| 世界“第一部”政治旅游学著作《旅游整合世界》摘录 |
| 送交者: 伍飞001 2022年04月05日19:46:00 于 [天下论坛] 发送悄悄话 |
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编者按：拙作《旅游整合世界》是一本从“旅游”的视角阐述人类文明发展规律的著作。这里说的“旅游”当然是指“大旅游”概念，而不是传统眼睛里“吃住行、游购娱”的范畴。拙作自2008年1月问世以来，在国内一直受学术圈“排挤”，搞旅游专业的说我写的是政治，不接纳；搞政治学的又说我写的是旅游，看不上。我虽完全“笑纳”，但心里还是七上八下，毕竟我是做记者出身，搞学术打的是“野拳”，不像学院派那么中规中矩。 2012年12月，笔者应联合国记者协会邀请，参加其一年一度颁奖盛会。在纽约期间，抽空拜访了在纽黑文大学任教的华裔神探李昌钰博士，同去的还有著名肖像摄影家傅小海先生。中午，李博士请我们在学校食堂吃便餐，排队时，正好遇到该校一位领导（可能是副校长或教务长），他们打招呼，李并介绍说国内来的客人应邀去联合国演讲，来学校看他。该领导听说我要去联合国演讲，似乎产生了兴趣，问演讲内容关乎哪个领域。我就把拙作内容简单介绍了一下，他说：“哦，政治旅游学方面的”。我一听，问：“美国有这门学问吗？”他说：“有啊，上个世纪就有人提出‘政治旅游’或‘旅游政治’概念。”听到这里，我即刻兴奋起来。那一天的“便餐”真是比山珍海味还美。 后来，我查找资料，发现“此言不虚”，早在上个世纪五六十年代，耶鲁、哈佛大学就有教授提到“政治旅游”和“旅游政治”概念，只是一直以来，西方世界还没有此类专著出版，中国人“一不留神”拔“头筹”了。更让笔者欣慰的是，10余年来，学术圈的“冷”反衬政治圈的“热”。许多政治人物都与拙作有交集，有的看完还“身体力行”（当然言“英雄所见略同”更准确）。如奥巴马给了中国人“十年旅游签证”、马英九大力开放两岸旅游、薄熙来用该理念设计了重庆LOGO、陈希同在小汤山“疗养”写了一幅“旅游整合世界”书法赠送（这让我有点诧异）…… 如今，人类到了“大转折”时期，许多读者尤其是海外读者对拙作，“只闻其声不见其人”，笔者在此选取拙作最后一章，也是拙作“关键”内容之一即第六章第三小节，以飨读者。希望对读者了解当下和未来有所帮助，共同为反对战争、推动人类和平出力！正如笔者在拙文从《旅游整合世界》看全球政客在大转型中的历史抉择中所言：“在历史大转型的关键时期，对于全球政客尤其是大权在握者来讲，流芳千古与遗臭万年的机率同等！” 谢谢大家！
2008年1月第一次出版
2015年后版本
正在筹备中的“总统旅游论坛”LOGO 目录 第一章 总论 第三节 现实发展所预示的乐观前景 《旅游整合世界》第六章第三节摘录: 三、现实发展所预示的乐观前景
（1）人类的交流已完成两次大的飞跃 迄今为止，人类的旅游活动已进行了两次大的飞跃——
第一次出现在工业革命时期。由于蒸汽机的发明，生产力得到大大提高，人们不仅有了更多的休闲时间，而且因为轮船、火车的出现，使得人们第一次脱离了以动物体力为源动力的交通工具时代。人们的旅游范围和旅游过程中的舒适度、安全度都发生了革命性的变化。尤其重要的是，旅游不再是少数人的专利，普通白领、蓝领也踏上了旅游的征途，人类开始进入“大众旅游”时代。
人类旅游活动的第二次飞跃始于20世纪八九十年代。以信息技术革命为中心的高新技术的迅猛发展，不仅冲破了国界，加快了信息的交流和分享，而且缩小了地球的距离，使世界经济越来越融为一体即“经济全球化”。
经济全球化主要表现为贸易自由化、生产国际化、金融全球化和科技全球化。目前，经济全球化已显示出强大的生命力，并对世界各国经济、政治、军事、社会、文化等所有方面，甚至包括思维方式等，都造成了巨大的冲击。这是一场深刻的革命，任何国家都无法回避。
经济全球化不仅促动了现阶段人类资源、资金、技术、产品、市场的大规模流动，而且促动了人类前所未有的大规模的交流，人类由此从“大众旅游”时代进入到“全球旅游”时代 。
虽然人们还无法预期人类旅游活动第三次飞跃的准确时间，但人类“核心价值观的统一”将是旅游活动第三次飞跃的重要标志，也是人类“地球村”真正实现的前提。
因为只有全人类“核心价值观的统一”， 传统的政治、宗教矛盾才能基本消除，人类交流的成本才能降到最低，人类才能最大限度地将地球资源用于创造财富、发展科技、保护民族文化、促进各国公民自由交流即提升人类的整体力量上来。
到那时，世界各国的政治、经济和文化的发展变得相对均衡，人类的旅游活动不再受政治——自由往来、经济——每个人都有足够的费用、交通工具——一天之内到达地球任何一点等几乎所有条件的束缚，只需要战胜自己。
而这美好愿景的实现是快是迟，很大程度上取决于全人类的“自觉”行为。经济全球化的发展，为人类旅游整合世界的进程提供了迫切的需要，也提供了实现这种需要的现实条件和物质基础。
可以说，经济全球化，既是旅游整合世界得以展开的舞台，又为旅游整合世界的表演提供了道具。正是在经济全球化的作用之下，旅游整合世界才有机会和可能充分展示人类文化发展的一幕幕悲喜剧。
所以，旅游整合世界的过程性决定了人类文化的整合过程是贯穿经济全球化的长期过程。信息科技的革命性进步，以网络空间为主要特征的信息时代的来临，使得社会文化形式以前所未有的加速度进行更新。旅游整合世界就是在这种更新当中发挥着自己潜移默化的作用。
在全球化时代，人类文化的发展也表现出许多新的特征。主要为：文化多样性成为全球文化发展的主要表现形式；文化帝国主义成为全球文化发展的新问题；追求文化发展的先进性成为各种不同文化共同的目标。
文明的冲突和融合是旅游整合世界的主要表现形式。经济全球化的飞速发展，为地域文化的碰撞与互动提供了更多机会，也为文明的冲突和融合的深入化提供了新的空间。正是在这种不同地域文化形式之间的冲突和变化中，旅游整合世界才得以逐渐实现。
不同民族之间互相尊重对方的文化，增进相互理解，使不同的文化互补，使本民族文化得到发展。对于文化差异，如果漫不经心，就会造成误解，严重者造成冲突就不足为奇了。
文化差异虽然会造成不同民族之间交流的障碍，可正是地球上有了文化差异的存在，世界才变得丰富多彩，才有了以各种各样的旅游活动为表现形式的人类的交往，人类才有了共享文明的机会。
李小龙是国际著名的华人武打明星。位于欧州中部的波斯尼亚的莫斯塔尔市市中心广场几年前竖起一座李小龙雕像。波斯尼亚作家加塔诺认为这有助于消除文化差异和种族隔阂。他说：“一个人眼中的英雄可能是另一个人眼中的坏人，但李小龙是一个真正的国际英雄，并且是波斯尼亚所有种族的英雄”。
在哲学上，文化冲突与文化融合是对立统一的关系。文化的冲突是文化融合得以实现的前提条件。只有通过异质文化之间的相互竞争和对立，人类文化才能在相互冲突中找到各自的优势与缺点，并在相互之间的取长补短中实现自身的进步，为文化融合的实现奠定前提和基础。
旅游整合世界的过程，就是人类文化的相互冲突的表现形式与相互融合的发展趋势之间，建立起来的一种富有张力的文化发展过程。
在人类旅游整合世界的不同阶段、不同层次，人类文化的冲突与融合具有不同的表现，各自包含其特殊的含义。但是从人类文化发展的长河来看，这种对立统一是人类社会进步的主要方式。
经济全球化时代的文化冲突，虽然也强调不同文化主体之间的差异性，强调不同文化形式的存在价值，但是在其中都开始重视吸收和借鉴异质文化形式中的有用成分，改善和提高自己的适应性和生命力。
可以这么说，人类文化的求同存异思想，在经济全球化时代表现得比以往任何时候都更加强烈。因为在各种不同地域文化的发展中，大家都开始对一些具有“普世性”的问题诸如全球意识、全球伦理、网络文化、大众文化、消费文化、生态文化、可持续发展理念、现代性理念等等，予以更多关注。
人们都在试图寻找一种具有普遍价值的文化形式，以解决人类社会共同面临的问题，或以此寻找巨大的政治和商业利益。可以说，这种对共同价值目标的追求，是人类文化的融合所要追求的理想境界。
（2）“民族意识”正向“人类意识”过渡 正是在人类文化的流变与整合之中，人类文化形态不断发出新的面貌，体现新的形式，作为文化主体的人的文化特质也在这种摒弃与吸收之中，逐渐展现其特有的魅力。
乔布斯去世后，美联社说，他“是一位CEO，一位科技奇才，一位未来学家，一位革新者，一位铸造者”；对于乔布斯的成就，《华尔街日报》同样也作了个人英雄主义的解读。
有人把乔布斯的成功归功于美国的“制度”，那么，为什么有着相似“制度”的日本、欧洲没有产生乔布斯？甚至一样生活在美国，能和乔布斯站在同样高度的创新者也凤毛麟角。
传统上把这一切归结为“天才”，而如今，人们更乐意把这一现象看作是成功者的个人经历、理念、个性对创新在起着决定性作用，其中有很多因素对企业家是有特殊意义的。
中国著名经济学家叶檀女士把乔布斯的成功归咎为“完美融合中西方文化精华”。 她认为，强大的技术团队，快捷的物流链条，全球的营销网络，是苹果成功的技术基础，而支撑乔布斯内在的强大精神力量却来自东方。
她在《每日经济新闻》报上著文称：“乔布斯有信仰，佛教禅宗不仅让乔布斯拥有精神支撑，更让乔布斯拥有了简洁的人生目标与审美趣味，所有的苹果产品设计都体现出简洁流畅之美。苹果设计以其日本枯山水式的凝练意境，俘获了万众用户之心。他既不盲从世俗之见，也不盲目遵从自己的内心，而是以强大的精神开拓新的道路。”她认为在中国很少有企业家、哲学家融合两者，而乔布斯做到了。
叶檀说，甚至乔布斯的座右铭都是东方式的——“Stay Hungry，Stay Foolish”即“求知若渴，处事若愚”。这一箴言既符合儒家的教诲，也符合道家的内核。一个美国的企业家居然能够如此精准地抓住东方文化的内核，贯穿在自己所有的行动中，实在让人感慨。
美国影片《2012》在该国上映首个周末，就称霸各地票房榜，并在全球狂揽225亿美元。它在中国的票房打破了9天吸金21亿的纪录。导演艾默里奇曾充满自信说：“我决心让这部影片成为灾难片之冠。”
《2012》电影的主题其实并不复杂——“人类即将毁灭，全球共拯灾难”。影片把全人类的命运捆绑在一起，片中充满多元文化的要素，从而引起全球观众的兴趣，制作方赚个盆满钵满，自然而然。
如今，越来越多的“人类意识觉醒者”把这一对人类的整体关切，灌输到形式多样的文化产品中。他们不单是为追求全球化背景下的市场最大化，更多体现的是关注人类未来命运的责任感和使命感。
中国著名洲际战略学家乐后圣先生在其所著《文化军事战略》中写道：“在人类文明发展史上，新文明的形成都是原有的文明形态、方向上的一次大转折……因此，新文明的产生都是一场文明革命。”
而在人类的每一次大变革中，新派政治家、宗教家们都是不可或缺的强力推手。
《世界是平的》一书中说，全球发展可以划分为三个阶段：第一个阶段的主体是国家，第二个阶段的主体是跨国公司，第三个阶段的主体是个人。
