ZT Óô½ðÏãÖ®Õù |
Ëͽ»Õß: Ëļ¾Ê÷ 2014Äê07ÔÂ18ÈÕ22:02:05 ÓÚ [²ÊºçÖ®Ô¼] ·¢ËÍÇÄÇÄ»° |
Óô½ðÏãÖ®Õù
2010-01-27 22:51:56
ÀÏʵ˵£¬Õæ²»Ïë´ó²¿Í·µÄ³Êé»òÕß䶫Î÷À´²ûÃ÷½ÌÀí¡£
ÔÙÕߣ¬ÆþµÃÄãËÀÎÒ»îµÄÒ²²»Ôì¾ÍÈË£¬Ò²²»ÈÙÒ«Ò®öÕ¡£ µ«ÊÇ£¬Ð´Õâ¸öÊÇÒòΪ»ù¶½Í½Ð¡×éÀïÃæÓÖÓÐËÀ½ÌÌõµÄÈËÃÇÕù¼Ó¶ûÎÄÖ÷ÒåµÄ¶«Î÷¡£ ÏÈ˵Óô½ðÏ㣺 T-È«È»°Ü»µ£¨Total depravity£© U-ÎÞÌõ¼þÑ¡Ôñ£¨Unconditional election£© L-ÓÐÏ޵ĴúÊ꣨Limited atonement£© I-²»¿É¿¹¾ÜµÄ¶÷µä£¨Irresistible grace£© P-ʥͽÃɱ£ÊØ£¨Perseverence of the saints£© TULIP¾ÍÊÇÓô½ðÏ㣬ÎÒ×îϲ»¶µÄ»¨¡¡³ýÁËÈýÉ«ÝÀ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ»ÄÄ®¸ÊȪÀïÃæÌáµ½µÄÐÄ°²²Ý£©ÒÔÍâ¡£ º¹ÑÕ£¬Êé¹éÕý´«¡£ Ò»¶þËÄÎå¶ÔÎÒÀ´Ëµ²»ÄÑÀí½â£¬Ò²²»ÄÑÈÏÐÅ¡£¿ÉÒÔ˵ÊÇûʲôºÃÕù±çµÄÊ¡£ µ«ÊÇÈý¡°ÓÐÏÞ´úÊꡱ¿ÉÄÜÊDZȽÏÄÑÒÔÀí½âµÄ¡£ ´Ó±íÃæÉÏ¿´£¬³ÐÈÏ¡°ÓÐÏÞ´úÊꡱËƺõ¾ÍÊÇÔÚ·ñÈÏÉϵ۵ÄÈ«ÄÜ£¬·ñÈÏÒ®öÕ»ù¶½ÎªÎÒÃÇÖÚÈ˵ľÈÊê¡£ ÔÙÕߣ¬ÕâËƺõºÍÎÒÃÇÏÖ´úÆÕ±éÇ¿µ÷µÄÆ«°¢Ã×ÄîÖ÷Òå»òÕßѵÀÖ÷ÒåµÄ¡°ÉñÔ¸ÍòÈ˵þȣ¬²»Ô¸Ò»È˳ÁÂÙ¡±ÊDz»´îµ÷µÄ¡£ ÄÇôÄØ£¬°¢·Éͬѧ±§×ÅÕâÑùµÄÒÉÎÊ£¬¾ÍÈ¥·¾ÎÄÁË¡£ ±Ï¾¹Õ§ÌýÉÏÈ¥¡°ÉñÔ¸ÍòÈ˵þȣ¬²»Ô¸Ò»È˳ÁÂÙ¡±Ã»´í¡£ Õâ»°ÕæµÄÊÇÊ¥¾ÉϵÄÂ𣿠²éÊé½á¹ûÈçÏ£º ¡°ÉñÔ¸ÍòÈ˵þȡ±£¬Óï³öÌáĦ̫ǰÊé2:4 ËûÔ¸ÒâÍòÈ˵þȣ¬Ã÷°×ÕæµÀ¡£ Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of the