毛主席离开我们40年来，中国内地对毛主席评价的三个变化。

第一个小变化是1976年到20世纪70年代末期。毛主席虽然离去了，但政治上还是坚持两个“凡是”，即“凡是毛主席作出的决策,我们都坚决维护；凡是毛主席的指示,我们都始终不渝地遵循”。对毛主席的顶礼膜拜变化不大。

第二个大变化是20世纪80年代。以思想解放运动为标志，强调实践是检验真理的唯一标准，解放思想，实事求是。这时，人们眼中看到更多的是“走下神坛的毛泽东”，看到的是非神的一面，是人的一面，普通平凡的一面，有局限的一面，甚至是犯错误的一面。当时的党内文件中还有这样的原话，比如《党的宣传工作文件选编》第二卷第679页中说：“毛主席的像在过去公共场所挂得太多，这是政治上不庄重的表现，有碍国际观瞻，今后要逐步减少到必要程度。”还说：“《毛主席语录》是林彪为捞取政治资本而搞的，危害很大，流毒甚广。”同时，1980年全国只有21万人到韶山参观。这个时期也有把毛主席妖魔化的书，比如李志绥的《毛泽东的私人医生》。

这种情况的转折点是1989年，那年以后又开始重新印毛主席像，那时印了37万张。到1991年，就飙升到了5，000万张，很多家庭又开始贴毛主席像了。


第三个变化始于1990年初。有个现象很奇怪，好像突然一夜之间，所有的出租车里边都挂上毛主席像了。最近笔者看资料，找到了出处，源于何处？是因为1990年的某一天，在广州市的街头出了个车祸，八车连环相撞，结果七个司机重伤，只有一个人安然无恙，完好无缺。为什么呢？一看，他的车里挂了个毛主席像。然后，所有的出租车都挂上了毛主席像。人们又开始把毛主席当成神了，祈求他保佑平安。


之后的高潮是在毛主席诞辰100周年。大家可能看过很多报道和影像资料。毛主席的铜像迎回韶山的时候，日月星同辉，杜鹃花提前一个月怒放，等等。确有其事。
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
进入21世纪以后，我个人感觉毛泽东热还在持续升温，而且这个升温不是源于政府的发动。比如纪念毛主席诞辰110周年，电视剧《长征》、《延安颂》，以及电视文献片《诗人毛泽东》等的播出掀起了新的热潮。我个人感觉，这是一种“政治淡出”和“文化凸显”。政府没有更大的动作，更多的悼念、缅怀、追思是来自民间，来自底层，来自人们内心。最近我查了一下网上网页，在全世界的华人中，最高的是文体明星，周杰伦2，300万，姚明2，100万，李宇春1，700万。
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

除了文体明星，毛主席是第一名，1，400多万。另外，2005年底，以全国妇联为首的六家单位有一个调查，在中学生里边调查“你心目中的英雄”。结果出人意料，第一名的英雄就是毛主席。今天的中学生——实际是小孩——他们对毛主席到底有多少了解？毛主席何以成为他们心目中第一位的英雄？值得研究，更值得庆幸。


我想以这个为例，说明今天的社会、今天的中国乃至世界，对毛主席又开始了重新认识。当然，我们可以从很多角度来解释这个现象，包括前面谈到的西方人对毛主席的公认——大政治家、大军事家、大哲学家、大诗人、开国领袖、一代雄主等等。特别是在今天中国的社会背景下。

毛主席的平民意识、草根意识、均富思想，毛主席的缀满补丁的睡衣，都使我们感叹唏嘘，浮想联翩。2007年1月3日下午，我看凤凰卫视“冷暖人生”，陈晓楠采访刘思齐。刘思齐回忆1949年10月中旬，新中国成立两周之后，毛主席为毛岸英、刘思齐在中南海菊香书屋举行婚礼。毛主席说：任弼时身体不适就不要惊动他了。其余四大常委，毛主席、刘少奇、周恩来、朱德均偕夫人出席婚礼。规格极高，用度极俭，二者形成了强烈的反差。新郎新娘都没有新衣服，李讷找来一朵红色的绒花，别在刘思齐的衣服上，就算是一点喜庆的亮色。晚宴也甚为简单。饭后四大常委接着开会，毛岸英、刘思齐就去紫光阁看了一场电影。电影散场了，常委会也结束了。

当他俩回到书屋，毛主席把他们叫住，说你们等一下，随后从自己屋子里拿出了一件黑色的大衣，对毛岸英说：“我也没什么东西，就这件大衣，还是重庆谈判的时候买的，就送给岸英做个结婚纪念吧。”看看刘思齐后又补充说：“你们两个晚上可一起盖，这样思齐也就有份了。”以此一笑而解了自己的尴尬。一代开国领袖清贫如此，古今罕见。