也就是说，随着人类文明的发展，“群众创造历史”的时代真正来临。这不是否定个人的作用，相反，未来的世界是一个表现自我的年代，是一个由无数个“自我”组合起来唱主角的时代。
传统政治家们或许对日本频繁更换首相有些厌倦，或对俄罗斯的普京、梅德韦杰夫唱政治“二人转”颇有怨言，但在选民控制的世界里，政治人物无论是“昙花一现”还是“基业长青”，本质上都显示出他们是多么的“微不足道”——因为决定国家方向的不再是“个体”而是“整体”。
纵观历史，人类的发展由蒙昧走向文明，由神秘走向开放，由专制走向民主，这是谁也无法改变的规律。从某种程度来说，整个人类历史其实就是统治者与被统治者的矛盾史。
在历史的长河中，每当被统治者发明了一个新的、更强大的控制统治者的手段，人类的文明就进了一大步。例如工业革命给世界带来的现代民主制度，它给选民一张选票，这张选票神奇般地控制了统治者的张狂。
统治者控制被统治者的最大武器是垄断信息。在古代，书籍和教育是皇宫贵族的专利，一般平民难以企及；在今天，世界上一些独裁政府仍然是靠杜绝国民的外界信息作为延长专制统治的重要手段。
二次世界大战期间，希特勒前期之所以能够成功，最重要的原因就是他的宣传部长戈培尔通过玩弄信息，从而控制公民的大脑。二战后人们不允许统治者利用控制舆论来玩弄群众的大脑。在独立媒体的监督下，统治者对被统治者的信息优势越来越小。
人类进入21世纪的第一个十年，互联网发明国的美国因“维基解密”事件而巩固了其作为世界信息科技最发达国家的地位。 2010年7月26日，“维基解密”在《纽约时报》《卫报》和《镜报》配合下，在网上公开了多达92万份的驻阿美军秘密文件，引起轩然大波。
2011年出版的《维基解密：阿桑奇和他的解密王国》一书写道：“刚刚过去的一年，无疑是维基解密网站声名鹊起的一年，更是世界政治和外交陷入空前大混乱的一年。9万份机密文件，揭开阿富汗战争杀戮平民的真相；40万份秘密战地日记，让美国彻底背上伊拉克战争的罪恶；1000余封顶级科学家的往来邮件，戳穿全球变暖的惊天谎言；25万份外交电报，让各国首脑形象尽失……掀起这一切的，只是一个人和一个网站。”
这是一个人类文明进步的转折点。“维基解密”标志着人类政治文明已经全速进入信息时代。统治者不得不忌惮他们的政治行为而最大限度置于民众的监督之下。正如阿桑奇自己所说的那样：“此次行动将会改变世界历史”。
正当“维基解密”掀起的冲天大浪余波未平，美国又爆发了另一场影响全球的事件——“占领华尔街”运动。
2011年9月17日，上千名示威者聚集在美国纽约曼哈顿，试图占领华尔街。他们通过互联网组织起来，要把华尔街变成埃及的解放广场。示威者称，他们的意图是要反对美国政治的权钱交易、两党政争以及社会不公正。
示威者们最著名的口号是：“我们都是99%”。他们强调，99%的美国人被金融危机剥夺了财产，剩下的1%的人却依然拥有一切；99%的人不能再忍受1%的人的贪婪。
不到三个星期里，星火燎原，“占领华尔街”运动爆发成一个全美性的大规模民众抗议活动。目前已有200多个美国城市积极呼应，纷纷举行了持久的抗议活动。
欧洲、亚洲、大洋洲、南美洲也爆发了民众响应的集会， “占领华盛顿”、“占领伦敦”、“占领墨尔本”，甚至“占领台北”等活动也开始露出了苗头。北京时间10月6日，河南郑州的几百名市民在文化宫门前打起横幅，声援地球另一侧的那场“伟大的华尔街革命”。
10月6日的白宫新闻发布会上，美国总统奥巴马第一次对“占领华尔街”运动做出了回应。“我理解公众对于国家金融系统工作的关心，示威者们表达的是自己沮丧的情绪。”他说，“美国人看到，作为金融行业的一个样本，华尔街并不总是能遵守规则。”
这位美国历史上第一位黑人总统最为示威者诟病的决定是，2008年金融危机时对银行展开了高达7870亿美元紧急救助。当时很多人以为，根据救市政策，自己会从这些流向华尔街的资金中获益。但随后，他们对此却没有明显的感受，华尔街却照样派发高额的红利。
美国经济学者奥尔森20多年前在其名著《国家的盛衰》中指出，在一个强盛的国家中，某些行业即特殊利益集团，会不断积蓄力量，用金钱等实力去影响政府，使政府的政策向该行业倾斜，从而获致更多金钱，再进一步用来影响政府决策。
美国的金融集团，正是这样一种在近年依靠其巨大实力为自己争得政策倾斜，以致过度发展的特殊利益集团。次贷危机后，美国会去年通过了加强金融规管的《多德弗兰克法案》。但华尔街以其强大游说力量施压国会和政府，长时间的博弈妥协，减弱了法案力量。
在欧洲，也有类似的不公。英国示威者珍妮·麦金太尔在接受路透社记者采访时说：“我们不要一个建立在取悦大商贾、偏袒金融系统基础上的所谓民主，这不是民主。”
“这不是资本主义，不是市场经济，而是一个扭曲的经济。”哥伦比亚大学经济学教授、诺贝尔经济学奖得主约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨支持示威者说，“如果这种形势继续下去，我们就无法实现增长，也无法成功创造一个公正的社会。”
日本《行政调查新闻》评论称，一小撮的富裕阶层统治着国家，很多人在贫困当中喘息，“资本主义国家的多数是这样的状态，由此产生的不满正在世界掀起波澜”。
中国现代国际关系研究院学者袁鹏认为：“在21世纪，全球公民社会将经历又一轮觉醒，各国人民在这一过程中表达出共同的诉求，无论哪种体制都不能例外。”
出人意料的是，这场声势浩大、席卷全球的“占领华尔街”运动却是一场没有确定的领袖，没有系统的组织，没有惑人的口号，甚至没有明确的目标的“漫散”运动。
在示威活动的前两周，美国媒体对这次运动的报道寥寥无几。在10月5日，全美500份纸质报纸的首页上只有60份（也就是12%）报道了有关占领华尔街的游行。这让很多人猜测：“大财团和华尔街大鳄的关系太好，屏蔽了新闻报道”。
而活动的“组织者”倒是对此充满理解——“对于媒体而言，很难报道这个运动，因为这是一场没有领导的示威。”在9月的一次采访中，帕特里克·布鲁纳说。
布鲁纳是整个“占领华尔街”运动的媒体公关负责人，同时，也是一个刚毕业却找不到工作的大学生，并且在运动开始后才加入，当了志愿者。在大多数媒体的报道里，这个23岁的瘦瘦的年轻人，就是示威者们的“官方代表”。
“有些人不拿我们当回事，觉得我们只是个小运动，并且马上会结束。”一位示威者比克在接受媒体采访时说，“而我们能做的只有一件事：用事实让他们睁开眼睛。”
香港凤凰卫视著名评论员阮次山先生在回答主持人提问时说：“产生这场占领华尔街的风潮我们现在还不能说他是一场运动，运动要有组织者，要有领袖，要有适当的口号，可是占领华尔街这个风潮到现在除了他是乌合之众以外，看不出是谁在后面主导，看不出他领袖何在，看不出风潮所宣誓的什么样意义。”
这显然是在用传统的眼光扫描新问题！事实上，在从工业社会迈入信息社会的人类大变革当中，许多“精英”还无法真正洞察人类文明即将发生的前所未有的革命性转变。
与之前人类经历过的所有时代相比，信息社会的到来，无数个“自我”形成的澎湃力量，是任何壁垒都无法阻挡的。在信息社会，“意见领袖”就是最高的领袖，网络就是最大的组织。
甚至无须提升到“意见领袖”的高度，有时一个小小的“P（屁）民”，只要他的思想能放出光芒，就可能点燃世界范围内的熊熊大火，像“维基解密”的阿桑奇一样。
这一次的矛头是指向金融界，下一次可能又是另一个领域。他们不想推翻谁。正如美国总统奥巴马所说：“为了让现实符合理想，经常需要说出令人难受的事实，并以非暴力抗争创造紧张局势。”
与传统社会相比，网络在集合力量方面变得简单而有效率。每个人都是领导者，每个人都是组织者，人类“自觉”意识的表达找到了最有价值的载体，从而形成推动变革的力量。
2011年11月16日，美国近140名百万富翁请求国会，为国家考虑，应向他们多征税。
据英国媒体报道，这些企业和商界领袖向总统奥巴马及国会领袖致函称：“请做这件正确的事，提高对我们的征税。”信中提到，良好的经济曾让他们受益，现在也希望别人能得到好处。
这封信由“财政力量之爱国富豪团”(Patriotic Millionaires for Fiscal Strength)的138名成员联名签署。该组织一年前成立，当时旨在说服国会终止前总统小布什实施的富人减税政策，不过未获得成功。
“占领华尔街”运动远未结束之际，该组织又向由12名国会议员组成的“超级委员会”提出同样要求。他们正努力使两党达成协议，未来10年至少减赤12万亿美元，以帮助美国财政走上健康的轨道。
Computervision Corp创始人维勒斯(Phil Villers)称：“我们中能承受税收增加的人应该站出来，这是我们要向‘超级委员会’传递的信息，希望他们可以听取。”
要评估“占领华尔街”运动的影响还为时太早。这样一个影响世界的激荡的民权运动，会在相当长时间内不断深化沉淀，然后才会显出其意义及在社会历史发展中的地位。
但是，无论是“维基解密”，还是“占领华尔街”运动，它们对推动人类朝向更加透明、公正、民主的未来具有无可争辩的正面意义。这两件影响人类的大事同是发生在美国，绝不是偶然的事。
美国是互联网最发达的国家，是信息社会的引领者，美国同时又是工业化时代西方民主制度的楷模。上帝其实非常宠幸美利坚，“维基解密”和“占领华尔街”从某种角度看来，是美国完成从工业文明时代到信息文明时代跨越的重要标志。
如果把“维基解密”称作“线上”，那么“占领华尔街”运动就是“线下”，这种线上线下的互动，使得传统政客们只有招架之功而无还手之力。
正如德国媒体报道：“‘维基解密’‘四两拨千斤’，压制了全世界最强大的政府。而博弈的另一方，却始终无法找到对付‘维基解密’的有效方法，只能停留在一次次的谴责声讨上。”
传统政客们的形象在“维基解密”和“占领华尔街”运动的夹击下，跌到了历史的最低点。他们从未有像现在这样带着丑陋的“伤疤”在世界公民面前来回“裸奔”。
“维基解密”和“占领华尔街”运动发起后，韩国一份最新公布的民意调查结果显示，近九成韩国人不信任国内政治和政治家——
韩国联合通讯社16日援引韩国政府特任长官办公室所作的这份调查报道，1018名韩国成年人和730名青少年接受调查，871％的受访成年人和856％的受访青少年不信任政治和政治家。
调查报告说，40多岁的成年人怀疑程度最深，916％的受访者不信任政治家；30多岁人群和50多岁人群中这一比例分别为91％和876％。
10岁至29岁人群中，85％的受访者对政治持怀疑态度；而60岁以上的老年人较为信任政治，不到80％的人表示怀疑态度。
调查问及韩国政府针对与朝鲜的统一政策和双边关系时，年长者的回答更为温和。（京华时报 2011年10月17日 ）
如此，这是信息社会里公民对政治人物的故意刁难，还是传统政客们的命运走到了历史的尽头？！这不能不说是信息社会全体社会成员都应该认真思考并予以回答的问题。