truth. ¡°²»Ô¸Ò»È˳ÁÂÙ¡±£¬Óï³ö±ËµÃºóÊé3:9 Ö÷ËùÓ¦ÐíµÄÉÐδ³É¾Í£¬ÓÐÈËÒÔΪËûÊǵ¢ÑÓ£¬Æäʵ²»Êǵ¢ÑÓ£¬ÄËÊÇ¿íÈÝÄãÃÇ£¬²»Ô¸ÓÐÒ»ÈËÉòÂÙ£¬ÄËÔ¸ÈËÈ˶¼»Ú¸Ä¡£ The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness; but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance. µ«ÊÇ£¬Ê¥¾ÉÏûÓÐÒ»´¦ÊÇÓÐÕâÑùÇ¿ÁÒÒò¹ûµÄ¡°ÉñÔ¸ÍòÈ˵þȣ¬²»Ô¸Ò»È˳ÁÂÙ¡±¡£ µ±ÎÒÃÇÇ¿ÁÒµÄÇ¿µ÷¡°ÉñÔ¸ÍòÈ˵þȣ¬²»Ô¸Ò»È˳ÁÂÙ¡±ÕâÑùÒ»¸ö·Â·ðÉÏÏÂÁ½¸ö·Ö¾äÍêÈ«°üÀ¨ËùÓÐÈ˶¼µÃ¾È¶÷ËƵÄʱ£¬ÎÒÃÇ°ÑÉñµÄ¼Æ»®ÓÃÕâ»°¶ÂËÀÁË¡£ ÎÒÃÇ»¹ÊÇ¿´Ê¥¾ÉÏÔ»°µÄÒâ˼°É£¬ÃâµÃÎÒÃǶÏÕÂÈ¡Òå¡£ ÏÈ˵ËûÔ¸ÍòÈËµÃ¾È ¡°ËûÔ¸ÒâÍòÈ˵þȣ¬Ã÷°×ÕæµÀ¡±ËµµÄÊÇ¡°µÃ¾È²¢Ã÷°×ÕæÀí¡±ÓÖ²éÁ˼¸¸öÀÏ°æ±¾µÄÖÐÎÄÊ¥¾¡£ 1895мsœÎÄÀí( by Burdon & Blodget's)–|Õý½Ì£»1864Äê¹ÌÀ│ –²¨·ò£¨Archimandrite Guri Karpov£©ÎÄÀí×g±¾ÐÂßzÔtÂ}½›£»ÎÄÀíºÍºÏ×g±¾Â}½› 1934Äê¡£ Ö÷ÄËÓûÖڵþȡ¢Ï¤ÖÁÖªÕæʵÕß »ò×÷ ±ËÓûÍòÈ˵þȡ¢¶´Ï¤ÕæÀí¡£ ¿´¼ûû£¿ ˵µÄÊÇ£ºÉñµÄÒâÔ¸ÊÇÈ˶¼µÃ¾È¡£½Ó×Å£¬ÔÚÌáĦ̫ǰÊé2£º6ËûÉá×Ô¼º×÷ÍòÈ˵ÄÊê¼Û¡£ 2ÕÂ4½Úµ½6½ÚÁ¬ÆðÀ´£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬ÉñΪÁËËûµÄÒâԸҲʹ/ÈÃÒ®öÕΪÎÒÃǵÄ×ïËÀ£¬¶øÒ®öÕ×ÔÔ¸µÄ/×Ô·¢µÄ×öÁËÕâΪÎÒÃǵÄ×ïËÀµÄʶù¡£ Ò®öÕΪËùÓÐÈ˵Ä×ïËÀÊǸö¼È³ÉÊÂʵ£¬ÇÒÈ˶¼ÄܵþÈÊÇÉñµÄÔ¸Íû¡£ ÔÙ˵²»Ô¸Ò»È˳ÁÂÙ ²»Ô¸ÓÐÒ»ÈËÉòÂÙ£¬ÊǽÓ×ÅÇ°ÃæµÄ¾ÎÄ£ºÖ÷ËùÓ¦ÐíµÄÉÐδ³É¾Í£¬¡¡ÄËÊÇ¿íÈÝÄãÃÇ¡¡ÄËÔ¸ÈËÈ˶¼»Ú¸Ä¡£Õâ¾ÎÄ˵µ½µ×£¬Ä©ÈÕµÄÔ¤ÑÔ»¹Ã»³É¾ÍÔÒòÒ²ÊÇÉñÔ¸ÒâÈËÈ˻ڸĵþȡ£»¹ÊÇ˵ÉñµÄÒâÔ¸ÊÇÈçºÎ¡£ µ«ÊÇÇë×¢Ò⣬Á½´¦ËµµÄ¶¼ÊÇÉñ¡°Ô¸¡±ÈçºÎÈçºÎ£¬¶øÕâ¸ö¡°Ô¸¡±±íÃ÷ÁËÉñÏ£ÍûÖеÄ״̬¡£ÕâºÍʵ¼Ê·¢ÉúµÄ×´¿ö²»ÊÇÒ»»ØÊ¡£ÎÒÃÇСÐÄ°ÑÉñµÄÔ¸Íûµ±×÷ÏÖʵµÄ״̬ÁË¡£Öмä²îÁËÒ»¸öÉñ¸øÈ˵ÄÀñÎÒâÖ¾µÄ×ÔÓÉ¡£ ÒòΪÎÒÃÇÈËÓÐÒâÖ¾µÄ×ÔÓÉ£¬Éñ¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒÔÉ«ÁÐÈ˳ö°£¼°µÄʱºò£¬¡°Ê¹·¨ÀϵÄÐĸÕÓ²¡±£¬ÈÎƾ·¨ÀÏÐз¨ÀÏ×Ô¼ºµÄÐÄÒâ¶øã£ÄæÉñ£»Í¬ÑùÉñÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔÚÕâÄ©ÊÀµÄʱºò£¬ÈÎƾÄÇЩ¹ÊÒâ²»ÈÏʶÉñµÄÈË´æаƧµÄÐÄÐÐÄÇЩ²»ºÏÀíµÄÊ£¨±ðºÍÎÒßóÍᣬÕâ»°¼ûÂÞÂíÊé1£º28£©¡£ ÕâЩÈË×ÔÈ»ÊDz»µÃ¾ÈµÄ¡£ ÄÇôÕâЩ²»µÃ¾ÈµÄ£¬¼ÓÉÏΪÄÇЩԤÏÈÃÉÑ¡Ö®ÈË£¬²»¾ÍÊÇÊÀÉÏËùÓÐÈËÂ𣿲»Ïë×öÒ»¼ÒÖ®ÑÔµÄ˵¿Í£¬Ò²²»ÏëÈ¥ÂÛ¶Ï˵þÈ˲»µÃ¾È£¬²»¹ý£¬ÓÐÈ˻᲻µÃ¾ÈÊÇÊÂʵ£¬ÊÇËûÃÇ×Ô¼º¹ÊÒâ²»ÈÏʶÉñ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÉñûÓÐÄÜÁ¦¾ÍËûÃÇ¡£ËùÒÔ´Ó½á¹û¿´£¬Ò®öÕ»ù¶½µÄ´úÊê±ØÈ»ÊÇÓÐÏ޵ġ£¾È¶÷ÊÇÉñÔ¸Òâ¸øËùÓÐÈ˵ģ¬µ«²¢²»ÊÇËùÓÐÈ˶¼µÃ×ÅÁË¡£ËûÃDz»ÅäºÏÉñ£¬ÉñÒ²²»Ç¿ÆÈËûÃÇ¡£²»ÊÇÉñûÓÐÄÜÁ¦Ê¹ËûÃÇÐÅ£¬¶øÊÇÉñ×ðÖØ×ÔÉñÔìÈ˵Äʱºò±ã¸øÿ¸öÈ˵ÄÒâÖ¾ÉϵÄ×ÔÓÉ¡£ ¼Ó¶ûÎÄÖ÷ÒåÎåµãÒªÒåºÍË«ÖØÔ¤¶¨ÂÛ£¬ÒÀÎÒ¿´ÊÇÍÑ¿ªÊ±¿ÕµÄ½çÏÞ´Óب¹ÅÖ±µ½ÓÀºãµÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´Ì½Ìֵþȵģ¬¼«ÆäÇ¿µ÷´ÓÄ©ÈÕÉóÅÐ×îÖÕµÄÄǸö½á¹ûÉÏ¿´µÄ¡£¶ø²»ÊÇÔںܶàϸ½ÚÉϾßÌåÌÖÂÛÐÅÑö¹ý³ÌµÄÊëÊÇÊë·Ç£¬½ø¶ø»áÓÐʥͽÓÀÃɱ£ÊØ֮˵¡£ÖÁÓÚÊÇËʥͽ£¬²»ÊÇÄã˵ÎÒ˵£¬Î©ÓÐÉñÖªµÀ¡£ ÔÙÕߣ¬¼Ó¶ûÎÄÖ÷ÒåºÍ°¢Ã×ÄîÖ÷ÒåÖ®ÕùÍêÈ«ÊÇ»ùÓÚÈ˵ÄÒâÖ¾ºÍ¾È¶÷µÄ¹Øϵ¡£ »»¾ä»°Ëµ£¬¼Ó¶ûÎÄÖ÷Òå˵µÄ¡°Freedom of WillÒâÖ¾µÄ×ÔÓÉ¡±ºÍ°¢Ã×ÄîÖ÷ÒåµÄ¡°Free Will×ÔÓÉÒâÖ¾¡±Ö®Õù¡£ÎÒÊÇÏàÐÅÈô²»ÊÇÉϵ۸øÈËÒâÖ¾ÉϵÄ×ÔÓÉ£¬¾Í²»´æÔÚÎÒÃǵÄ×ÔÖ÷Ñ¡Ôñ¡£¶ø×ÔÓÉÒâÖ¾ÕⶫÎ÷£¬ÍêÈ«ÊÇ°ÑÉϵÛÅųýµ½ÁËÄÔº£Ö®Í⣬°ÑÎÒÃÇÊÇÊÜÔìÎïÕâʶùҲͳͳÍü¼ÇÁË¡£ÄĸöÖÓ±íÊÇÄÜ×Ô¼º×ߵģ¿ÄǸöÈËÈôÊÇÉϵÛû¸øËû×ÔÓÉÑ¡ÔñµÄȨÀû£¬Ëû¾ÍÓÐÁËÑ¡ÔñµÄ×ÔÓÉ£¿ ÄãÔÚµçÄÔÀïÊäÈë¸öÃüÁµçÄÔÓз´Ó¦µÄÇ°ÌáÊÇÕâ³ÌÐòÔÚ±àдʱ³ÌÐòÔ±±ãдÈëÁËÏàÓ¦µÄÃüÁî´úÂë¶ÔÓ¦µÄ²Ù×÷£¬²»È»£¬ÄãÊäÈëÃüÁîµÄ½á¹ûÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸ö£º¡°Error¡±¡£ ×ÜÖ®£¬¼Ó¶ûÎÄÖ÷ÒåÇ¿µ÷ÉñµÄÖ÷ȨºÍÒâÖ¾£¬¼ðÑ¡µÄ¹ý³ÌÊÇÉñµÄ°ÂÃØ£¬Ö»ËµÊÇÔÚÓÀºãÀïÃæ»òÕß´´ÊÀÖ®´¦¼ðÑ¡¡£¶øÕâÁ½¸öʱ¼äµãµÈÓÚûÓÐʱ¼äµã£¬ËùÒÔÎÒ˵ÊÇÍÑÀëʱ¿ÕµÄ»òÕß³¬Ê±¿ÕµÄ¡£ÒòΪÎÒÃÇÎÞ·¨³¬Ê±¿Õ£¬ËùÒÔ²ÅÊÇÉñµÄ°ÂÃØ£¬ÊÇÎÒÃǴ˿̲»ÄÜÃ÷°×µÄ£¨µ½Ìì¹ú»òÐí»áÃ÷°×£©¡£ ÔÚÎÒ¿´À´£¬Ò²ÕýÒòΪ¼Ó¶ûÎÄÖ÷ÒåÇ¿µ÷ÉñµÄÖ÷ȨºÍÒâÖ¾£¬ ËùÒÔ£¬ÔÚÊ·¹ÛÉÏ£¬²ÅÊÇÕæÕæÕýÕýÒÔÉϵÛΪÖ÷½ÇµÄ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÒÔÈ˺ÍÈ˵ÄÑ¡ÔñΪÖ÷½Ç¡£ ++++++++++++++++ ÒýÓÃÍõÖ¾ÓÂÄÁʦµÄ»°£¬À´ËµÃ÷һЩÒâÖ¾ºÍ¾ÈÊêµÄÎÊÌ⣺ µÚÈýÖÖÈÏΪÈ˵ÄÒâÖ¾Óë¾ÈÊêÓзݵÄÖ÷ÕÅÊÇÓÉ°¢Ã×ÄîÌá³öµÄ¡£°¢Ã×ÄîÊÇһλºÉÀ¼Éñѧ¼Ò£¬Ëû·ñÈÏ·µÂºÍ¼Ó¶ûÎÄËùÖ÷Õŵľȶ÷ÍêÈ«ÊÇÉϵÛÖ÷ȨµÄ×÷ΪµÄ½Ìµ¼£¬ÈÏΪÈ˵ÄÒâÖ¾ÓÐÑ¡ÔñÉϵ۵Ä×ÔÓÉ¡£°¢Ã×ÄîÔÚÕâÒ»Ö÷ÕÅÉϲ¢Ã»ÓÐ×߶àÔ¶£¬µ«ËûÈ´´ò¿ªÁËͨÏò¸÷ÖÖ×ÔÓÉÒâÖ¾ÉñѧµÄ´óÃÅ£¬¶øÇÒÕâÉÈ´óÃÅÔÚËûµÄÃÅÉúµÄÍƶ¯ÏÂÔ½¿ªÔ½´ó¡£°¢Ã×ÄîÅɳÉΪµ±Ê±¸÷ÖÖ×Ú½Ì×ÔÓÉÅɵıêÖ¾¡£Ò»¿ªÊ¼£¬°¢Ã×ÄîÅÉÉñѧֻ²»¹ýÊÇÒ»Ö־ܳâ¼Ó¶ûÎÄÉñѧµÄ·½·¨£¬Ô¶Ô¶²»ÊÇÒ»ÖÖϵͳµÄÉñѧ¡£Ö±µ½Ê®°ËÊÀ¼ÍÔ¼º²•Íþ˹ÀíµÄʱºò£¬²ÅÓÉËû·¢Õ¹ÁË×ÔÓÉÒâÖ¾Éñѧ£¬»ò°¢Ã×ÄîÅÉÉñѧ¡£Íþ˹Àí¿ªÊ¼½Ìµ¼ÆÕÊÀÐÔ¶÷µäµÄ½ÌÒ壬Ëû³ÐÈÏÈ˵İܻµ£¬µ«È´½Ìµ¼ËµÊ¥ÁéÏû³ýÁË°Ü»µµÄÓ°Ï죬ʹËùÓеÄÈ˶¼ÓÐÄÜÁ¦Ñ¡ÔñÐÅÒ®öÕ¡£Ò²ÐíÕâ±ÈÆäËûµÄ×ÔÓÉÒâÖ¾ÉñѧºÃÒ»µã£¬µ«ÈÔÈ»ÊÇÈ˵ķ¢Ã÷£¬²¢²»ºÏºõÊ¥¾µÄÆôʾ¡£ ¡¡¡¡ ¡¡¡¡¡°·²¸¸Ëù´Í¸øÎÒµÄÈË£¬±Øµ½ÎÒÕâÀïÀ´£»µ½ÎÒÕâÀïÀ´µÄ£¬ÎÒ×ܲ»¶ªÆúËû¡£¡±£¨Ô¼6:37£© ¡¡¡¡ ¡¡¡¡¡°Èô²»ÊDzîÎÒÀ´µÄ¸¸ÎüÒýÈË£¬¾ÍûÓÐÄܵ½ÎÒÕâÀïÀ´µÄ£»µ½ÎÒÕâÀïÀ´µÄ£¬ÔÚÄ©ÈÕÎÒÒª½ÐÈ˸´»î¡£¡±£¨Ô¼6:44£© ¡¡¡¡ ¡¡¡¡¡°Ò®öÕÓÖ˵:ËùÒÔÎÒ¶ÔÄãÃÇ˵¹ý£¬Èô²»ÊÇÃÉÎÒ¸¸µÄ¶÷´Í£¬Ã»ÓÐÈËÄܵ½ÎÒÕâÀïÀ´¡£¡±£¨Ô¼6:65£© ¡¡¡¡ ¡¡¡¡ÉÏÊö¾ÎĸæËßÎÒÃÇ£¬Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÉϵÛÒѾ°ÑһЩÈ˴͸øÁË»ù¶½£»Æä´Î£¬Èç¹û²»ÊÇÉϵ۴͸ø»ù¶½µÄ£¬¾ÍûÓÐÈËÄܵ½»ù¶½ÃæÇ°À´¡£µÚÈý£¬Èç¹û²»ÊǸ¸ÎüÒýÈË£¬¾ÍûÓÐÈËÄܵ½»ù¶½ÕâÀïÀ´£»µÚËÄ£¬ËùÓÐÄÇЩÀ´µÄÈË£¬Éϵ۶¼»á¾ÈÊê¡£ÔÚÕâЩ¾ÎÄÖУ¬²¢