但是我想，更重要的，毛主席首先是一个伟大的民族英雄。我说这话的背景是：从1840年以来，中华民族是屡战屡败，屡败屡战，除了少数像左宗棠收复准噶尔盆地，冯子材打镇南关，刘铭传收复台湾等局部战役，总体来说，是打败仗。100年来，民族的自信心不断下滑，按鲁迅的说法是失去了民族的自信力。

没有信心了，一盘散沙。中华民族自信心的下滑是什么时候停住的？应该是抗日战争。在国共两党统一战线号召之下，在世界进步力量支持之下，全民族空前团结，取得了抗日战争的伟大胜利。其中也包括毛主席不跟着共产国际和苏共“老子党”的指挥棒转，坚持探索中国革命独特道路的巨大勇气。再到1949年毛主席在天安门城楼宣布“中国人从此站立起来了”。

我看了一个资料，说当时日本有个教授对毛主席的这句话很不以为然，因为日本从近代以来一直看不起中国人，他们承认是被美国人的原子弹打败了，被苏联红军打败了，而不承认是被中国人打败了。所以看到毛主席的这句话，就暗自发笑：中国人站起来了？你毛泽东说站起来就站起来了？根本不把这当回事。然后，我们保家卫国，抗美援朝，出兵朝鲜是全世界谁都没有想到的事情。而且，在朝鲜和美国打了个平手。尤其是上甘岭战役，把美国人都打懵了。其实上甘岭地区只有3.7平方公里，相当于1.9公里的一个矩形的面积。

但就是这个小高地，因其扼守着朝鲜中线的门户，作战双方都投入了人类战争史上前所未有的赌注。“联合国军”投入6万人，志愿军4万人，共10万大军。“联合国军”还动用了3，000架次飞机和170辆坦克，共向上甘岭发射了190万枚炮弹和5，600枚重磅炸弹。多的一天达30万枚，平均每秒6枚。激战最惨烈的1952年10月25日，双方反复争夺达40多次，但上甘岭高地就是岿然不动。从此，美军再没有向我方发动过营以上规模的进攻，朝鲜战局从此稳定在了38°线。

可以说，经过上甘岭一战美国人从此将中国视为世界上最强大的国家之一——西方人的标准是：要想成为强国，你必须击败另一个强国的军队。美国西点军校将上甘岭列入世界最著名战役之一。而日本防卫厅的材料——他们的军事教材，则认为，我们在朝鲜打的第二次战役，即长津湖围歼美国陆军王牌第一师使日本人深受震动。

再到20世纪60年代，我们勒紧裤带搞出了“两弹一星”，经过艰苦卓绝的长期奋斗，中华民族真正自立于世界民族之林。到了近两年，西方政要如老布什、小布什、拉姆斯·菲尔德、布莱尔、普京、赖斯频繁来访，口口声声说中国是战略性的国际大国或国际性的战略大国，已经不是单纯的外交辞令了。

李敖在《毛泽东的精神就是民族复兴的光辉道路》一文中说：“毛泽东精神就是一种强烈的自信、自尊、自主、自立、自强的精神，就是一个人、一个民族要活得顶天立地的精神，它是自唐朝以来久失了的浩然之气和天行健、自强不息的精神，是1840年以来中华民族面对保国、保种、保教三重危机的挑战而激应出的勇敢的应战精神，它就是我们民族的精神。”。过去我们常说，没有共产党就没有新中国，今天我们还要加一句，没有毛主席就没有中国的今天。前人栽树，后人乘凉，此之谓也。


回到毛主席诗词。我认同郭沫若先生的评价，即所谓“经纶外，诗词余事，泰山北斗”。什么意思呢？就是说毛主席治理军国大事之外，业余爱好写点诗词，但也足已称得上是泰山北斗。这个话我认同。以郭沫若词坛盟主之尊尚如此推崇毛诗，其他人自然信服。其实毛主席不光是诗坛泰斗，在世人眼中，他首先是一个具有超凡魅力型的领袖。治大国如烹小鲜，谈笑间导引世界风云。

我可以举两个例子。20世纪五六十年代，他曾在游泳池边上穿着泳裤接见赫鲁晓夫。你不是以老子党自居吗？我让你牛！到了70年代，毛主席就更是深居简出，常常让大国政要，如尼克松总统、田中首相等上书房觐见。

最近读回忆文章，读到1975年 10月，前德国总理施密特访华后受到毛主席接见，十分兴奋和自豪，因为当时西方大国政要往往攀比的是访华是否受到毛主席接见，会谈时间多长……而且法国总统戴高乐以未能实现访华见毛主席的夙愿而成为终生大憾。这才是大国领袖的风范与魅力。