欧盟的成立曾经是欧洲人引以为傲，世界其他地区争相模仿的人类文明进步的样板，但欧债危机的爆发，使得人们又不得不对其到底存在哪些问题进行认真的考察和探究。
香港凤凰卫视评论员吕宁思先生在电视上评论指出：“欧债危机将倒逼欧州政治改革。”很显然，他认为问题的根源还是出在欧洲的政治家们身上。
吕宁思的这一观点似乎也得到了在北京访问的法国外长朱佩的支持。朱外长说：“欧洲这么多国家使用统一的货币却没有统一的金融货币体制与税率体制，又怎么能够保证欧元稳定呢？”
所以朱佩再次提出了他的想法，也就是法国人的想法，那就是在欧洲应该实行统一的联邦制，就像一个国家那样进行统一的行政管理。问题是，关于像美利坚合众国那样建立一个欧罗巴合众国，这已经是个陈旧的理想了。
二战结束之后的1950年5月9日，时任法国外交部长的舒曼就建议创建统一的欧洲。经过几十年的努力，欧盟逐渐壮大，欧元终于诞生，已经是大大的向统一迈进了。
但是欧洲与北美不同，美国是由东部几个英语殖民地逐渐扩大起来的，没有历史的负担，而欧洲则由多个不同民族，不同语言的国家所组成，继承事实诉求多多。
所以从二战之后就提出来的欧洲一体化，由于冷战和经济政治发展不平衡等诸多原因，特别是有些国家的民众——与其说是民众，不如说是政治家们对大一统的抗拒，欧洲大陆在政治上的统一一直都是步履维艰。
为什么这个被誉为代表着人类发展方向，并被世界其他地区颇有羡慕的区域政治联盟组织，在关系到其生命线的经济领域，却显得是如此脆弱和步调不一致呢？
意大利罗马东部的山丘小镇菲力亭诺镇镇长赛拉利似乎一语中的：“谁都想当王公贵族！”这是他在意大利政府为节省开支，有意合并全国近2000个小镇时作如此表示的。而菲力亭诺想借此独立。
不仅针对欧洲，赛拉利先生的话击中了世界上所有传统政客们的要害——虽然人类正大步进入信息时代，经济全球化和文化全球化的浪潮汹涌澎湃，可许多传统政客仍然沉湎于对权力迷恋和对财富贪婪的陈旧游戏而不能自拔。
中国科学院资深国际问题专家资中筠女士在其著作中质问：“今后超国界、超民族，需要共同应付的天灾人祸定会层出不穷。各国政治家何时能超出狭隘、自私的‘国家利益’的惯性思维和强权政治、损人利己——其实也损己的行为模式？”
世界永恒不变的是变。政治家会消失，但政治不会消失。人类历史的每一次时代的跨越，都离不开那一个时代的以新派政治家、宗教家为代表的社会精英们的助推。
历史又到了转折关头，从工业文明时代到信息文明时代的跨越，与人类历史上的任何一次跨越都有不同。在经济和文化全球化的强劲浪潮冲击下，这是人类的一次整体跨越。
在我们这样一个伟大的时代，对以新派政治家、宗教家为代表的精英们的描绘，很难不与历史有所区分。准确地说，他们是“人类意识觉醒者。”这些“人类意识觉醒者”比常人更有远见卓识，他们对人类的发展规律了然于胸，他们的所作所为的出发点和归宿都是全人类。
“我们下代的子孙恐怕很难相信，世界上真有过这样一个人。”这是20世纪最伟大的物理学家爱因斯坦所说。他说的这个人名叫“英·甘地”。今天看来，英·甘地可谓世界上最伟大的“觉醒者”之一。 美国一位政治家曾经评价他：“英·甘地之所以至今在世界上还拥有这么多的尊敬，是因为他考虑问题从来不是从一个国家或民族的利益出发，而是从全人类出发。”
纵观世界伟人的队伍，甘地确实是特别中的特别，宗教与政治在他身上融合一气，他的思想又似乎是东方传统文化与西方近代思想激烈碰撞之后产生的火花。甘地说：“我努力通过为人类服务看到上帝，因为我知道，上帝既不在天上，也不在地下，而在每个人心中。”
世界各国中有着“国父”之称的人物不在少数，但如甘地般竭力宣扬“非暴力”革命的人，寥寥无几。而且他做到了。他的非暴力学说和实践，不仅影响了印度民族独立运动，而且影响了美国黑人民权运动。
马丁·路德·金曾说：“随着我对甘地哲学的钻研，我对爱的力量的怀疑逐渐消失。我第一次认识到，通过甘地非暴力方法所付诸实施的基督教的爱的法则，是被压迫民族争取自由的最有效的武器之一。这一原则成为我们的运动的指路明灯。基督提供了精神和动机，而甘地提供了方法。”
美国总统奥巴马2011年10月16日在为马丁·路德·金铜像揭幕时说：“我从甘地那里学到的一件事是，你必须坚持你的旅程，你必须继续努力，永不说放弃。甘地、马丁·路德·金和亚伯拉罕·林肯是我们不懈了解和学习的对象。但我经常为远不如他们而感到沮丧。”
奥巴马的这种“沮丧”应该受到鼓励。他让我们看到，虽然到目前为止，在人类文明的天空中，“人类意识觉醒者”的星光还有些稀疏，但我们应该有百分之一百的信心相信，不久的未来一定会“繁星满天”。
与传统政客相比，“人类意识觉醒者” 除了具有非同一般的远见卓识外，还更有强烈的正义感和羞耻感。例如，当“占领华尔街”运动风起云涌之时，英国外交大臣威廉·黑格说他“有些同情”示威者；当“占领华尔街”运动蔓延到美国西部最大城市洛杉矶时，该市议会通过决议，支持“占领洛杉矶”示威活动……
香港凤凰卫视《读书》栏目主持人梁文道先生在讽刺传统政客时说：“传统版本里皇帝不知道自己没有穿衣服，但是我们现在是知道他没有穿衣服，而且他照样还走出来，他知道我们知道他没有穿衣服，但是他就出来，他就在那满街晃，我们也看着他满街晃，我们还照样装着他穿着衣服。”
而“人类意识觉醒者”的“耻感”则表现为他们把公权力全部用以创造和维护人类透明、公正和民主的社会环境，以积极开放的心态推动人类的发展、融合。他们常为自己的能力不足而懊恼，他们会为自己的半点私心杂念而愧疚。
我们在前面谈到，在现今世界上，由于各国的历史、政治、经济、文化还存在不同，人类还不能同步进入民主社会，甚至，“先进的”与 “落后的”还存在巨大的差距。
但在信息社会的阳光普照下，我们会轻而易举看到，“人类意识觉醒者”的种子无论飘到肥沃的土壤上，还是落在贫瘠的田地里，都一定能生根发芽，茁壮成长！
事实上，自欧洲启蒙运动以来，一些超越一国一族的狭隘情感、具有世界情怀的政治家和知识分子，和一些由于种种原因，游走于世界各地的各色人士，就把自己叫做“世界公民”。
在英国培格曼公司出版的《邓小平文集》序言中，中国改革开放的总设计师邓小平就曾满怀深情地说：“我荣幸地以中华民族一员的资格，而成为世界公民。”
但是，在民族国家时代，尤其是冷战时期，世界隔着重重壁垒的时候，对大多数地球人来说，“世界公民”显然只是个遥远的概念。现在不同了，人类已经进入了“全球化”时代，信息科技的革命让世界已经变成了“地球村”。
可以说，人人都成了“世界公民”，即使他没有跨出国门，也可能会受到外部世界的影响，也可能会对他国居民产生影响，更不用说那些经常往来于不同国家的人了。
人类发展的历史证明，政治的力量常常产生地域的壁垒，宗教的力量又往往导致心灵的隔阂，只有旅游，才能使不同种族、不同信仰、不同文化的人们走到一起，共同分享人类的文明成果。
在古代，强势的一方往往在取得战争胜利后，将自己的文化和信仰直接移植到被占领的领土上，强迫战败的一方接受。而人类文明发展到今天，这种现象几乎不再存在。
2011年，在北约空军的卖力轰炸下，经过长达8个月的战斗，利比亚反对派终于推翻了卡扎菲的独裁统治。赢得政权的“过度委员会”表示，新利比亚将以伊斯兰教立国，并暗示将实行一夫多妻制。
这令一开始便积极支持利比亚“民主斗争”的世界人士大跌眼镜。因为这实在是与民主社会格格不入的行为。这充分说明，一场战争，很难改变根深蒂固的文化。人们寄希望于新利比亚人与外部世界的更多交流。
2014年4月1日，美国《财富》双周刊网站发表一篇标题为《中国游客推动美国企业发展》的报道，记者史蒂夫·哈格里夫斯在新闻中写道：
去年，成千上万的中国游客蜂拥而至黄石国家公园，观看山景、水牛和老忠实间歇泉。
之后，至少有1600人向东跋涉200英里，来到尤克罗斯的牧场，在那里享用汉堡、烤豆和饼干。午饭后，他们欣赏了14岁的凯蒂·威廉表演的骑术。
牧场主人朱迪·布莱尔说：“她的表演让他们疯狂，两国间的所有政治问题都烟消云散了。”
这篇报道还记录了中国游客如何喜欢观察和体验美国人生活等方面的内容。
2011年10月21日，85岁高龄，与美国等西方世界作斗争达半个世纪之久的古巴前领导人菲德尔·卡斯特罗在其官方网站上说：“一场核战争的爆发，伴随的将是人类的毁灭”“我们应当有勇气要求取消所有的核武器、常规武器，以及一切可以作为武器的东西”。
相信卡斯特罗的话是发自肺腑之言。人类文明发展到今天，经济全球化已经实现，文化全球化也在进行之中，传统历史中靠武力强占别国领土、消灭异族文化的政治生态几乎不能再生。任何政治决策者都不能以任何理由、也没有任何资格使用核武器。即使偶尔产生动用核子武器念头，都是一种反人类的行为。
希伯来大预言家弥赛亚2500年前曾在耶路撒冷做出预言：终有一天，人们将把刀剑铸成犁头，把枪矛打成镰刀，国家之间不再拔剑相向，人世间不再有战争。 （3）“世界政府”形成的基础日益巩固 “世界政府”的建立并不是一个新鲜的政治话题。早在古希腊和古罗马时期，就曾讨论过建立“世界政府”的想法。古代希腊人和罗马人预言有一天，人类为了永久和平将有且只有一个共同的政治权威。
荷兰法学家格劳秀斯在1625年写的《战争和和平法》（De Jure Belli ac Pacis）一书，被视为现代国际法的起源。“联邦”的概念在18世纪末赢得了不少的支持。更为突出的是，这一时期，世界上第一个民主联邦——美国，于1788年诞生了。
一直以来，欧洲的许多哲学家受到了相关思想的影响，创造了类似的理论，尤其是德国哲学家伊曼努尔·康德，他在1795年写下了《论永久和平》的短文，在这篇短文里，康德描述了人类永久废除未来战争威胁的三个基本条件：
1、每一个国家的公民宪法都应当是共和制（Republican）的。
2、国际法应当建立在自由国家的联邦制之上。
3、世界公民法应当依据普遍受到友好接待的条件加以限定。例如人们可以参观其他的国家，但未经邀请不能停留。
1811年，德国哲学家卡尔·克里斯蒂安·弗里德里希·克劳泽在其一篇名为《人类原型》的短文中，建议设立五个地区联盟：欧洲、亚洲、非洲、美洲和大洋洲，然后结合成一个世界共和国。
借鉴美国的经验，在1848年和1867年，瑞士和加拿大也分别建立起了第一批多国联盟，将不同种族、不同文化和不同语言的各民族统一在了一个共同的政府内。
随着“世界政府”理念的影响日益扩大，并因此诞生了许多国际组织。例如，红十字国际委员会成立于1863年，国际电信联盟成立于1865年，万国邮政联盟成立于1874年。
人类进入20世纪后，由于不断增加的国际贸易，各国之间的倚靠关系日益紧密，从而加速了国际组织的形成。据有关资料显示，在1914年的“一战”爆发前，共有大概450个全球性或地区性组织。
与此同时，为了配合国际组织的发展，国际法研究也取得了大的进步。1873年，比利时法学家Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns建立了世界上第一个国际法研究院，领导并起草具体的国际法草案。