Ã»ÓжÁµ½È˵ÄÒâÖ¾µÄ²ÎÓë¡£¡¶ëèÀû±ÈÊé¡·¸æËßÎÒÃÇ£º¡°ÄãÃÇÁ¢Ö¾ÐÐÊ£¬¶¼ÊÇÉϵÛÔÚÄãÃÇÐÄÀïÔËÐУ¬ÎªÒª³É¾ÍËûµÄÃÀÒâ¡£¡±£¨ëè2:13£©°¢Ã×ÄîÅÉΪÁËʹÈ˵ÄÒâÖ¾Óë¾ÈÊêÓзݣ¬Í¬Ê±ÓÖ±ÜÃâմȾ·ñÈ϶éÂäµÄÒì¶Ë˼Ï루±´À»ùÖ÷Ò壩£¬¾Í²ÉÄÉÁ½ÖÖ·½Ê½£ºÒ»ÊÇ·ñÈÏÈ˵ÄÍêÈ«¶éÂ䣬´Ó¶ø×ßÏò°ë±´À»ùÖ÷Ò壻¶þÊDzÉÄÉÍþ˹ÀíËùÑÔµÄÆÕÊÀÐԵĶ÷µäµÄÖ÷ÕÅ¡£ ¸ü¶àµÄÏêϸÔĶÁ£º ÍõÖ¾Ó£º°¢Ã×ÄîÅÉ×ÔÓÉÒâÖ¾ÉñѧµÄ»ÄÃýºÍΣº¦ http://www.douban.com/event/10246703/discussion/15395662/ +++++++++++ ¹ØÓÚ¼Ó¶ûÎÄÖ÷ÒåÎåµãÒªÒåºÍ°¢Ã×ÄîÖ÷ÒåµÄÁ÷±ä¼òÊö£º ÏȰѼӶûÎÄÎåÒªµã ³ÂÁÐÓÚÇ°£º T-ÍêÈ«ÎÞÄÜÁ¦£¨Total inability£©»òÈ«È»°Ü»µ£¨Total depravity£©ÈËÀàÓÉÓÚÑǵ±µÄ¶éÂä¶øÎÞ·¨ÒÔ×Ô¼ºµÄÄÜÁ¦×÷ÈκÎÁéÐÔÉϵÄÉÆÊ¡£ U-ÎÞÌõ¼þÑ¡Ôñ£¨Unconditional election£©Éϵ۶ÔÓÚ×ïÈ˼ðÑ¡ÊÇÎÞÌõ¼þµÄ£¬ËûµÄ¼ðÑ¡²¢·ÇÒòΪÈËÔÚÂ×ÀíµÀµÂÉϵÄÓŵ㣬Ҳ·ÇËûÔ¤¼ûÁËÈ˽«·¢ÉúµÄÐÅÐÄ¡£ L-ÓÐÏ޵ĴúÊ꣨Limited atonement£©»ù¶½¶¤Ê®×Ö¼ÜÖ»ÊÇΪÄÇЩԤÏÈÃÉÑ¡Ö®ÈË£¬²»ÊÇΪÊÀÉÏËùÓеÄÈË¡£ I-²»¿É¿¹¾ÜµÄ¶÷µä£¨Irresistible grace£©ÈËÀ಻¿ÉÄܾܾøÉϵ۵ľȶ÷£¬ÉϵÛÕü¾ÈÈ˵Ķ÷µä²»¿ÉÄÜÒòΪÈ˵ÄÔÒò¶ø±»×èÄÓ£¬ÎÞ·¨±»È˾ܾø¡£ P-ʥͽÃɱ£ÊØ£¨Perseverence of the saints£©ÒѾµÃµ½µÄ¾È¶÷²»»áÔÙ´Îɥʧµô£¬Éϵ۱ØÄܱ£ÊØÆä¼ðÑ¡µÄ¡£ ÕâÎåµã½ÌÒåµÄÓ¢ÎÄÊ××Ö×ÖĸǡTulip£¬¼´¡°Óô½ðÏ㡱֮Òå¡£ ÏàÓ¦µÄ£¬°¢Ã×ÄîÖ÷Òå³ö³¡£º °¢Ã×ÄîÈ¥ÊÀºó£¬ÒÁƤ˹¿Æ±ÈÎÚ(Simon