell House coffee, Jell-O gelatin, Budget Gourmet frozen dinners, Entenmann's baked goods,Kool-Aid, Crystal Light, and Tang powdered beverage mixes, Post Cereals, Shake 'n Bake flavored coatings, and other packaged foods) as Kraft General Foods. Product development slowed after the merger, due to the company's size.[9] In 1990, the company acquired Jacobs Suchard (a large European coffee and confectionery company) and Freia Marabou (a Scandinavian confectionery maker) to expand overseas. Three years later it acquired RJR Nabisco's cold-cereal business (primarilyShredded Wheat and Shreddies cereals), selling the Breyers ice-cream division to Unilever and the Birds Eye unit to Dean Foods. In 1994 the company sold its frozen-dinner unit to Heinz, and the following year it sold its food-service unit.[9] In 1995, the company changed its name to Kraft Foods and sold its bakery division (except Lender's Bagels, which was sold to CPC International the following year), its candy division and its table-spreads division. Log Cabin Syrup was sold in 1997.[9] Business moves[edit]In 2000, Philip Morris acquired Nabisco for $18.9 billion and merged the company with Kraft Foods.[9] Four years later it sold its sugar confectionery division to the Wrigley Company, divesting Milk-Bone and some grocery brands in 2006 and Cream of Wheat, its juice drinks and Fruit2o in 2007. Investor Nelson Peltz bought a three-percent stake at Kraft Foods, and explored revitalizing the company[17] by acquiring the Wendy's fast-food chain or selling Post cereals andMaxwell House coffee.[17] In July 2007, the company bought Groupe Danone's biscuit and cereal division (including the French biscuit brand Lefèvre-Utile) for $7.2 billion.[17][18]Although PepsiCo's planned hostile takeover of the French company two years earlier had sparked protest, Kraft's announcement was received differently (in part, because Kraft agreed not to close French factories and to keep the merged divisions' headquarters near Paris for at least three years).[17] In February 2008 Berkshire Hathaway, run by investor Warren Buffett, announced that it had acquired an eight-percent stake in Kraft (then worth over $4 billion); Buffett's business partner, Charlie Munger, had also invested over $300 million in Kraft. According to the holding company's 2010 annual report, Berkshire Hathaway owned 5.6 percent of Kraft Foods' outstanding stock.[19] On September 22, 2008, Kraft replaced American International Group on the Dow Jones Industrial Average.[20] In March 2011 the company introduced MiO, a sugar-free, noncaloric liquid flavoring product.[21] Although it had no artificial flavors, unlike its competitors it had artificial colors, sweeteners and preservatives.[22] Following trade liberalization in 1999, India allowed imports of international brands and Kraft decided to expand into the country. Currently, it is represented in India by Amit Lohani owned Max Foods Inc. and has a pan-country distribution. Cadbury purchase[edit]On September 7, 2009 Kraft made a hostile ￡10.2 billion takeover bid for the British confectionery group Cadbury, makers of Dairy Milk and Bournville chocolate.[23] On November 9 the company's bid (then ￡9.8 billion) was rejected by Cadbury, which called it a "derisory" offer.[24] Kraft renewed the offer on December 4.[25] It had significant political and public opposition in the United Kingdom and abroad, leading to a call for the government to implement economic protectionism in large-company takeovers.[26] On January 19, 2010, Cadbury approved a revised offer from Kraft which valued the company at ￡11.5 billion ($19.5 billion). Some funds for the takeover were provided by theRoyal Bank of Scotland, the British partially state-owned bank.[27] The Cadbury purchase was part of the long-term strategy of Irene Rosenfeld, CEO and Kraft chairman since March 2007, who developed a three-year turnaround plan to increase Kraft Foods' profits.[28] Rosenfeld wanted to develop new markets and expand Kraft's product range when she became chairman. It was assumed that the purchase of Cadbury would help Kraft products in new markets, such as Brazil and India, because of Cadbury’s presence in those markets.[29] India is one of its most resilient markets, with 20-percent sales growth and a 30-percent increase in profits.[30] Kraft believed the Cadbury purchase was necessary because of the likelihood of a Nestle-Hershey merger, and it could generate annual savings of at least $675 million by the end of the third year.