第一个世界议会的雏形“各国议会联盟”（Inter-Parliamentary Union）也在1886年由克里默和帕西开始组织，由许多国家的议员组成。1904年，这个联盟正式提议成为“一个定期讨论国际问题的国际国会”。
从古到今，政治人物向来是“世界政府”的践行者。著名的例子有亚历山大大帝及其帝国、罗马帝国、蒙古帝国和大英帝国。就大英帝国来说，它最辉煌时期拥有世界四分之一的土地和将近三分之一的人口，被誉为“日不落帝国”。这是世界曾经最接近一个共同政治体的时期。
巴哈欧拉在1852年和1892年之间，创建了巴哈伊教，并为他的新宗教确定了一个建立全球联邦的重要原则。
巴哈欧拉基于全球人民共享和共商的基础，设想了一套新的社会体系，包括一个世界立法机构，一个国际法庭和一个国际行政机构来执行立法和司法机构的决定。他的准则还包括世界通用的度量衡，统一货币，并使用一个国际辅助语言来交流。
令人遗憾的是，靠政治和宗教的力量试图建立起来的完整的世界政府，从来就没有存在过。在20世纪的前50年，企图通过建立全球性的机构，来解决国际争端的尝试，也以失败告终。
最让世人悲伤的是1899年和1907年的《海牙公约》及1919年和1938年的“国际联盟”，均未能阻止两次世界大战的发生。之后的“冷战”时期也证明，在人类的综合发展并不成熟和核心价值观存在差异的条件下谋求统一的“世界政府”无异于同床异梦。
不过，即使历经一次又一次的挫折和失败，人类追求成立“世界政府”的脚步却从未停止。相反，从“二战”行将结束到1950年，这一时期造就了“世界联邦主义运动”的黄金时期。
温德尔·威尔基的书《一个世界》，在1943年第一次出版就卖出了超过200万本。另一本作者名叫埃默里·里夫斯的《和平析》，因其在书中宣扬用“世界联邦政府”取代联合国的观点，使该书迅速成为世界联邦主义者心目中的“圣经”。
1947年在瑞士的蒙特勒召开会议，从而形成一个全球性的联合会，即World Federalist Movement，也是一个有影响的国际组织。到1950年，该组织声称在22个国家拥有56个成员组，并有156 000位成员。
1948年，该组织创始人格瑞·大卫（音译）在联合国大会上未经许可发表演讲，呼吁建立一个“世界政府”，却以被警卫赶出大会而告终。随后，大卫先生放弃美国公民身份并开始注册成为世界公民，不到两年内便有超过75万人也注册成为了世界公民。
1953年9月4日，大卫在美国缅因州的埃尔斯沃思市政厅宣布，“世界政府”基于三个“世界法律”，即同一上帝、同一世界和同一人类，并为此在纽约成立了“联合世界管理局”，首要任务便是设计和发行世界护照。据悉，到目前为止，全世界共发行了超过80万本这样的护照。
但大卫先生的想法和做法显然没有发展的后劲。“同一上帝”便是一种不符合世界多元化潮流的“霸道”之举，仍然没有脱离宗教“整合”世界的陈旧藩篱，且同人类文明背道而驰，因为人类文明进步的标志之一便是信仰自由。
康涅狄格圣三一大学的社会学家杰姆斯·胡戈（音译）是全球政府的支持者，他认为这是顺应时势的必然选择。
胡戈说：“本世纪内应该会出现新的，为政治一体化服务的经济、文化和通信力量，而灾难性的重大威胁会让成立全球政府体系成为一种刚性需求”。他所指的“灾难性的重大威胁”，指的是全球气候变化、恐怖主义和新兴科技给人类所造成的威胁。
关于可能实现的政治实体——世界政府的理念，人们普遍认为，这个政治实体解释并执行国际法，现有的国家要逐步削弱和放弃某些权力。这当然要和前面所提到的“人类意识”的增强同步进行。
令人欣喜的是，不管主权国家愿意不愿意，历史的车轮总是滚滚向前。例如，WTO的出现，就在经济领域“剥夺”了主权国家的部分经济权力。
事实上，“世界政府”将在现有的国家主权上新增一级行政级别，或为不同国家提供独立国家无法提供的协调。信息社会的来临，地球村的实现，都为“世界政府”的出现提供了必要性和可能性。
如今，越来越多的人视一些国际机构，例如国际刑事法院、联合国和国际货币基金组织，以及各种超国家和大陆联合体，例如美洲国家组织、欧盟、非盟、南美洲国家联盟和东盟等为世界政府体系的雏形。
与早期相比，这些国际组织或机构在推动人类融合和协调国际事务等方面所起的作用不可同日而语。这并非是现代人比过去的人更聪明，而是全球政治、经济、科技、文化发展的结果使然。
中国有句古话：“强扭的瓜不甜”，另一句相应的话则是“水到渠成”。目前，世界上存在的各种组织，都是推动人类融合的外因，人类文明的整体进步，才是各种组织抑或“世界政府”得以实现价值的内在根本。
尤其是人类进入信息社会，随着经济和文化的全球化，人类融合和文明共享的澎湃潮流也必将推动诸政治实体合并在一起。正如胡戈所指出的那样，不管有没有敌对势力，历史的推动都将我们指向了全球政府的大方向。
对于各类国际组织而言，当人类旅游活动第三次飞跃到来的时候，“世界政府”不是出不出现的问题，而是谁将有机会主导“世界政府”成立的问题，它的“牵头人”是联合国？欧盟？抑或其他国际组织。
第二次世界大战造成了5000万人的伤亡，而且大部分是平民。随着战争接近尾声，许多仁人志士呼吁建立能永久防止冲突的国际机构，这导致了联合国在1945年的成立，并在1948年通过了世界人权宣言。
联合国是一个由主权国家组成的综合性国际组织，到2012年为止，共有193个成员国。在“冷战”时期，联合国在维护世界安全、推动人类和平方面取到了不可替代的作用。目前，在国际政治等诸多领域仍有着举足轻重的地位。
一些著名的人士，像爱因斯坦、丘吉尔、罗斯福和甘地等，呼吁各国政府采取进一步措施，来逐步形成一个有效管理世界的“世界政府”。不过，他们所谓的“世界政府”是撇开现有的联合国另起炉灶，还是将联合国进一步改造，不得而知。
从眼下来看，联合国确实面临来自各方的挑战。“冷战”结束之后，仍按传统老路走的联合国，发现路已越来越窄。许多国家拒缴或拖延会费便是一个明证。而2013年10月18日，沙特阿拉伯拒绝担任联合国安理会非常任理事国一事更是凸显了联合国在新时期的危机。
沙特阿拉伯外交部在声明中说，鉴于在过去数十年来安理会未能有效推动中东和平，又未能结束叙利亚内乱，该国拒绝接受任命。声明还对安理会的“能力、作风和机制”提出了质疑。
BBC驻联合国记者说，外交官们对沙特作出的这一史无前例的决定感到震惊和不解。法国常驻联合国代表阿罗德对法新社记者说，法国认为沙特阿拉伯能给安理会带来非常积极的贡献，但也完全理解沙特的不满。
面对联合国越来越松散以及越来越缺乏权威性的现实，虽然联合国内部不少精英也越来越意识到联合国转型的迫切性，但面对纷繁复杂的国际形势，又似乎方向不明，无从下手。
2012年12月，笔者受联合国记者协会邀请，赴纽约参加其一年一度的颁奖会。会上该协会向包括联合国秘书长在内的500余位嘉宾，赠送了拙作和笔者关于倡议联合国颁发“联合国旅游护照”的书面演讲，引起了诸多与会人士的共鸣。
隔日，联合国有关机构再次邀请笔者，为部分联合国官员作“联合国旅游护照”的专题演讲。笔者在演讲中指出，“冷战”结束后，联合国应从传统解决矛盾、避免战争逐步转型到推动人类融合和文明共享的轨道上来；应从传统的服务国家和团体逐步转型到服务地球公民的轨道上来。
笔者认为，“联合国旅游护照”的颁发，则是这种转型的最重要标志之一。因为人类经济全球化已经实现，文化全球化也已经开始。“联合国旅游护照”的推行，无疑将大大推动人类的融合和进步，并推动人类旅游活动第三次飞跃的加速到来！
毋庸置疑，“世界政府”是由“世界公民”组成的。一个公民的“公民权”属于一个国家的政治主权范畴。像WTO向各国“剥夺”部分经济主权一样，联合国目前是“分享”主权国家部分政治权力的最佳组织。
实际上，欧盟国家正在实行的申根护照，从某种程度来说，就是“小联合国旅游护照”。虽然与欧盟相比，颁发“联合国旅游护照”难度要大得多，但只要世界各国统一认识，从金字塔端开始向下有步骤地进行，技术性操作并无难题。
联合国若能审时度势，利用现有的独一无二的政治优势，颁发“联合国旅游护照”，不仅能加大世界公民对联合国的向心力，还能为联合国未来主导“世界政府”的构建增加竞争的筹码。
更为重要的是，当最终有一天，世界上所有的公民都拥有“联合国旅游护照”时，我们千百年来赖以生存的这个地球有还会有战争吗？这种想法和做法，难道不是和联合国当初成立的理念相吻合？！
与欧盟相比，联合国机构庞大、效率低下、腐败滋生历来为众人所诟病，若不进行大的改革，这一切必将会成为其今后试图主导建立“世界政府”的显著障碍。相反，欧盟很可能会以丰富的经验、高效的管理和廉洁的组织，赢得未来世界公民对它的青睐。
何况，联合国还有一个致命的短板，那就是在较长时间内，仍将是世界“头号大国”的美国，对它已越来越嗤之以鼻。这就要看联合国在全球管理民主化潮流面前，能否进行华丽的转身，从而把命运牢牢掌握在自己手里！
2012年，诺贝尔和平奖首次授予欧盟，这既是对它一路走来所取得的成果的褒赞，更预示着它有着强大的发展远景。欧盟内部虽然还存在各种不利因素，但经历了两次世界大战洗礼的欧洲人，在世界人民面前率先走出了一条消除分歧，避免战争，共享经济与文化繁荣的和平途径，实为世界其他地区的样板。
当然，随着人类历史的进步，其他国际组织的迅速崛起也并非没有可能。尤其是人类进入信息社会，网络本身就是最大的组织。当在民主浪潮的冲击下，政治人物越来越成为一种象征和摆设时，“世界政府”的形成或另辟蹊径，并不是天方夜谭！
人类的经验和教训都证明，要建立一个有机统一的“世界政府”，离不开全球化背景下新文明的形成。中国学者裴勇先生在《文明的整合》中写道： “建立一种新的全球文明、建立一个新的世界无疑更为需要一种全球范围的新文化的培育、形成并深入人心。这个新文化无疑应该是代表世界未来发展的先进文化。这个新文化既不是‘全盘西化’、也不是‘全盘东化’、既不是全盘‘欧化’、全盘‘美化’，也不是全盘‘黄化’、全盘‘绿化’。因为，世界各种文明没有一种文化是完全适应未来世界发展的纯粹的先进文化。新的先进文化必然是一种南北互补、东西合璧的新型文化。在未来的全球文明建立起来的社会里，后现代化是其主要特征。这个新社会需要一种生态的、平衡的、平等的、合和的新文化，它将兼收并蓄，集各种文明精髓之大成。他的建立和培育将是全球文明得以建立的重要基础，是世界未来的先进文化……世界经济一体化与世界文化一体化必是同步的，这种交易、交流、融合是悄无声息的，潜移默化——润物细无声的。”
旅游是能达到此目的的唯一方式。
旅游整合世界，人类共享文明！
Section 3The Existing Development Indicates an Optimistic Outlook （1）Human communication has advanced two substantial leaps.