Episcopius)¼°ÆäËûÒ»¸É°¢Ã×ÄîµÄ×·ËæÕß¹²Í¬±àдÁËÒ»·ÝÃûΪ¡¶¿¹±ç¡·µÄÎÄÏ×£¬¼òÊöËûÃÇ·´¶Ô¼Ó¶ûÎÄÖ÷ÒåµÄÎåµã·´¶ÔÁ¢³¡£¬Òò´ËËûÃDZ»³ÆΪ¡°¿¹±çÅÉ¡±¡£1618ÄêºÉÀ¼Ç×ÍõÏÂÁî´þ²¶ËùÓп¹±çÅÉÈËÊ¿£¬1618Äê11ÔÂ13ÈÕµ½1619Äê5ÔÂ9ÈÕÔÚ¶àÌØÕÙ¿ªÁ˸ĸï×ÚÀúÊ·ÉÏ×î´óµÄ»áÒ飬ʷ³Æ¡®¶àÌØ»áÒ顯£¬Óë»áµÄÓкɡ¢Ó¢¡¢µÂ¡¢ÈðÊ¿µÈ¸÷µØµÄ¸Ä¸ï×ڽ̻ᣬËûÃÇÒ»Ö¾ܾø°¢Ã×ÄîµÄ½Ìµ¼£¬²¢¶©¶¨¡°¶àÌØ·¨¹æ¡±£¬Õë¶Ô°¢Ã×ÄîÖ÷Ò忹±çµÄÎå´óÖص㣬½«¼Ó¶ûÎĽÌÒå±ê×¼»¯Îª¡°TULIP¡±£¨Óô½ðÏ㣩½ÌÒ壬 ²¢ÒÔ±ÈÀûʱÐÅÌõ¡¢º£µÂ±¤ÐÅÑöÎʴ𡢶àÌØ·¨¹æ×÷Ϊ¸Ä¸ï×ڽ̻áÐÅÌõºÍ½ÌÒå×¼Ôò¡£»áÒéºó£¬ËûÃÇÆȺ¦ËùÓеİ¢Ã×ÄîÖ÷ÒåÕߣ¬ËûÃDz»ÊDZ»¼à½û»òɱº¦£¬¾ÍÊDZ»Öð³ö½Ì»áºÍ¹ú¼Ò¡£ ³Ö°¢Ã×Äî˼ÏëÕßÓÖ±»³ÆΪ°¢Ã×ÄîÅÉ£¬ÖÁ½ñÈÔÈ»´æÔÚ¡£ÔÚºÉÀ¼°¢Ä·Ë¹Ìص¤ËûÃÇ»¹ÓÐÒ»¼äÉñѧԺ¡£ËûÃÇÔÚÓ¢¹úÓ°ÏìºÜÉºóÀ´µÄÔ¼º²¡¤ÎÀ˹Àí¾Í²ÉÄÉÁË°¢Ã×ÄîÖ÷Òå³ÉΪѵÀÖ÷ÒåµÄÐÅÌõ£¬ËûÃÇÒ²ÔÚ°²Á¢¸Ê×Ú¡¢ÆÕͨ½þÐÅ»áÓëʱ´úÂÛÕßÖÐÓ°ÏìºÜÉÒàÊÇÃÀ¹ú»ùÒª¸£ÒôÅÉÔ˶¯µÄÒ»´óÁ¦Á¿¡£ °¢Ã×ÄîÅɵÄÎå´óÖ÷Õż´ÊǼӶûÎÄÖ÷ÒåµÄ·´µ÷£¬ ÒÀÕÕ¡®Àú´ú»ù¶½½ÌÐÅÌõ¡¯Ò»ÊéÖÐËùÔØ¡®°¢Ã×ÄîÅɵĿ¹ÒéÐÅÌõ¡¯£¬ÕªÒªÈçÏ£º ÉñÔÚ´´ÊÀÒÔÏȱãÒѾÔÚ»ù¶½ÀïÃ棬ΪÖø»ù¶½µÄÔµ¹Ê¡¢²¢ÇÒ½åÖø»ù¶½£¬ÔÚ¶éÂäºÍÓÐ×ïµÄÈËÖоö¶¨Õü¾ÈÄÇЩÒòÊ¥Áé¶÷´Í£¬ÏàÐÅÒ®öÕ²¢ÄܺãÈ̵½µ×µÄÈË£¬ÄÇЩ²»ÐŵÄÈ˽«±»¶¨×£¨Ô¼Èý£º36£© Ò®öÕ»ù¶½ÎªËùÓÐÈËËÀ£¬ÈËÈ˽åÖøÊ®×ּܵľÈÊ궼¿ÉÒԵõ½¾ÈÊêºÍÉâ×µ«Ö»ÓÐÐÅͽÄÜÒÔ×ïµÃÉâÃ⣻(Ô¼Èý£º16¡¢Ô¼Ò¼¶þ£º2) ÈËÔÚ×ïÖÐûÓÐÐÐÉƵÄÄÜÁ¦£¬±ØÐë¿¿ÉñµÄ¶÷µäÖØÉú£¬²¢