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Liu Xiaobo

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This article is about the human rights activist. For the taekwondo fighter, see Liu Xiaobo (taekwondo).
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This is a Chinese name; the family name is Liu (劉/刘).
Liu Xiaobo
刘晓波
Born December 28, 1955 (1955-12-28) (age 54)
Changchun, Jilin, China
Nationality Chinese
Alma mater Jilin University
Beijing Normal University
Known for Writer, political commentator, human rights activist
Awards Nobel Peace Prize
2010

Liu Xiaobo (simplified Chinese: 刘晓波; traditional Chinese: 劉曉波; pinyin: Liú Xiǎobō; born December 28, 1955) is a Chinese intellectual, anti-communist and human rights activist in China. He is married to Liu Xia.

He has served as President of the Independent Chinese PEN Center since 2003. On December 8, 2008, Liu was detained in response to his participation with Charter 08. He was formally arrested on June 23, 2009, on suspicion of "inciting subversion of state power."[1][2] He was tried on the same charges on December 23, 2009,[3] and sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights on December 25, 2009.[4]

During his 4th prison term from 2009 to 2020, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize and, subsequently was informed by his lawyer ,[5] that on October 8, 2010, he was named the recipient of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize.[6][7]

Contents

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[edit] Early life and education

Liu was born in Changchun, Jilin in 1955 to an intellectual family. From 1969 to 1973, he was taken by his father to the Horqin Right Front Banner of Inner Mongolia during the Down to the Countryside Movement. At the age of 19, it was once again arranged for him to work in a village in Jilin province and later at a construction company.[8]

In 1976, he studied at Jilin University and earned his B.A. in literature in 1982 and an M.A. in 1984 from Beijing Normal University.[8][9][10]

After graduation, Liu joined the faculty at Beijing Normal University, where he also received a Ph.D. in 1988.

In 1980s, he earned fame in the academic field by writing a series of theses criticizing Li Ze Ho's philosophy. In between 1988-1989, he was a visiting scholar at several universities outside of China, including Columbia University, the University of Oslo, and the University of Hawaii. When the Tiananmen Square protests happened in 1989, he was abroad at the time but decided to go back to China to join the movement.

[edit] Human rights activities

Liu Xiaobo is a human rights activist who has called on the Chinese government to be accountable for its actions. He has been detained, arrested, and sentenced repeatedly for his peaceful political activities, beginning with his participation in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and on four other occasions since.

In a 1988 interview with Hong Kong's Liberation Monthly (now known as Open Magazine), Liu was asked what it would take for China to realize a true historical transformation. He replied in this way: "(It would take) 300 years of colonialism. In 100 years of colonialism, Hong Kong has changed to what we see today. With China being so big, of course it would take 300 years of colonialism for it to be able to transform into how Hong Kong is today. I have my doubts as to whether 300 years would be enough."[11] Liu later admitted that the response was extemporaneous. The quote was nonetheless used against him. He has commented, "Even today [in 2006], patriotic 'angry youth' still frequently use these words to paint me with 'treason.'[11]

In January 1991, Liu Xiaobo was convicted on charges of "counter-revolutionary propaganda and incitement," but he was exempt from criminal punishment.[4] In October 1996, he was ordered to serve three years of reeducation through labor on charges of "disturbing public order"[4][12] for criticizing the Communist Party of China.[13] In 2007, Liu was briefly detained and questioned about articles he wrote which were published online on websites hosted outside Mainland China.

Liu's human rights work has received international recognition. In 2004, Reporters Without Borders honored Liu's human rights work, awarding him the Fondation de France Prize as a defender of press freedom.[14]

Prison terms for Liu Xiaobo[15]
Prison term Reason Result
June 1989 to January 1991 Charged with spreading messages to instigate counterrevolutionary behavior. Imprisoned in one of China's most well-known maximum security prisons, Qincheng Prison, and discharged when he signed a "letter of repentance."
May 1995 - January 1996 Charged with being involved in democracy and human rights movement, voicing publicly the need to redress the mistakes of Released after being jailed for six months.
October 1996 - October 1999 Charged with disturbing the social order Jailed in a labor education camp for three years. During this time, he married Liu Xia.
December 2009- 2020 Charged with spreading a message to subvert the country and authority Sentenced for 11 years and deprived of all political rights for two years.

[edit] Charter 08, arrest and trial

Main article: Charter 08
Political protest in Hong Kong against the detention of Liu Xiaobo

Liu Xiaobo, along with more than three hundred Chinese citizens, signed Charter 08, a manifesto released on the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (December 10, 2008), written in the style of the Czechoslovak Charter 77 calling for greater freedom of expression, human rights, and for free elections.[16] As of May 2009, the Charter has collected over 8,600 signatures from Chinese of various walks of life.[17]

[edit] Arrest

Late in the evening of December 8, 2008, two days before the official release of the Charter, Liu Xiaobo was taken away from his home by police.[18] Another scholar and Charter 08 signatory, Zhang Zuhua, was also taken away by police at that time. According to Zhang, the two were detained on suspicion of gathering signatures to the Charter.[19] While Liu was detained, in solitary confinement,[20] he was not allowed to meet with his lawyer or family, though he was allowed to eat lunch with his wife, Liu Xia, and two policemen on New Year's Day 2009.[21] On June 23, 2009, the Beijing procuratorate approved Liu Xiaobo's arrest on charges of "suspicion of inciting subversion of state power," a crime under article 105 of China's Criminal Law.[22] In a Xinhua news release announcing Liu's arrest, the Beijing Public Security Bureau alleged that Liu had incited the subversion of state power and the overturn of the socialist system through methods such as spreading rumors and slander, citing almost verbatim Article 105; the Beijing PSB also noted that Liu had "fully confessed."[2]

[edit] Trial

On December 1, 2009, Beijing police transferred Liu's case to the procuratorate for investigation and processing;[3] on December 10, the procuratorate formally indicted Liu on charges of "inciting subversion of state power" and sent his lawyers, Shang Baojun and Ding Xikui, the indictment document.[3] He was tried at Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court on December 23, 2009. His wife was not permitted to observe the hearing, although his brother-in-law was present.[3][23][24] Diplomats from more than a dozen states – including the U.S., Britain, Canada, Sweden, Australia, and New Zealand – were denied access to the court to watch the trial and stood outside the court for its duration.[25] Amongst these included Gregory May, political officer at the U.S. Embassy, and Nicholas Weeks, first secretary of the Swedish Embassy.[26] On December 25, Liu Xiaobo was sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights by the Beijing No. 2 Intermediate Court on charges of "inciting subversion of state power." According to Liu's family and counsel, he plans to appeal the judgment.[4] In the verdict, Charter 08 was named as part of the evidence supporting his conviction.[4]

China's political reform [...] should be gradual, peaceful, orderly and controllable and should be interactive, from above to below and from below to above. This way causes the least cost and leads to the most effective result. I know the basic principles of political change, that orderly and controllable social change is better than one which is chaotic and out of control. The order of a bad government is better than the chaos of anarchy. So I oppose systems of government that are dictatorships or monopolies. This is not 'inciting subversion of state power'. Opposition is not equivalent to subversion.

– Liu Xiaobo, Guilty of 'crime of speaking', February 9, 2010[27]

In an article published in the South China Morning Post, Liu argued that his verdict violated China's constitution, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations. He argued that charges against him of 'spreading rumours, slandering and in other ways inciting the subversion of the government and overturning the socialist system' were contrived, as he did not fabricate or create false information, nor did he besmirch the good name and character of others by merely expressing a point of view, a value judgment.[27]

[edit] International response

Political protest in Hong Kong against the arrest of Liu Xiaobo during the Obama China visit.

Following Liu's detention, a number of individuals, states, and organizations across the world called for his release. On December 11, 2008, the U.S. Department of State called for Liu's release;[28] on December 22, 2008, a consortium of scholars, writers, lawyers, and human rights advocates called for Liu's release in an open letter;[29] and on January 21, 2009, 300 international writers, including Salman Rushdie, Margaret Atwood, Ha Jin and Jung Chang, called for Liu's release in a statement put out through PEN.[21] In March 2009 Liu Xiaobo was awarded with the Homo Homini Award by the One World Film Festival, organized by the People in Need foundation, for promoting freedom of speech, democratic principles and human rights.[30]

In December 2009, the European Union and United States both issued formal appeals calling for the unconditional release of Liu Xiaobo.[31][32]

China, responding to the international calls prior to the verdict, stated that other nations should "respect China's judicial sovereignty and to not do things that will interfere in China's internal affairs."[33]

