豪华轿车自由主义者

维基百科:  豪华轿车自由主义和拿铁自由主义是贬义的美国政治术语，用于说明上层阶级或上层中产阶级地位的政治自由主义者的虚伪行为。这个标签主要源于豪华轿车自由主义者不愿意实践他们声称要坚持的观点，例如。呼吁使用公共交通工具，同时经常使用私人拥有的豪华交通工具，特别是在极度富裕的情况下乘坐豪华轿车或私人飞机，[1] 声称有环保意识但驾驶燃油效率低的车辆，或在送孩子时表面上支持公共教育到学费高昂的独家私立学校。

形成和早期使用 普罗卡奇诺运动 民主党纽约市市长候选人马里奥·普罗卡奇诺在 1969 年激烈的竞选活动中创造了“豪华轿车自由派”一词来形容现任市长约翰·林赛和他富有的曼哈顿支持者。历史学家大卫卡拉汉说普罗卡奇诺：  让人联想到虚伪的富有的坏人的形象，他们不受他们坏主意的负面影响。从那以后，这个主题一直是保守派攻击的主要内容。 [3] 这是一个民粹主义和生产者主义的绰号，隐含指责它所描述的人们不受他们声称造福穷人的计划的所有负面后果的影响，并且这些计划的成本和后果将主要由工人阶级或下层中产阶级的人，他们没有穷到自己成为受益者。特别是，普罗卡奇诺批评林赛偏袒失业的少数族裔，例如。黑人和西班牙裔，超过工人阶级的白人种族。 [4] 一份普罗卡奇诺竞选备忘录抨击“住在第五大道的超级同化富豪，在城外维持一些豪宅，对中产小店主、房主等毫无感情。他们宣扬对抗政治，纵容暴力动乱在社会中，因为他们没有被它所触动并受到他们的朝臣的保护”。 [5] 《独立报》后来表示，“林赛给人的印象是风度翩翩，没有实质内容，是一个‘豪华轿车自由派’，对同时将理查德尼克松送入白宫的同一个‘沉默的大多数’的担忧一无所知。” [6] 以后使用 在 1970 年代，该术语适用于富裕的自由派支持者，他们自己并没有利用这两者。[7]在马萨诸塞州的波士顿，参议员特德·肯尼迪（Ted Kennedy）等公共汽车的支持者将他们的孩子送到私立学校并住在富裕的郊区。对一些南波士顿居民来说，肯尼迪支持一项将他们的孩子与黑人“融合”的计划，而且他显然不愿意对自己的孩子做同样的事情，这是虚伪的。 [8] 到 1990 年代末和 21 世纪初，该术语也开始适用于那些支持环保或“绿色”目标（例如公共交通）但驾驶大型 SUV 或实际上拥有豪华轿车和司机的人。山姆·迪利 (Sam Dealey) 在《标准周刊》(The Weekly Standard) 上撰文，将这个词应用于希拉·杰克逊·李 (Sheila Jackson-Lee)，因为“她的一名工作人员经常在公务车上驾驶一小段时间上班，费用由纳税人承担。”[9 ] 这个词在 2004 年的《法律与秩序》一集中也被弗雷德汤普森的角色亚瑟·布兰奇用来批评他更自由的同事塞雷娜·索瑟林的政治和信仰。南方公园的创作者特雷·帕克和马特·斯通在“自鸣得意的警报！”一集中取笑了一些自由主义者更关心形象而不是真正帮助地球的倾向。[需要引用] 《纽约观察家报》将该词应用于 2008 年民主党总统候选人约翰·爱德华兹（John Edwards）支付 400 美元（相当于 2021 年的 520 美元）理发，并且据该报称，“在封闭式富裕中进行关于贫困的讲座”。 [10] [11 ] 2009 年，一些评论员对前参议院多数党领袖和当时的巴拉克·奥巴马内阁任命的汤姆·达施勒（Tom Daschle）适用该词，原因是他未能偿还使用豪华轿车服务的税款和利息。 [12][13] 民权领袖艾尔·夏普顿（Al Sharpton）使用“拿铁自由主义者”这个词来批评（主要是白人和高收入）左倾人士“坐在汉普顿周围”，他们主张取消对警察运动的资助，而忽视了非洲裔美国人的担忧：遭受高犯罪率并依靠强大的警察部队。 [14] [15]

