佛教稱凡夫個體為異生，義即變異而生。變異即是成熟的過程，因為異化可以持業。業是身體習慣行為、口語習慣行為、和意識習慣行為的統稱。異生的一切煩惱可分為兩類，思煩惱和見煩惱，亦作思惑和見惑。思煩惱主要有，貪、嗔、痴、慢、疑、身見、邊見、邪見、見取、戒取。見煩惱如身見、邊見、邪見、見取、戒取、貪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。見煩惱和思煩惱的頭數相同，成對兒存在。

Buddhism calls mortals as Variational Sentients, meaning they are born from mutations. Mutation is the process of maturation because mutations sustain karma. Karma is a collective term for bodily orally and intentionally behavioral habits. All the annoyances that arise in the Variational Sentients can be divided into two categories, Mean Annoyances and View Annoyances, which are also known as Mean Muddles and View Muddles. The Mean Muddles mainly include greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion, Seth view, edge view, heresy, view fetch, and precept fetch. View muddles mainly include Seth view, edge view, heresy, view fetch, and precept fetch, greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, and suspicion. The Mean Annoyances and View Annoyances have the same names and number of heads and exist in pairs.

思惑附着在見惑上而有義，見惑因對應的思惑而有感，因此兩者的名數相等，相互依存。見煩惱即是異生的所知，因為它似智而非智，能障礙有情了知真相， 所以是智障，亦作所知障。見惑不引起不安，障覺悟，不障涅槃。涅槃是寂靜義。思惑是異生的思煩惱，能障礙涅槃，所以亦作煩惱障。此兩類煩惱不但可以驅使異生勞作，還可以障礙異生脫離其自性，所以也被稱作異生性障。

The mean muddle attaches to the view muddle to have its meaning and significance, the view muddle due to the corresponding mean muddle to have its feeling; therefore, the two have the same name and head number, and are mutually dependent, relying on each other to exist. View Muddle is the know of variational sentient, is like intelligence but not intelligence, can hinder sentients to understand the factual phenomena, therefore is hindrance of intelligence, aka. Know Hindrance. View Muddle does not cause uneasiness, hinder enlightenment, does not hinder Nirvana. Nirvana is the meaning of silence. Mean Muddle is sentient beings’ mean annoyance, can hinder nirvana, so is called Annoyance Hindrance. These two types of muddles can not only drive Variational Sentients to work, but also prevent them from escaping from their own nature, therefore Mean Muddle and View Muddle are also called of Variational-Sentient-Nature Hindrance.

14.3.1 八萬四千塵勞 84,000 Dust Labors

總列大千世界三界九地（如插圖14.3）的一切煩惱有八萬四千之數，名作八萬四千塵勞，瘟疫，魔軍。塵勞為煩惱之異名，以煩惱污人之真性，使人無益操勞。瘟疫是說這八萬四千病具有強烈的傳染性，在眾生之眾交叉感染，流傳不斷。魔者奪財害命之謂，魔軍為此八萬四千塵勞能奪人清淨法身之財，傷人慧命。這84000之數的計算方法有如下六步驟：

In general, there are 84,000 annoyances in the nine lands of the Great Grand World (see fig. 14.3), aka. 84,000 dust labors, plagues, and demon army. Dust labor is an alias for annoyances since annoyances can contaminate sentients’ true natures and labor them in vain. Plague means that these 84,000 diseases are highly contagious, cross-infected among all living beings, and spread continuously. Demon is the saying of stealing assets and harming lives, because the 84,000 dust labors can rob people’s juristic assets of immaculate juristic body, and can harm people’s gnostic lives (i.e., intelligence lives), so calling them as Demon Army. The calculation method of this number of 84,000 has the following six steps:

一）10位使者：貪、嗔、痴、慢、疑、身見、邊見、邪見、見取、戒取。這十位煩惱法能發起和變異繁衍其它煩惱，故稱它們為使者。前5位被稱為五鈍使，因為這5位性愚鈍，沒智慧。後5位是見惑，傷人兇狠殘暴，故稱五利使。