So far, the tourism activity of mankind has undergone two tremendous leaps:
The first leap occurred during the Industrial Revolution. The advent of steam engine stirred up the productivity by a large margin and brought more leisure time to people. Then the steamships and trains further displaced those traditional transportation tools dragged by animals, which caused great changed in terms of the range, experience and security of tourism were all radically changed. More importantly, tourism was no longer the privilege of a minority. The ordinary white collar and blue collar were able to enjoy it as well. Mankind began to step into the era of “mass tourism”.
The second leap has started up since 1980s and 1990s. The swift and strong development of hitech not only breaks through national boundaries and accelerates the exchange and sharing of information, but also shortened the distance between different places, gradually inosculating the world economy as a whole, i. e. “economic globalization”.
Economic globalization presents itself mainly through the liberalization of trade, the internationalization of production and the globalization of finance as well as science and technology. So far, the dynamic economic globalization has fiercely lashed against the economy, politics, military, society, culture and even thinking mode of different countries. It is a profound revolution sweeping across the whole world, with no exception to it.
At this stage, economic globalization not only hastens the largescaled flow of resources, capitals, technologies, products and markets, but also contributes to the unprecedentedly massive exchange. Hereby, mankind transits from “mass tourism” to “global tourism”.
Despite the exact time of human tourisms third leap is still unknown, “the unity of core values” will certainly be its symbol. And it is a precondition to bring about the “global village” as well.
Only “the unity of core values” is able to help root out political and religious conflicts, minimize the cost of human communication, and enable mankind to make the best of earth resources to create wealth, develop science and technology, protect national cultures, promote free communication of people from different nations, or in a word, enhance the holistic power of humanity.
When the time comes, the political, economic and cultural development of all countries will be relevantly balanced and the tourism activities of mankind will shake off all of the restrictions, such as traveling permits, expense and transportation tools. The only thing they need to do is to conquer themselves.
However, it depends to a large degree on humans “conscious” acts to determine when this marvelous vision w511 be accomplished at last. The evolvement of economic globalization urgently demands to push forward the process of unifying the world through tourism, and also provides realistic conditions and material foundations to fulfill such demand.
To some extent, economic globalization has been the stage and prop of tourism to unify the world and display the rugged process of cultural development.
Since it will take some time for tourism to unify the world, the integration of cultures will run through the whole process of economic globalization. The dramatic development of information technology and the advent of information age characterized with cyberspace fiercely accelerating the update of social cultures. Tourism has exerted its subtle influence on the world in this updating process.
The age of globalization brings many new traits to the evolvement of culture. The cultural diversity becomes the main feature of cultural development, the cultural imperialism becomes a new problem and the advancement becomes the common objective different cultures pursue.
For instance, with the rapid development of Chinese economy, the soft power of Chinese culture is more and more frequently exposed in the spotlight. “Seizing the right to make a voice is the premise for China to participate in the world”, Liu Changle, Chairman and CEO of Hong Kong Phoenix Satellite Television, once said in a cultural forum.
The conflicts and exchanges between civilizations are the main features of tourism unifying the world. The rapid process of economic globalization creates more chances for the collision and interaction between regional cultures and makes the conflict and exchange of civilizations more severe. Through such collisions and changes of different regional cultures, tourism gradually fulfils its mission to unify the world.
Different nations should respect each others culture and make efforts to promote mutual understanding, thereby becoming culturally complementary. Cultural differences are easy to lead to misunderstandings or even conflicts.
The cultural differences may hurdle the communication of different nations, but they have enriched the world, boosted human intercourse by various types of tourism activities,and offered opportunities for mankind to share civilizations.
Several years ago, Bruce Lee a wellknown Chinese Kung Fu star with worldwide fame, whose statues was inaugurated on the central square of Mostar City, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a middleEuropean nation. Gaetano, a writer of Bosnia and Herzegovina, reckoned that the statue of Bruce Lee could help to eliminate cultural differences and break through racial barriers. “Someones meat may be others poison, but Bruce Lee is a genuine international hero and is also the hero for all races in Bosnia and Herzegovina”, said Gaetano.
Philosophically speaking, culture conflict and integration submits to the law of unity of opposites, with the former as the premise of the realization of the latter. Only through mutual competition and contradiction, different cultures can find out their own advantages and shortages, improve themselves by learning each other and then lay foundation for the cultural integration.
The effort for tourism to unify the world is actually the evolving process to bridge the mutual conflict and integration.
Different stages and levels during tourisms effort to unify the world are featured with different sorts of cultural conflicts and integration, which also contain different meanings. But in terms of the whole course of cultural development, the unity of opposites has been the main law of social progress.
In the age of economic globalization, the cultural conflicts still concentrate on the differences and values of various cultures, but each culture has paid much attention to absorb and learn nutrients from others and thereby improve its adaptability and vitality.
For different cultures, the desire to seek common ground and reserve differences has been stronger than ever before in the age of economic globalization. In the context of different regional cultures, people have been paying more and more attention to those “universal” issues, such as global awareness, global ethics, cyber culture, mass culture, consumption culture, ecological culture, sustainable development as well as modernity.
People are trying their best to find some kind of culture with universal value, so as to cope with those common obstacles faced by human society or hereby rake in enormous political and commercial benefits. To some extent, the pursuit of such common value represents the ideal situation of cultural integration.
（2）“National consciousness” transits to “human consciousness”
In the course of changes and integration, the cultural forms have been constantly evolving with new appearance. As the main body of culture, mankind has also been characterized with special cultural charms.
Reacting to Steve Jobs death, the Associated Press appraised his as a “CEO, technologist, futurist, innovator and refiner”. Meanwhile, the Wall Street Journal reviewed his achievements in the tone of individualistic heroism.
Some people attribute Jobs success to the “social system” of America. But why does he not turn up in Japan or Europe which enjoy the similar “social system”？Even in America, Jobs is a peerless and incomparable innovator as well.
Traditionally, people usually ascribed this to socalled “talent”. But now, they are more inclined to believe that the personal experience, belief and personality of an inventor decide the successful result. Many qualities are particularly significant to an entrepreneur.
Ms. Ye Tan, a famous economic commentator of China, insisted that Jobs success resuited from “the perfect integration of SinoWestern cultural essences.” She argued that the powerful technical teams, rapid logistics chains and global marketing network laid material foundation for Apple, but Jobs strong spiritual power came from the East.
In her article published in National Business Daily, Ye Tan said, “Jobs believes in Zen Buddhism, which not only invests him with psychological support but also bestows concise life goal and aesthetic taste on him. Actually, all gadgets of Apple have been concisely and smoothly designed, helping grasp their consumers hearts. Following neither common views nor his own thoughts, Jobs has endeavored to explore the new road.” She argued that few entrepreneurs or philosophers in China could do what Jobs has done.
Ye Tan said, even the maxim of Jobs“Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish”was eastern style, which tallied with both Confucian and Taoist tenets. It was really admirable for an American entrepreneur to precisely seize the core of eastern culture and then integrate it into his activities.
Hollywood movie “2012” dominated box offices across the U. S. in the first weekend of its release and then ended up with the box office revenue of $225 million across the world. In China, it even broke the box office record of 210 million RMB within the first 9 days. “Im determined to make it the most disastrous movie”, Roland Emmerich, the director of “2012”, once confidently said.
The theme of “2012” is rather simple“mankind is on the path to ruin and the whole world together deals with disasters”. The movie binds the fate of all mankind together and comprises the elements of diversified cultures, thereby arousing the interest of the audience on a world basis and naturally enabling the producer to profit a lot.
Nowadays, more and more “people awakened to the awareness of humanity” and begin to instill their concerns about mankind in a variety of cultural products. They are not only aiming to maximize the market profit under the background of globalization, but also attempting to project their senses of responsibility and mission to give attention to the fate of mankind in future.
Mr. LeHousheng, a wellknown strategist of China, wrote in his book named “Cultural and Military Strategies” that “in the development history of civilization, the advent of each new civilization resulted from the dramatic shift of former civilization…therefore, each new civilization symbolizes a revolution in the course of civilization development”. Behind all of these revolutions, traditional politicians and religious persons have played an indispensable role.
“The World is Flat” says that the development of globalization can be divided into three stages: the first stage is dominated by nations; the second stage by multinational company and the third stage by individual.