Responding to the verdict, United Nations Human Rights Commissioner Navanethem Pillay expressed concern at the deterioration of political rights in China.[34] German Chancellor Angela Merkel strongly criticized the verdict, stating "despite the great progress in other areas in the expression of views, I regret that the Chinese government still massively restricts press freedom."[35] Canada and Switzerland also condemned the verdict.[36][37] Republic of China (Taiwan) President Ma Ying-jeou called on Beijing to "tolerate dissent".[38] On January 6, 2010, former Czech president Václav Havel joined with other communist-era dissidents at the Chinese embassy in Prague to present a petition calling for Liu's release.[39] On January 22, 2010, European Association for Chinese Studies sent an open letter to Hu Jintao on behalf of over 800 scholars from 36 countries calling for Liu's release.[40]

On January 18, 2010, Liu was nominated for the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize by Václav Havel, the 14th Dalai Lama, André Glucksmann, Vartan Gregorian, Mike Moore, Karel Schwarzenberg, Desmond Tutu, and Grigory Yavlinsky.[41] China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu stated that awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu would be "totally wrong".[42] Geir Lundestad, a secretary of the Nobel Committee, stated the award would not be influenced by Beijing's opposition.[42] On September 25, 2010 The New York Times reported that a petition in support of the Nobel nomination was being circulated in China.[43]

On 14 September 2010, Jón Gnarr, the mayor of Reykjavik met on a unrelated matter with CPC Politburo member Liu Qi and demanded China set the dissident Liu Xiaobo free. Also that September Václav Havel, Dana Nemcova and Václav Maly, leaders of Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution, published an open letter in The International Herald Tribune calling for the award to be given to Liu, while a petition began to circulate soon afterwards.[43][44]

On 6 October 2010, the non-governmental organization Freedom Now, which serves as international counsel to Liu Xiaobo as retained by his family, publicly released a letter from 30 U.S. Members of Congress to President Barack Obama (the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate), urging him to directly raise both Liu Xiaobo's case and that of fellow imprisoned dissident Gao Zhisheng to Chinese President Hu Jintao at the G-20 Summit in November 2010.[45]

[edit] Nobel Peace Prize

On 7 October 2010, Norwegian TV networks reported that Liu Xiaobo was a candidate for the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize.[46] On 8 October 2010 the Nobel Committee awarded him the Prize "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China" making him the first Chinese citizen to win a Nobel Peace prize.[47] The Norwegian Nobel Committee president Thorbjørn Jagland said the choice of Liu as the recipient of the prize had become clear early on in the process.[48] The Chinese foreign ministry had previously warned the Nobel committee not to give Liu the prize, as they said that it would be against Nobel principles.[48]

The state-run Xinhua News Agency later carried a report saying that awarding Liu Xiaobo the prize blaspheme (褻瀆) Alfred Nobel's purpose of creating this prize and "may harm China-Norway relations". The spokeperson added that Liu had broken Chinese law and his "actions run contrary to the purpose of the Nobel Peace Prize."[49][50][51] News of the award were censored in China, with television reports broadcasting the ceremony going out of air and a general media blackout across Chinese media.[52]  Despite being blocked to discuss the news in forums based in the Mainland China, the term blaspheme has stirred up an internet meme in China and has been used to satirize the government's response.