ÔÚÎòÐÔ¡¢ÇãÏò»òÒâÖ¾£¬ºÍÒ»ÇÐÄÜÁ¦ÉϸüУ¬ÔÚ˼Ïë¡¢Ô¸Íû£¬²¢Êµ¼ùÉÆʲųɣ»£¨Ô¼Ê®Î壺5£© ÈËÒ»ÇÐÉÆÐж¼ÊÇÒò×ÅÉñÔÚ»ù¶½ÀïµÄ¶÷µä×÷³É£¬µ«ÉñµÄ¶÷µäÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ¿¹¾øµÄ£»£¨Ê¹Æߣ© Óë»ù¶½ÁªºÏµÄÈË£¬Òò×ÅÊ¥ÁéµÄ°ïÖú£¬±£ÊØÐÅͽ²»µøµ¹£¬²ÅÓÐÄÜÁ¦µÃʤ¡£µ«ÐÅͽÈÔÈ»¿ÉÄÜÒòΪÊèºö¡¢ÀëÆú»ù¶½¶øʧÂä¾È¶÷¡£µ«ÕâÈÔÐë¶à´ÓÊ¥¾¼ÓÒÔ¾ö¶¨£¬È»ºóÎÒÃÇ×Ô¼ºÐÄÀï²ÅÓоø¶Ô°ÑÎÕÈ¥½ÌѵÈË¡££¨Ô¼Ê®£º28£© ¼Ó¶ûÎÄÖ÷ÒåÕßÃèÊö°¢Ã×ÄîÖ÷Òåʱ£¬ÒòÁ¢³¡Ïà×󣬶ø½«°¢Ã×ÄîÖ÷Òå¼òÂÔΪ£ºÒ»¡¢ÒâÖ¾µÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ£¬¶þ¡¢ÓÐÌõ¼þµÄ¼ðÑ¡£¬Èý¡¢ÎÞÏ޵ľÈÊ꣬ËÄ¡¢¿É¿¹¾ÜµÄ¶÷µä£¬Îå¡¢¿ÉÄÜÔÚ¶÷µäÖжéÂäµÄÎå¸öÃæÏ࣬ ʹÈ˶԰¢Ã×ÄîÅɵÄÖ÷ÕŲúÉúÎó»á¡£ °¢Ã×ÄîµÄÉñѧ½¹µãÔÚ¡°ÉñÔ¸ÍòÈ˵þȡ±µÄ¹Ø×¢ÒÔ¼°»ù¶½ÎªÖÐÐĵÄÐÅÑöÉÏ¡£
|
|
|
|
ʵÓÃ×ÊѶ | |
|
|
Ò»Öܵã»÷ÈÈÌû | ¸ü¶à>> |
|
|
Ò»Öܻظ´ÈÈÌû |
|
|
ÀúÊ·ÉϵĽñÌ죺»Ø¸´ÈÈÌû |
2013: | ¼ðÑ¡£¬Ô¤¶¨Óë¼Ó¶ûÎÄÔ¤¶¨Â۵ĻÄÃý | |
2013: | ʲôÊǼ«¶Ë¼Ó¶ûÎÄÖ÷Ò壿 | |
2012: | ËÕÖݸ½½ü£¬ÓÐÉõôµØ·½ÕâôÂäºó£¿ | |
2012: | ·ï»Ë³ÇÒ»ÄÁʦÔÚ¼ÒÀï´øÈ˲龱»ÅÐÐÌ6¸ö | |
2011: | ´ÓÐÅÓÃ(¿¨)µÄ½Ç¶ÈÓëTDAͬѧ̸¡±ÒòÐÅ³Æ | |
2011: | ÎÒÃǾͰÑHBºÍTDAµ±×÷ÉíÉϵÄÁ½¸ù´Ì°É¡£ | |
2010: | Ô¶Ö¾Ã÷ÄÁʦ×Էѳö°æ¡¶ÀÏ×ÓÓëÊ¥¾¡·Ó¢ÎÄ | |
2010: | ×Ô¼ºð§ÒÀ | |
2009: | zt: ÁзòÍжû˹̩Óï¼ | |
2009: | Éñ´Í¸øÎÒµÄæ¢ÃÃ-1 | |