Limousine liberal

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Limousine liberal and latte liberal are pejorative U.S. political terms used to illustrate hypocritical behavior by political liberals of upper class or upper middle class status. The label stems primarily from unwillingness of limousine liberals to practice the views they purport to uphold, e.g. calling for the use of public transportation while frequently using privately owned luxury transportation, especially by limousines or private jets in the case of the extremely affluent,^[1] claiming environmental consciousness but driving fuel inefficient vehicles, or ostensibly supporting public education while sending their children to exclusive private schools with high tuition fees.^[2]

Contents

• 1 Formation and early use

• 1.1 Procaccino campaign

• 2 Later use

• 3 See also

• 4 References

• 5 Further reading

• 6 External links

Formation and early use

Procaccino campaign

Democratic New York City mayoral hopeful Mario Procaccino coined the term "limousine liberal" to describe incumbent  Mayor John Lindsay and his wealthy Manhattan backers during a heated 1969 campaign. Historian David Callahan says that Procaccino:

conjured up an acid image of  hypocritical wealthy dogooders insulated from the negative fallout of  their bad ideas.  This theme has remained a staple of conservative  attacks ever since.^[3]

It was a populist and producerist  epithet, carrying an implicit accusation that the people it described  were insulated from all negative consequences of their programs  purported to benefit the poor and that the costs and consequences of  such programs would be borne in the main by working class or lower middle class  people who were not so poor as to be beneficiaries themselves. In  particular, Procaccino criticized Lindsay for favoring unemployed  minorities, ex. blacks and Hispanics, over working-class white ethnics.^[4]

One Procaccino campaign memo attacked "rich super-assimilated people who live on Fifth Avenue and maintain some choice mansions outside the city and have no feeling for the small middle class  shopkeeper, home owner, etc. They preach the politics of confrontation  and condone violent upheaval in society because they are not touched by  it and are protected by their courtiers".^[5] The Independent  later stated that "Lindsay came across as all style and no substance, a  'limousine liberal' who knew nothing of the concerns of the same 'silent majority' that was carrying Richard Nixon to the White House at the very same time."^[6]

Later use

In the 1970s, the term was applied to wealthy liberal supporters of open-housing and forced school busing who did not make use of either of these themselves.^[7] In Boston, Massachusetts, supporters of busing, such as Senator Ted Kennedy, sent their children to private schools and lived in affluent suburbs. To some South Boston residents, Kennedy's support of a plan that "integrated" their children with blacks and his apparent unwillingness to do the same with his own children, was hypocrisy.^[8]

By the late 1990s and early 21st century, the term has also come to be applied to those who support environmentalist or "green" goals, such as mass transit, yet drive large SUVs or literally have a limousine and driver. Sam Dealey, writing in The Weekly Standard, applied the term to Sheila Jackson-Lee  for being "routinely chauffeured the one short block to work—in a  government car, by a member of her staff, at the taxpayers' expense."^[9] The term was also used disparagingly in a 2004 episode of Law & Order by Fred Thompson's character, Arthur Branch, to criticize the politics and beliefs of his more liberal colleague, Serena Southerlyn. South Park's creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone poked fun at the tendency of some liberals to be more concerned with image than actually helping the earth in the episode "Smug Alert!".^{[citation needed]}

The New York Observer applied the term to 2008 Democratic presidential candidate John Edwards  for paying $400 (equivalent to $520 in 2021) for a haircut and,  according to the newspaper, "lectures about poverty while living in  gated opulence".^[10][11]

In 2009, the term was applied by some commentators to former Senate Majority Leader and then-Barack Obama cabinet appointee Tom Daschle for failing to pay back taxes and interest on the use of a limousine service.^[12][13]

Civil rights leader Al Sharpton used the term latte liberal to criticize (mostly white and high-income) left-leaning people "sit[ing] around the Hamptons" who advocated for the Defund the police movement and ignored the concerns of African-Americans that suffer under high crime rates and rely on a strong police force.^[14][15]