[31] Rosenfeld saw the Kraft-Cadbury merger as the "logical next step in our transformation toward a high-growth, higher-margin company" to build a "global powerhouse in snacks, confectionery, and quick meals."[32] The Cadbury purchase gave Kraft 14.8 percent of the global candy and gum market and the company wanted to avail itself of Cadbury distribution in the developing markets of India, Brazil, and Mexico.[33] As incomes rose in those developing countries, Kraft hoped that products such as Oreos would become impulse buys for children.[33] Mars was second in the confectionery market with 14.6-percent share, followed by Nestle with 7.8 percent.[34] At the time of the purchase the chocolate and sugar industry had been growing at a 15-percent annual pace for the previous three years and was valued at $113 billion.[35]Although its Cadbury purchase was considered odd because Kraft did not have a foothold in the confectionery market, the company noted its production of confectionery foods such as Toblerones and baked snacks such as Oreos. Cadbury also owned chewing-gum brands, such as Stride, Trident, Dentyne and Chiclets.[36] Cadbury chairman Roger Carr explained his approval of the takeover: "We believe the offer represents good value for Cadbury shareholders and are pleased with the commitment that Kraft Foods has made to our heritage, values and people throughout the world".[37] Cadbury sales were flat after Kraft’s acquisition. Despite the Cadbury takeover's helping to boost sales by 30 percent, Kraft's net profit for the fourth quarter fell 24 percent (to $540 million) due to costs associated with integrating the UK business after the acquisition.[38] Kraft spent $1.3 billion on integration to achieve an estimated $675 million in annual savings by the end of 2012.[39] Kraft increased prices to offset rising commodity costs (for corn, sugar, and cocoa) in North America and Europe. According to Rosenfeld]], "We expect it will remain weak for the foreseeable future". Taking into account integration costs, the acquisition reduced Kraft's earnings per share by about 33% immediately after the Cadbury purchase.[38] On March 17, 2010, Kraft Foods said it was "truly sorry" for its closure of Cadbury's Somerdale Factory. Senior Kraft executive Marc Firestone made the public apology to MPs at a parliamentary select committee hearing.[40] In March 2011 Kraft closed the plant, listing the site for ￡50 million and outsourcing production (which the company had promised not to do) to Poland. Although former Cadbury workers demanded an apology for the plant's abrupt sale, Kraft CEO Irene Rosenfeld did not explain the company's action.[41] Kraft uses the Cadbury brand in emerging markets to expand its product range, planning to invest $150 million in South African manufacturing plants over three years in April 2011. President Sanjay Khosla said, "South Africa is a priority market for us, where we focus on power brands like Cadbury chocolate".[42] Sale of frozen-pizza division[edit]On March 1, 2010, Nestlé purchased Kraft's North American frozen-pizza division for $3.7 billion. Although Kraft stipulated a one- to three-year buyback option, it did not exercise the option. The sale included the DiGiorno, Tombstone, and Jack's brands in the United States; the Delissio brand in Canada, the California Pizza Kitchen license and manufacturing facilities in Medford and Little Chute, Wisconsin. In 2009 the business, with 3,400 employees, had a net revenue of $1.6 billion.[43] Kraft Foods Group and Douwe Egberts[edit]In August 2011 Kraft Foods announced plans to split into two publicly traded companies, one snack-food and the other grocery.[44] The company changed its name to Mondelez International, specializing in snack foods, in October 2012 and a second company (Kraft Foods Group, specializing in grocery items) was split off.[45] Kraft Foods Group later merged with Heinz to become Kraft Heinz. In 2014, the company announced a merge of its coffee business with the Dutch firm Douwe Egberts;[46] the company would be named Jacobs Douwe Egberts. The merger was confirmed on May 6, 2014 and completed on July 2, 2015.[47][48] Attempted Hershey acquisition[edit]On June 30, 2016, Mondelez made a $23 billion offer to buy its smaller rival, Hershey. The half-cash, half-stock deal valued Hershey stock at $107 a share. Hershey's board, however, unanimously rejected the offer.[49] Controversies[edit]Trans-fat litigation[edit]In 2003, a California lawyer sued Kraft for using trans fat in Oreo cookies.