That means, with the development of human civilization, the age of “the mass making history” will finally come. It is not to deny the function of individuals. Instead, the world in future will be an age of selfexpression, with countless “selves” as the leading actors.
Traditional politicians may be fed up with the frequent change of PM in Japan, or full of complaint about the “twoperson” politics of Putin and Medvedev in Russia. But in a world controlled by voters, those politicians, whether transient or everlasting, are all negligiblebecause the direction of a nation relies on “the mass”, rather than any “political individualal.
Throughout history, mankind has developed from ignorant, mysterious and autarchic to civilized, open and democratic, which is an unchangeable law. To some extent, the whole history of humanity has been stuffed from conflicts between rulers and the ruled.
In history, whenever the ruled invented a newer and stronger way to harness the rulers, the civilization of mankind would make a great progress. For instance, the Industrial Revolution was accompanied by modern democratic system, lending magic power through a piece of ticket to curb the insolent rulers.
The governing method most vastly used by rulers is to monopolize information. In ancient ages, books and education were the privilege of the royal and noble, while ordinary people difficult to enjoy them. At present, those autarchic governments still rely on blanking off external information to prolong their domination.
Hitlers initial success during World War Two mainly relied on the effort of Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Propaganda Minister, who steered the public by manipulating information. Following World War Two, people began to prohibit rulers to control them by monopolizing information. Under the supervision of independent media, the information gap between rulers and the ruled has been shortened step and step.
In the first decade of 21st century, the US. , the cradle land of internet, reinforced its leading position in the field of information technology through “WikiLeaks”. On July 26, 2010, WikiLeaks collaborated with New York Times, the Guardian and the Mirror to release more than 92 000 secret files about US. troops in Afghanistan, which astonished the whole world.
“WikiLeaks: Assange and His Kingdom” published in 2011 said, “as the website of WikiLeaks built up its reputation in the past year, the world politics and diplomacy plunged into mess. 90 000 secret files revealed the truth how Afghan War slaughtered civilians; more than 1 000 emails from leading scientists uncovered the gigantic deceit of global warming; 250 thousand of diplomatic cables humiliated the leaders of various nations. The initiator of all these was only a person and his website.”
It is a turning point of civilization. WikiLeaks indicates that political civilization of mankind has rushed into the information age. Rulers have to restrict their political behaviors and be supervised by the public as much as possible. As Assange argued, “this activity will change world history”.
On the top of unrest of “WikiLeaks”, another globally influential protest, “Occupy Wall Street”, broke out in the US..
On September 17, 2011, above one thousand of protesters gathered in Manhattan, New York and attempted to occupy Wall Street. They contacted with each other through the internet, pledging to convert Wall Street into the Revolution Square in Egypt. The protesters claimed that their protests were directed to struggle against the powerformoney deal in the political circle, the bipartisan tussle as well as the social unfairness.
The most wellknown slogan of protesters was “we are the 99%”They argued that 99% of Americans were deprived of their properties by financial crisis, while the remaining 1% still had it all. So 99% of American citizens could not tolerate the greed of 1%.
Within less than 3 weeks, the “Occupy Wall Street” protest has spawned similar demonstrations around the US.. So far, more than 200 cities have echoed by holding lasting protests.
At the same time, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America were also spotted with related protests. “Occupy Washington”, “Occupy Melbourne” and even “Occupy Taibei” were fitted to the string. On October 6, hundreds of citizens of Zhengzhou, Henan, suspended a banner saying “Great Wall Street Revolution”.
During the White House news conference on October 6, U.S. President Obama made his first public comment on the “Occupy Wall Street” protest, “the protesters give how our financial system works, a voice a broader frustration”. He said, “The American people understand that, no one has been following the rules, that Wall Street is an example of that”.
The most seriously denounced decision that this Americas first black president has made was to pump 787 billion US. dollars into the market to bail out banks. Many people believed at that time that they would benefit from this money, but finally failed to obtain their hope. At the same time, the Wall Street companies were still paying large amount of dividends.
In his book “The Rise and Decline of Nations” published more than 20 years ago, Mancur Olson pointed out that in a prosperous nation, some industries, namely those special interest groups, had incentives to influence the government by means of money to make it enact policies partial to them. As a result of that, these industries could earn more money and hereby exert more influence on the government.
The US. financial groups were actually those special interest groups which relishing their strength to enjoy favorable policies and realized over development in recent years. Following the subprime mortgage crisis, US. congress passed through the DoddFrank Act to enhance the financial supervision. But Wall Street has pressed the congress and government through its strong lobbyists, thereby weakening the Acts power.
European people were faced with similar unfairness. Jenny Mclntyre, a UK protester, told Reuters journalist, “we dont want the socalled democracy on the basis of pleasing those large businesses and biasing for the financial system. It is not democracy at all”.
“Thats not capitalism, thats not a market economy. Thats a distorted economy”, Joseph Stiglitz, the professor of economics at Columbia University and a Nobel laureate, showed his support to the protesters, “and if we continue with that, we wont succeed in growing, and we wont succeed in creating a just society”.
A Japanese newspaper commented that a handful of wealthy people dominated the world, leaving many others suffering the poverty. “Such situation is common for the majority of capitalist nations, thereby stimulating the mood of discontentment on a world basis.”
YuanPeng, a scholar of China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, thought that “in the 21st century, the civil societies through the world, no matter what state systems they are, will undergo another round of awakening, with the people of various countries uttering the same appeal.”
Beyond all expectations, this tremendous and worldwide “Occupy Wall Street” protest seemed rather undisciplined, without exact leaders, systematic organizations, exaggerated slogans or even any definite objectives.
In the first two weeks, American media took little notice of this movement, with only 60 out of 500 newspapers (ie. 12%) on October 5 reporting the demonstration. Many then guessed that “those consortiums have long been on good terms with Wall Street tycoons, so they shielded away the coverage”.
The “organizers” were rather liberal to this“Its difficult for the media to build a narrative because this is a leaderless protest”, said Patrick Bruner.
Bruner was responsible to orchestrate the public relations effort of “Occupy Wall Street”. As a recent graduate, Bruner failed to find any job and then become a volunteer after he heard about the protest. For many media, this bony 23yearold young man had been the “official representative” of those protesters.
“Someone doesnt take our protest seriously and think that it is just a small movement and will end soon”, another protester told the media, “but the only thing we can do is using the truth to make them open eyes”.
Mr. Anthony Yuen, a famous commentator of Hong Kong Phoenix Satellite Television, once answered the question of an anchorman by saying that we cannot call the unrest of “Occupy Wall Street” a movement. Since a movement usually has its organizer, leader and related slogan, but all of these elements are quite ambiguous in “Occupy Wall Street”.
Obviously, he was examining a new problem from the traditional view angle. As a matter of fact, during the radical revolution from industrial society to information society, many “elites” feel inadequate to fully perceive those unprecedented and ultimate changes that are about to take place.
Different from all the past ages, the advent of information era and the power from numerous “individuals” will be irresistible and carry all before them. In the information society, the “opinion leader” is the highest leader and the internet is the largest organization.
Sometimes, even a “plain civilian”, not the “opinion leader”, can ignite the whole world just like the WikiLeaks founder Assange, as long as his idea is eyecatching enough.
This time, the protest directed its spearhead against the financial circle. Next time, it will direct to another field. But they did not mean to overthrow anyone. “Aligning our reality with our ideals often requires the speaking of uncomfortable truths and the creative tension of nonviolent protest”, US. President Obama said.
In comparison with traditional society, the intemet is more swift and effective to gather power. Everyone could be the leader and organizer. The “consciousness” of human finds the most valuable carrier, thereby forming the revolutionary strength.
On November 16, 2011, nearly 140 millionaires asked the U. S. Congress to increase their taxes for the sake of the nation.
According to British media, the entrepreneurs and business leaders wrote President Obama and congressional leaders that “Please do the fight thing for our country. Raise our taxes”. The letter also noted that they benefited from a sound economy and now wanted others to do so.
The letter was signed by 138 members of “Patriotic Millionaires for Fiscal Strength”. The group was created a year ago during a failed bid to persuade Congress to end tax cuts for millionaires enacted under Republican former President George W. Bush.
As the “Occupy Wall Street” movement continues, the group is now making the same request of a 12member congressional “super committee”, which is struggling to reach a bipartisan deal to cut the deficit by at least $12 trillion over the next decade in order to help put the nation on sound financial footing.
PhilVillers, founder of Computervision Corp, said: “Those of us who can afford it should step up. That is our message to the super committee. We hope they listen.”
It is still too early to assess the impact of “Occupy Wall Street”. Such a world influential civil right movement will further go forward and then manifest its significance and historical position.
However, both “WikiLeaks” and “Occupy Wall Street” play a positive part in pushing the society to be more transparent, candid and democratic. It is not accidental for them to take place simultaneously.
The US. is the world leader in the fields of intemet development and information society, an example of western democratic system to other countries. In fact, God dotes on the US. very much. To some extent, “WikiLeaks” and “Occupy Wall Street” symbolize that the US. has stepped into the era of information civilization from former ear of industrial civilization.
If “WikiLeaks” is defined as “online”, then “Occupy Wall Street” has happened “offline”. The interaction between “online” and “offline” confiscates the ability of traditional politicians to cope with these movements.
As German media has said, WikiLeaks “skillfully” suppressed the most powerful government throughout the world, making the latter incapable to find any solutions except futile denouncements time and time again.
“WikiIaks” and “Occupy Wall Street” seriously lashed the image of traditional politicians to its historically lowest level. They have never been so awkwardly and humbly exposed to the public on a world basis.
Following the turbulence of “WikiLeaks” and “Occupy Wall Street”, an opinion survey in South Korea suggested that approximate 90 percent of South Koreans distrust domestic politics and politicians:
YONHAP News Agency reported on October 16 that, according to a poll of 1,018 adults and 730 youths by the Office of the Minister of Special Affairs, 871 percent of adults and 856 percent of adolescents said they “do not have confidence in politics and politicians.”
The poll of South Koreans value systems also showed people in their 40s are most skeptical about politics; with 916 percent of those in that age group expressing distrust toward politicians. About 91 percent of respondents in their 30s expressed a lack of confidence while 876 percent of those aged 50—59 were skeptical about the political system.
Younger members of society in the 10—29 had relatively mild distrust, with about 85 percent of them expressing skepticism toward politics. Most senior citizens over 60 were the least skeptical, with just under 80 percent expressing a lack of confidence.
In terms of the countrys unification policy and its relations with North Korea, younger people were less accommodative than their elder peers, the poll also showed. (Beijing Times, October 17, 2010)
Does it mean that the public in the information society is deliberately making things difficult for traditional politicians, or those politicians are approaching the end of their fate? This is really a question that all members of the information society should seriously consider and answer.
Europeans once has taken pride in the foundation of EU, which was regarded as the model of civilization progress and also attracted the remaining world to positively simulate. However, the European debt crisis awakened the people and forced them to carefully probe into the problem hidden behind EU.
Mr. Lv Ningsi, the commenter of Hong Kong Phoenix Satellite TV, pointed out in a TV program that “the European debt crisis will instead compel the political reforms in Europe”Evidently, he attributed the crisis to those European politicians
French Foreign Minister Main Juppe seemingly embraced this standpoint as well~ “So many European nations use the uniform currency, but there are no uniform finance and monetary system as well as regulations about tax rate. How could we keep the Euro stable under such circumstance, said Juppe when he visited Beijing.