1) The 10 envoys are 1st greed, 2nd irritation, 3rd ignorance, 4th arrogance, 5th suspicion, 6th Seth view, 7th edge views, 8th heresies, 9th fetched views, 10th precept fetch. These ten troublesome laws are capable of initiating and reproducing other troubles in a mutated manner, so they are called envoys. The first five are known as the Five Blunt Ambassadors because they are dull in nature and have no wisdom. The last 5 are the View Muddles, which are vicious and brutal, so they are called the Five Sharp Ambassadors.

二）10使互具成100。比如，取貪為頭，再用貪為其助理，則成貪貪；取嗔為助理，則成貪嗔；取痴為助理，則成貪痴，如此，貪和十個助理使者，便形成了10個新的煩惱。再取瞋為頭，配十使為助理，又形成了10個新的煩惱：嗔貪、嗔嗔、嗔痴、嗔慢，等。如此互具，10位使者變成了100位。

2) The 10 envoys aggregate with each other, become 100.  For example, if you take greed as the head and use greed as its assistant, then get a new law greed-greed; using irritation as greed’s assistant, then get a new law greed-irritation; in this way, greed aggregates the 10 assistant envoys, forms 10 new laws. Then taking irritation as the head to aggregate the 10 assistant envoys, then 10 new laws are formed like these: irritation-greed, irritation-irritation, irritation-ignorance, irritation arrogance, and so on. With this interplay, the 10 envoys become 100.

三）歷10法界成1000。十法界是根據有情的興趣兒不同而把人分成了十類：地獄趣、餓鬼趣、畜生趣、修羅趣、人趣、欲天趣、緣覺趣、羅漢趣、菩薩趣（即真人趣）、神佛趣（參見13.4.3 節《十趣因果》）。

3) Going through 10 juristic boundaries, then the number becomes 1000. The 10 juristic boundaries are the 10 categories into which all human beings are divided according to their interests: hell interest, hungry ghost interest, livestock interest, asura interest, human interest, desire-sky interest, aggregate-arousal perception, Ararat interest, bodhisattva interest (i.e., real person interest), and God Buddha interest (see Section 13.4.3 Ten Interests).

四）歷身口7枝為7000。身3枝為殺、盜、淫；口4枝為妄言、綺語、惡口、兩舌。

4) Going through the 7 branches of the body and mouth, the number becomes 7,000. The three bodily branches are killing, stealing, and heretical sex; the four oral branches are delusive speech, flowery speech, ferocious speech, and two-tongue (see section 13.1 the ten precepts).

五）歷過去、現在、未來，三世成21000。這裡是在談思想意識，所以過去、現在和未來同時存在於現在的世界。又，無意識和前意識沒有次第性和時間性，所以日曆和時間只適用於塵世，圖14.3-12之下。

5) Going through the past, present, and future, the number becomes 21,000. Here we are talking about the heart (i.e., mind), so the past, present, and future exist simultaneously in the present world. And the unconscious and the preconscious have no sequential and temporal nature, so the calendar and time apply only to the mortal world, under Figure 14.3-12.

六）四大種各具21000位，共成84000塵勞。四大種是地、水、火、風，參見11.2節。

6) Each of the Four Big Seeds aggregates the 21,000 positions of annoyances, so the sum is the 84,000 dust labors. Four Big Seeds are earth, water, fire, and wind; refer to section 11.2 Four Big Seeds.