[50] When Kraft Foods announced a trans-fat-free reformulation of Oreos after the lawsuit was filed, it was dropped. The company denied that the change was made in response to the lawsuit, noting that the reformulation had been planned long before the lawsuit.[51] In 2010 two California residents, Evangeline Red and Rachel Whitt, filed a class action lawsuit against Kraft Foods for claiming that certain products are healthy when they contain trans fat. Kraft denied any wrongdoing, saying that all packaging claims are true and legal, after the plaintiffs claimed that Kraft mislabeled Vegetable Thin and Ritz crackers as "made with real vegetables".[52] Teddy Grahams, varieties of Ritz Crackers, Honey Maid Grahams, Premium Saltines, Ginger Snaps, and Vegetable Thins contained trans fats, with Kraft presenting the products as healthy with phrases such as "wholesome choice", "sensible snacking" and "made with real vegetables". The plaintiffs argued that the claims violated the California Unfair Competition Law, Consumer Legal Remedies Act and False Advertising Law.[53][54] The lawsuit cited scientific consensus on the health effects of trans fats, which cause coronary heart disease[55] and has been linked to type 2 diabetes[56] and some types of cancer.[54][57] According to the American Heart Association, there is "no safe level" of trans fats in the diet.[58] Based on trans fats and other unhealthy ingredients in Kraft products, the lawsuit argued that:[54]
Kraft denied any wrongdoing, and its response briefs emphasized that its claims were technically true. Vegetable Thins were "made with real vegetables", and the company argued that the statement could not be considered misleading. Kraft used a similar argument for claims such as "good source of calcium, iron and zinc to support kids' growth and development" and "whole wheat". About several packaging claims, Kraft argued that the statements could not be proven true or false; for example, the word "wholesome" is subjective. Promotional statements too vague to prove or disprove (known as puffery) are not actionable under law; Kraft argued that "wholesome," "sensible", and "smart" are puffery and could not be found misleading or deceitful.[59] The class action received $11,000 of its requested $1.8 million.[60] Political campaign[edit]In 2012, Kraft contributed $1,950,500 to a $46 million political campaign known as "The Coalition Against The Costly Food Labeling Proposition, sponsored by Farmers and Food Producers"[61] The organization was founded to oppose Proposition 37, a California citizen's initiative mandating the labeling of foods containing genetically modified ingredients. As a result, there were calls for a boycott of Kraft products.[62] Environmental record[edit]For years Kraft purchased paper for its packaging from Asia Pulp & Paper, the third-largest paper producer in the world which was called a "forest criminal" for destroying "precious habitat" in Indonesia’s rain forest.[63] In 2011, when Kraft cancelled its contract with Asia Pulp & Paper, Greenpeace executive director Phil Radford commended the company for "taking rainforest conservation seriously".[64] Wheat futures price-fixing allegation[edit]The US Commodity and Futures Commission (CTFC) alleged that Mondelez International and its former subsidiary, Mondelez Global, bought $90 million (￡61 million) of wheat futures with no intention of taking delivery. According to the CTFC, the purchase raised the price of the commodity and earned the company $5.4 million.[65] Recalls[edit]Main article: StarLink corn recall In September 2000, up to $50 million worth of taco shells were recalled by Kraft from supermarkets and Taco Bell restaurants. The shells contained genetically modified corn, which was not approved for human consumption by the Food and Drug Administration; the recall was the first of a genetically modified food. The corn was supplied to a plant from which Kraft bought the shells.[66] In April 2009, Kraft Foods recalled products containing pistachios after the discovery of salmonella at one of its Illinois manufacturers. Kraft pinpointed as the source a California pistachio grower, which initially recalled over 2,000,000 pounds (910,000 kg) of nuts before broadening the recall to much of its 2008 crop.[67][68] A Washington Post editorial credited the "aggressive food safety system at Kraft Foods" with effectively addressing the danger.[69] In September 2011, Kraft recalled over 130,000 cases of Velveeta Shells and Cheese microwaveable cups because of possible wire bristles in the cups.[70] Persons of the history of Mondelēz[edit]
References[edit]
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