So Juppe repeated his French suggestion, ie. Europe should adopt the federal system and be uniformly administrated as a country. However, the idea to found the United States of Europe has been outmoded
Subsequent to World War Two, on May 9, 1950, Robert Schuman, the incumbent French FM, proposed to unify the whole Europe. Through decades of effort, EU has been growing steadily and the uniformed Euro is introduced as well. All of these stand for great progress towards unification.
Despite that, Europe differs from North America a lot. The US. originated from several Englishspeaking colonies, without any historical burden. In contrast, Europe comprises many nations in different languages, so there are too many appeals to be coped with.
Due to the Cold War, the political and economic unbalance and other related factors, particularly the resistance from some countries people, or politicians frankly, the political integration of Europe has been walking with many difficulties.
Why does this political federation, regarded as the orientation of civilization evolvement and admired by the remaining world, seem so fragile and inconsistent when trying to stabilize the vitally important economic development?
“Its everyones dream to be a prince”, said Luca Sellari, Town mayor of Filettino in the hills east of Roma said. The authority of Filettino planned to declare independence to fight back Italian governments austerity measures, which included merging approximate 2 000 towns across the country.
For traditional politicians of Europe and even the whole world, what Mr. Sellari said has really hit home. Although mankind is striding into the information age and the economic and cultural globalizations are making great progress, many traditional politicians are still infatuated with power and wealth.
Ms. Zi Zhongjun, a senior expert of international issues from Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, hurled a question in his book that “many natural and manmade disasters that are cross boundaries and nations will emerge in an endless stream in future. So when can those politicians of different countries ward off the narrow and selfish thinking mode of national interests as well as the behavior mode of power politics and gaining profit at others expense but actually at their own expense as well?”
The only permanent thing in the world is change. Politicians will finally vanish but the politics will always be there. Each historical transition has been boosted by the social elites of that era, such as new politicians and religionists.
Mankind is undergoing another historical transition, namely from industrial civilization to information, which is distinguished from any other transitions in the past. Under the background of the economic and cultural globalizations, this transition has involved all humanity.
We have to differentiate the description about social elites of our era, including new politicians and religionists, from their predecessors. Properly speaking, they are “awakened people of human consciousness”, more farsighted than ordinary people and acquainted with the development law of mankind, devoting all their efforts to the whole humanity.
“Generations to come will scarcely believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood.” This is the tribute to “Mahatma Gandhi” from Einstein, the greatest physical scientist of last century. It now appears that Mahatma Gandhi has been the greatest“awakened figure” across the world.
“The reason why Gandhi still receives so much respect until now is that he once did everything for the whole humanity, rather than for only a country or nation”, an American politician said so.
Among all of those world giants, Gandhi was particularly special as he not only absorbed both religious and political elements but also developed his thought through the furious collision between Eastern traditional culture and Western modern thought. “I work hard to see God through my service to humanity, because I know that God is in the heart of every human being, rather than in heaven or under the ground”, Gandhi said.
Even if many countries have their own “Founding Father”, few of them have endeavored to advocate the “nonviolent” revolution like Gandhi. More importantly, Gandhi put it into practice. His “nonviolence” theory and practice not only boosted the National Independent Movement, but also influenced AfricanAmerican Civil Rights Movement of the US..
Martin Luther King once said, “as I delved deeper into the philosophy of Gandhi, my skepticism concerning the power of love gradually diminished, and I came to see for the first time that the Christian doctrine of love, operating through the Gandhian method of nonviolence, is one of the most potent weapons available to an oppressed people in their struggle for freedom”
When visiting India last year, US. President Obama said, “One of the things I draw from Gandhi is that you have to be persistent on your journey, you just have to keep going on and never say die Gandhi, Sir Martin Luther King, and Abraham Lincoln are people we are constantly reading and studying about. Im often frustrated by how far I fall short of their example”.
Obamas frustration deserves our encouragement. He reminds us that despite the starlight of “awakened people of human consciousness” is still rather faint, one day it will certainly lighten all the sky.
In addition to the preeminent foresight of traditional politicians, those “awakened people of human consciousness” also have strong senses of justice and shame. For instance, when the “Occupy Wall Street” movement was rolling in immense surges, William Hague, British Foreign Minister, said he was “sympathized” with protesters. When the protest extended to Los Angeles, the largest western city of America, its municipal government passed through a resolution about supporting the “Occupy Los Angeles” movement…
Leung ManTao, the commentator of Hong Kong Phoenix Satellite TV, mocked traditional politicians by saying that, “The king in the traditional story didnt know he was naked. However, both he and we know that he is naked now, but he still walks out, wandering about on the street. We have a panoramic view about that but pretend that he is dressed”.
The sense of shame forces those “awakened people of human consciousness” to devote all the public power to creating and maintaining the transparent, candid and democratic social environment, positively enhancing the development and integration of humanity. They often felt upset for their insufficient ability and ashamed for their occasional selfish thought.
As we have mentioned above, because of different historical, political, economic and cultural development among various countries, mankind still cannot step into the democratic society simultaneously. To be worse, there are even unthinkable gap between “the advanced”and “the backward”.
However, under the sunshine of the information society, we can very easily find that the seeds those “awakened people of human consciousness” have scattered, no matter in fertile soil or in barren field, will surely be able to shoot up and vigorously grow up.
Since the age of Enlightenment in Europe, some politicians and scholars who surpass the narrow boundaries of country and nation and those who wander around the world have called themselves as “world citizens”.
In the preface of “Speeches and Writings by Deng Xiaoping”, published by Pergamon Press Ltd, Deng Xiaoping, Chief Designer of China Reform and Opening up, soulfully said, “As one of the Chinese people, Im honored to become one of the world citizen”.
Despite that, during the age of national countries, especially in the Cold war, when the world was fully bestrewed with barriers, the concept of “world citizen” was unreachable for the majority of the people in the earth. But now, great changes have taken place, as mankind has stepped into the age of globalization and the revolution of information technology has turned the world into a “global village”.
To some extent, everybody has turned into the “world citizen”. They may not go abroad, but still can feel the external influence and also can exert impact on citizens in other countries, let alone on those who frequently come and go between different countries.
The history of human development indicates that the political power leading to regional barriers and religious power results in spiritual estrangement, only tourism is capable to congregate together the people from different races, religions and cultures, hereby impelling them to share the fruits of human civilization.
In ancient times, the conquerors usually imposed their cultures and beliefs on those occupied territories and forced the vanquished to accept them. But nowadays, such kind of phenomenon is no longer in existence.
In 2011, with the help of NATOs fierce bombing campaign, Libyan opposition forces successfully overthrew the dictatorial regime of Qaddafi after the battles lasting for 8 months. After taking over the country, the “National Transitional Council” pledged that Libya will uphold the Islamic law, which means that the polygamy may prevail in new Libya.
Such decision, absolutely running counter to the democratic society, astonished those who had firmly and positively supported the “democratic fight” in Libya. It proves that a battle cannot change the bredinthebone culture. People could only hope that new Libya will carry on more communication with the external world.
On April 1, 2014, the U.S. “Fortune” bi-weekly website published a report titled “Chinese tourists promote American enterprise development”. The journalist Steve Hargreaves wrote in the news as follows:
Last year, thousands of Chinese tourists flock to the Yellowstone National Park to watch mountain views, buffalo and the Old Faithful.
After that, at least 1,600 people travel 200 miles to the east, reach to the Euchre Ross ranch where to enjoy burgers, baked beans and biscuits. After lunch, they enjoyed a 14-year-old Katie Williams performance of riding.
The ranchers owner Judy Blair said: “Her performances make the Chinese crazy, all the political problems between the two countries have vanished.”
The report also records some contents about how the Chinese tourists like to observe and experience American life and more.
On October 21, 2011, Former Cuban President Fidel Castro, who was at his 85 and had grappled with America and the rest of Western world for half century, said in his official website that,“In a nuclear war the ‘collateral damage’ would be the life of all humanity. Let us have the courage to proclaim that whether nuclear or conventional weapons, everything that is used to make war must disappear!”
Castros speech is from the deep bottom of his heart. With the development of human civilization, the globalization of economics has already come into being, and cultural integrity is on the way. Those political approaches using weapons to invade other country and eliminate foreign culture will not exist anymore. Any politicians have no rights to use nuclear weapons with any purpose. Only a thought of it can be regarded as against humanism.
We prey for the Eternal universal Prophecy of the Isaiah, who said 2，500 years ago in Jerusalem that a day will come when people shall leave their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not lift up sword against nation; neither shall they learn war any more.
（3）The foundation of forming “World Government” is increasingly consolidated
The establishment of “world government” is not a new political subject. Early in the ancient Greek and Rome period, the idea of “world government” was brought to the round table of discussion. And the ancient Greece and Roman foretold that for the realization of permanent peace, one day human would be governed by only one common political authority.
The book De Jure Belli ac Pacis written by the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius was deemed as the origin of modern international law.
The concept “Federation” won the respectable support in the end of 18th century. The more highlighted event in this period was that the first democratic federation in the world-USA. was born in 1788.
All along the history, many European philosophers were influenced by the relevant thought and created the similar theory, especially the philosopher Immanuel Kant, who wrote the essay “Perpetual Peace” in 1795, where he expounded the three basic conditions for human to permanently eradicate the threat of war in the future:
The civil constitution of every state should be republican.
The law of nations shall be founded on a federation of free nations.
The law of world citizenship shall be limited to conditions of universal hospitality. For instance, people were allowed to visit other countries, but not permitted to stay without invitation.
In 1811, German philosopher Carl Christian Friedrich Krause wrote an essay “The Archetype of Humanity”， where he proposed to establish the union of five continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Oceania, and incorporate to a world republic.
By employing the American experience, in 1948 and 1967, Switzerland and Canada also respectively established their first multinational coalition, united all nationalities of different races, cultures and languages under a common government.
As the influence of the idea “world government” prevailed increasingly, many international organizations were born subject to such a contribution. For instance, International Committee of the Red Cross was founded in 1863, International Telecommunication Union founded in 1865, and Universal Postal Union founded in 1874.
After human entered into 20th century, due to the growing business of international trade, the interdependence relationship between countries went further, by which accelerated the formation of international organizations. According to relevant data, before the outburst of “World War I” in 1914, there were around 450 global or regional organizations.
Meanwhile, as driven by the development of international organizations, the research on international law also had a great progress. In 1873, Belgium Jurist Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns established the first research institute of international law in the world, he led and drafted for the specific international law.
The first embryonic world parliament, called the Inter-Parliamentary Union, was organized in 1886 by Cremer and Passy, composed of legislators from many countries. In 1904 the Union formally proposed “an international congress which should meet periodically to discuss international questions”.
From time immemorial, politicians were always the carriers and pursuers of “world government”. The famous cases such as Alexander the Great and his empire, Rome Empire and Mongolia Empire as well as Britain Empire. Referring to the Britain Empire, at the zenith of his millennium the country occupied one fourth of world area and close to one third of world population, famed as “Never Sunset Empire”. This was a period the world at the closest to a common political authority.