14.3.2 見惑 View Muddles

凡夫的見煩惱遍布三界九地，但其根本就是這112位根本見惑，計算如下：

Mortals' view annoyances are spread throughout the three boundaries nine lands, but their fundamental view annoyances are the 112, which are calculated as follows：

見惑在欲界有40位：

一）苦諦下有10：身見、邊見、邪見、見取、戒取、貪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

二）集諦下有10：身見、邊見、邪見、見取、戒取、貪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

三）滅諦下有10：身見、邊見、邪見、見取、戒取、貪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

四）道諦下有10：身見、邊見、邪見、見取、戒取、貪、嗔、痴、慢、疑。

View muddles have 40 positions in desire boundary:

1) 10 positions under Bitter Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

2) 10 positions under Aggregate Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

3) 10 positions under Salvation Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

4) 10 positions under Path Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

見惑在色界和無色界的數目相同，各有36位：

一）苦諦下有9：身見、邊見、邪見、見取、戒取、貪、（缺嗔）、痴、慢、疑。

二）集諦下有9：身見、邊見、邪見、見取、戒取、貪、（缺嗔）、痴、慢、疑。

三）道諦下有9：身見、邊見、邪見、見取、戒取、貪、（缺嗔）、痴、慢、疑。

四）滅諦下有9：身見、邊見、邪見、見取、戒取、貪、（缺嗔）、痴、慢、疑。

如是，一個異生總有根本見惑112位；解釋參見11.4.4.1.4節《 根本煩惱》。

View Muddles in color boundary and colorless boundary, each has 36 positions.

1) 9 positions under Bitter Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, (absent of irritation), ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

2) 9 positions under Aggregate Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, (absent of irritation), ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

3) 9 positions under Path Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, (absent of irritation), ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

4) 9 positions under Salvation Crux: Seth view, edge views, heresies, fetched views, precept fetch, greed, (absent of irritation), ignorance, arrogance, suspicion.

As such, a mundane being has in total 112 positions of Fundamental View Muddles; for explanations, see Section 11.4.4.1.4, Fundamental Annoyances.

14.3.3 思惑 Mean Muddles

塵世之人理解了四聖諦之後，前文的112位根本見惑就已經被消滅了。八萬四千魔軍由於失了所依，就崩解了，但仍有思煩惱，貪嗔痴的習氣殘餘。這些思惑要依靠道諦的修行，逐步消除。思惑在三界中主要是貪、嗔、痴、慢、身見、邊見，共有16位，列表如下：

After a mundane being understands the Four Cruxes, the 112 fundamental View Muddles of the previous text have been destroyed. The 84,000 demonic armies disintegrate because they have lost their attachments, but there are still remnants of the Mean Muddles, the habits of greed, irritation, and ignorance. These Mean Muddles must be gradually eliminated by relying on the practice of the Path Crux. Mean Muddles leftover in the Three Boundaries are mainly greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, Seth view, and edge view, and 16 of them in total, as listed below:

一）欲界有6使：貪、嗔、痴、慢、身見、邊見；

二）色界有5使：貪、痴、慢、身見、邊見；

三）無色界有5使：貪、痴、慢、身見、邊見。

1) Desire Boundary has 6 messengers: greed, irritation, ignorance, arrogance, Seth view, edge views.

2) Color Boundary has 5 messengers: greed, ignorance, arrogance, Seth view, edge views.

3) Colorless Boundary has 5 messengers: greed, ignorance, arrogance, Seth view, edge views.

佛教又把九地（參見14.3-23至31）的每一地階級成了九品：下下品、下中品、下上品，中下品、中中品、中上品，上下品、上中品、上上品。這樣九地共成81品。於是，欲界總有54位思惑；色界和無色界各有180位思惑。

Buddhism has further classified each of the nine lands (see fig. 14.3-23 through 31) into nine grades: lower-lower grade, lower-middle grade, lower-upper grade, middle-lower grade, middle-middle grade, middle-upper grade, upper-lower grade, upper-middle grade, and upper-upper grade. In this way the nine lands become 81 grades in all. Thus, there are 54 Mean Muddles in Desire Boundary, and 180 Mean Muddles in each of the Color and Colorless Boundaries.

↪️返回第14章《集諦》的目錄↪️Back to Catalog of Chapter 14 Aggregate Crux