Bahá‘u’lláh created Bahaism between 1852 and 1892, and upheld the important principle of establishing a global federation.
Bahá‘u’lláh on the basis of common share and common business for global people, conceived a suite of new social system, including a world legislature, an international court and an international administrative institution to enforce the decision of legislative and judicial institutions. His criteria also included the worlds universal weights and measures, common currency, and employed one kind of international paralanguage for communication,
Unfortunately, an integral world government built by attempting to rely on the powder of politics and religions did not exist at all time. In the early fifty years of last century, the attempt that tried to establish a global institution for settlement of international dispute also ended up with failure.
What upset the people in the world was the “Hague Convention” in 1899 and 1907 and the “League of Nations” in 1919 and 1938 failed to prevent the two World Wars from happening. Later the “Cold War” also proved that under the circumstance of the humans comprehensive development was immature and core value was different, to pursue a united “world government” was nothing else but like strange bedfellows to all nations.
However, even experienced so much frustration and failure over times, the human pace to establish “world government” never stopped. On the contrary, from near the end of “World War II” to 1950,this period was the golden time for “World Federalism Movement”
In 1943 the first publication of the book “One World” written by Wendell Willkie was sold more than two million copies. Another book “The Anatomy of Peace”, its author was Emery Reeves, due to the book advocated the opinion of replacing the UN by “World Federal Government”, the book rapidly became the “Bible” in the eyes of world federalist.
In 1947, a meeting was held in Montreux, Switzerland, which formed a global federation called the World Federalist Movement, also was an influential international organization. By 1950,the organization declared there were 56 member groups in 22 countries, around 156，000 members.
In 1948, the founder of the organization Garry Davis addressed a speech in the UN General Assembly, called for building a “world government”, but he was ended up with driving away from the assembly by guards. Later, Mr. Davis gave up his American citizenship and started to register for the world citizenship, within less than two years there were more than 750，000 people also registered for the world citizenship.
On September 4, 1953, in the city hall of Ellsworth, Maine, United State, Davis declared the “world government” was based on three “world laws”, namely same god, same world and same human, for which he established “United World Administration Bureau”, its primary task was to design and release the world passport. It has been reported since now there are more than 800，000 copies of such kind of passport released.
But the thought and method of Mr. Davis was clearly lacked of successive momentum. “Same god” was an “arbitrary” policy, which did not accord with the multiple diversification trend of the world, and did not release from the stereotyped pigeonhole of religion for the “consolidation” of the world, further it was contradicted to the human civilization, because freedom of belief was the progressive identifier of human civilization.
The sociologist of Trinity University in Connecticut, James Hughes was a supporter of global government, he agreed on that keeping in conformance with the time and trend was an inevitable choice.”
Hughes said: “in this century there should be new economic, cultural and communicative power to serve the political integration, and the disastrous vital threat might lead to the establishment of global government system became the rigid demand”, what he called “disastrous threat” was specific to the threat to human caused by global climate change, terrorism, and new technology.
On the possible and realizable concept of the political entity-world government, people generally believed that such a political entity was to interpret and conduct the international law, and the existing nations should gradually alleviate and release a certain extent of authority. This practice certainly should be in synchronic pace with the enhancement of the previously referred “human consciousness”.
What exhilarating the people was, no matter sovereign nations such as America, Russia, China and other global political forces whether agreed or not, the wheel of history was always rolling forward unceasingly. For instance, the arising of WTO deprived a part of the economic power from the sovereign nations in economic field.
As a matter of fact, “world government” would add a new administrative level upon the existing national sovereignty, or would provide the coordination to different nations, which independent nations were unable to provide. The upcoming of information society and realization of global town offered the necessity and possibility of arising of “world government”.
Today people increasingly regard some international institutions such as International Criminal Court, United Nations, International Monetary Fund and other super-national and super-continental unions, such as Organization of American States, European Union, African Union, Union of South American Nations, Association of Southeast Asian Nations etc. as the embryonic world government systems.
Comparing with the early phase, the contribution from these international organizations or institutions in aspects such as promotion of human integration and coordination of international affairs is much more significant than ever before. This does not mean the modern people are more intellectual than the past people, but a sheer result from the development of global politics, economy, technology and culture.
In China there is an old saying: “An unripe melon is not sweet if picked to eat”, another corresponding saying is “A channel would be formed naturally when water arrives.” At present, the existence of various kinds of organizations in the world is only the external factor for promotion of human integration, whereas the comprehensive progress of human civilization is really the fundamental internal factor based on which various organizations or “world government” realizes their value.
Especially human has entered into information society, with the globalization of economy and culture, the roaring and rushing trend of human integration and cultural sharing will inevitably facilitate the consolidation of various political entities. Exactly as Hughes pointed out, no matter whether the hostile forces existed or not, the history gearing would always direct us to the general orientation of “global government”.
As to various international organizations, when human experiences the third leap in the development of tourist activity, “world government” is no longer a question about to arise or not, but a question about who would grab the chance to direct the establishment of “world government” , who would be the “initiator”: United Nations, European Union or other international organizations？
The Second World War suffered 50,000,000 casualties, and most of the victims were innocents. As the war closed to the end, many people of lofty ideals called for the establishment of the international institution that could permanently prevent conflicts, which led to the founding of United Nations in 1945, and granting of Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.
United Nations is a comprehensive international organization composed of sovereign nations, by 2012, there has been 193 member nations. In the “Cold War” period, United Nations played the role irreplaceable for safeguarding the world security, promoting the human peace and other aspects. At present, UN still carries a grave weight in international politics and many other fields.
Some prominent people, such as Einstein, Churchill, Roosevelt and Gandhi etc., called for all national governments to go further, and gradually form the “world government” that could effectively manage the world. However, their idea of “world government” was whether to leave aside the existing UN and build a new one, or to retool the UN, it was just remaining unknown.
By viewing the current situation, UN indeed faces various challenges from all sides. After the end of “Cold War”, UN has still persisted in the way of traditional fashion, then finds out the road has been reduced narrower. It is evidenced by many nations refuse or delay to pay membership fees. In October 18, 2013, Saudi Arabic refused to be the nonpermanent member of UN Security Council, which unveiled the crisis of UN in the new era.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabic declared, in light of last decades UN Security Council neither did effectively develop the peace for Middle East, nor did end the civil strife of Syria, thus the country declined the nomination. The declaration came up with a question on the Security Councils “ability, work style and mechanism”.
The BBC's UN correspondent said, the diplomatists were astonished and confused by the unprecedented decision Saudi Arabic made. The French UN permanent representative A Laude said to AFP correspondents, France believed Saudi Arabic could make a positive contribution to Security Council, and understood his dissatisfaction.
In view of the fact that UN was becoming loosely organized and lacked of authority, though many UN elites were aware of the urgency of transformation of UN, however, under a complicated international situation, they seemed to have no idea about the direction of development and where to set forth.
In December, 2012, the writer hereof was invited by the UN Correspondents Association to attend the annual award ceremony in New York. At the meeting the association presented my work and written speech to five hundred guests including the UN Secretary General, the content of which was advocating the UN to issue “UN Tourist Passport”, it Struck a responsive chord in hearts of many participants.
On the next day, the relevant sector of UN invited the writer hereof to make a special presentation on the subject of “UN Tourist Passport” for part of UN officials. In the speech I pointed out, after the end of “Cold War”, UN should transit from the traditional track of settling conflicts and avoiding the war gradually to the new track of promoting the human integration and civilization sharing; and also should transit from the traditional track of serving nations and groups gradually to the new track of serving the global citizens.
The writer hereof thinks that the issuance of “UN Tourist Passport” is one of the most important symbols for such transition. Because the globalization of human economy has already been achieved and the globalization of culture also has been started. The promotion of “UN Tourist Passport” would greatly facilitate the development of human integration and progress, and stimulate and accelerate the upcoming of the third leap of human tourist activities!
Beyond questions, “world government” is composed of “world citizens”. The “citizenship” of a citizen is subject to the domain of political sovereignty of a country. Similar to WTO takes over part of the economic sovereignty of all nations, presently UN is the best organization to take over part of the political authority of sovereign nations.
As a matter of fact, the Schengen passport being implemented by European nations to some extent is resembled to the “Mini-type UN Tourist Passport”. Though comparing with European Union, to issue “UN Tourist Passport” is more difficult, as long as all nations in the world coordinate to unify their understanding, and step by step to implement such a strategy by starting from pyramid top to lower, there should be no difficulty in technical operation.
Therefore, if UN considers the current situation and utilizes the unique political advantages, to issue the “UN Tourist Passport”, it could not only increase the centripetal force from world citizens to UN, but also offer UN the chips of directing the establishment of “world government” in the future.
The more significant thing is that on the day when all of citizens in the world implement the “UN Tourist Passport”, then on this earth where we inhabit for hundreds of thousands of years, would any war happen again? Is such kind of thought and practice not inosculated to the principle at the very beginning of the founding of UN?!
Comparing with EU, the organization of UN is with huger size, lower efficiency and rampant corruption, which is always denounced by people. Without a huge reformation, all these shortages would certainly play critical obstacles to the future ambition of directing the establishment of “world government”. Instead, with rich experience, high efficiency management and disinterested organization, EU might win the consensus of world citizens in the future.
Moreover, UN has a vital shortage, it is about in a certain long period of time America still remains the worlds “first big country” but who increasingly tends to ignore the authority of UN. This depends on UN whether is able to make a graceful turnaround in front of the trend of global management democratization, and hold the fate in his own hand firmly!
In 2012, Nobel Peace Prize was first time awarded to EU, it was a prize for the achievement of the road he walked through, and more likely indicated his vigorous development prospect. Though there are still various kinds of disadvantages inside EU, through the baptism of two World Wars, in front of people in the world, European people have taken the lead and developed a peace pathway for settlement of differences, avoidance of war, sharing of economic and cultural prosperity, which play a typical sample for other regions in the world. Of course, along with the progress of human history, the rapid arising of other international organization is not really impossible. Especially when human has entered into information society, the network itself is the hugest organization. When under the impact of democratic tidal wave, politicians gradually become one kind of symbol and decorative object, the forming of “world government” might be developed in an alternative new path. It is not necessary a story of Arabian Nights! Human experience and lessons have proven that the establishment of an organic unified “world government” should not be separated from the forming of new civilization under globalization background. Chinese scholar Peiyong wrote in “Consolidation of Civilization”: Open a New Era of Culture of Earth Mr. Pei Yong said that it was necessary to establish a new type of global culture and a new world and to rear a new culture more and make it strike root in the hearts of the people on a global scale. The new culture surely is an advanced culture which can represent the development of the world in the future. This new culture is neither the wholesale Westernization nor the wholesale Easternization. Because none civilizations of the world is the purely advanced culture which can adapt to the development of the future world completely. The new culture must be a new type culture combining Eastern and Western civilization. In the future society with the new culture, the postmodernization is its main feature. This society needs an ecological, equal and harmonious culture which will incorporate things of diverse nature and the strong points of various civilizations. It is the important basis to establish the global civilization, and it is the advanced culture in the world to come. The world economic integration must keep pace with the cultural integration. The communication and mixture are quiet and imperceptible. Tourism is an absolute way to achieve the goal. Tourism integrates the world and humans share civilizations!
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