In response to the award announcement, there were messages of congratulations from the world’s leaders. European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso stated that, "The decision of the Nobel Peace Prize Committee is a strong message of support to all those around the world who, sometimes with great personal sacrifice, are struggling for freedom and human rights."[53] The British Foreign Office said the award “shines a spotlight on the situation of human rights defenders worldwide,” and the British Foreign Secretary continued asking for Xiaobo’s release from jail.[54]. The Dalai Lama praised the decision, and called on the Chinese government to release the jailed Xiaobo and launch political, legal and constitutional reforms. [55]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Benjamin Kang Lim, China's top dissident arrested for subversion, Reuters, June 24, 2009.
  2. ^ a b "刘晓波因涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权罪被依法逮捕" (Liu Xiaobo Formally Arrested on 'Suspicion of Inciting Subversion of State Power' Charges), China Review News, June 24, 2009.
  3. ^ a b c d Canghai [沧海], "刘晓波案闪电移送法院 律师两次前往未能会见" [Liu Xiaobo's Case Quickly Escalated to the Court; Lawyers Twice Try to Meet with Liu to No Avail], Canyu [参与], December 11, 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d e Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court, Criminal Verdict no. (2009) yi zhong xing chu zi 3901, unofficial English translation in Human Rights in China, "International Community Speaks Out on Liu Xiaobo Verdict," December 30, 2009.
  5. ^ McKinnon, Mark. "Liu Xiaobo could win the Nobel Peace Prize, and he’d be the last to know". The Globe and Mail. 7 October 2010. 'Ms. Liu said her husband had been told by his lawyer during a recent visit that he had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, but he would be shocked if he won, she said. “I think he would definitely find it hard to believe. He never thought of being nominated, he never mentioned any awards. For so many years, he has been calling for people to back the Tiananmen Mothers (a support group formed by parents of students killed in the 1989 demonstrations)..”'
  6. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Prize Announcement", nobelprize.org, 2010年10月8日, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/announcement.html 
  7. ^ "Liu Xiaobo won the Nobel Peace Prize (劉曉波獲諾貝爾和平獎)", RTHK, 2010年10月8日, http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/expressnews/20101008/news_20101008_55_703618.htm 
  8. ^ a b 明报记者陈阳、方德豪 (2008-10-22). "刘晓波﹕六四损邓历史地位". 明报. http://specials.mingpao.com/cfm/News.cfm?SpecialsID=171&News=8748f0b20c000f9f9c4673ba0d98238f06c5f1fb890e2d0393e24638b82e67. Retrieved 2009-12-26. 
  9. ^ Asia Watch Committee (1990). Repression in China since June 4, 1989: cumulative data. Human Rights Watch. p. 28. ISBN 978-0929692746. 
  10. ^ 劉曉波簡歷
  11. ^ a b Liu Xiaobo, "我與《開放》結緣十九年" (My 19 Years of Ties with "Open Magazine"), Open Magazine, December 19, 2006.
  12. ^ Liu Xiaobo, "劉曉波：勞教 早該被廢除的惡法" (Reeducation-through-labor: An evil law which should be quickly repealed), Observe China, December 6, 2007.
  13. ^ Wang Ming, "A Citizen's Declaration on Freedom of Speech," China Rights Forum (Spring 1997).
  14. ^ Reporters Without Borders, "Fondation de France Prize: Liu Xiaobo Receives Prize for Defence of Press Freedom," December 21, 2004.
  15. ^ 和平獎得主劉曉波小傳, Hong Kong Mingpao
  16. ^ Link, Perry. "Charter 08 Translated from Chinese by Perry Link The following text of Charter 08, signed by hundreds of Chinese intellectuals and translated and introduced by Perry Link, Professor of Chinese Literature at the University of California, Riverside". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22210. Retrieved 2008-12-10. 
  17. ^ "零八宪章签署者已过8600名，第十四批签名人正式名单" (Signatures to Charter 08 exceeds 8600, 14th list of signers attached), Boxun, May 4, 2009.
  18. ^ "著名学者张祖桦、刘晓波'失踪,'" Boxun, December 9, 2008.
  19. ^ "China Detains Dissidents ahead of Human Rights Day," Reuters, December 9, 2008; "Report: Chinese Police Detain Political Critic," Associated Press, December 9, 2008.
  20. ^ Macartney, Jane (December 8, 2009). "Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo begins second year of detention without charge". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6948012.ece. 
  21. ^ a b "Writers Call for China Dissident's Release," Reuters, December 9, 2008
  22. ^ 中华人民共和国刑法 (Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China)
  23. ^ Human Rights Watch, "China: Liu Xiaobo's Trial a Travesty of Justice," December 21, 2009.
  24. ^ Michael Anti, "Liu Xiaobo's brother-in-law says the trial ends without result. Waiting for lawyer coming out," December 23, 2009.
  25. ^ Chinese angered by 'interference' in dissident trial BBC
  26. ^ Cara Anna, "Diplomats Kept Away from China Dissident's Trial," The Associated Press, December 23, 2009.
  27. ^ a b Liu Xiaobo (February 9, 2010) Guilty of 'crime of speaking', South China Morning Post
  28. ^ Sean McCormack, Sean McCormack (December 11, 2008). "Harassment of Chinese Signatories to Charter 08 Press Statement Sean McCormack (spokesman)". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/dec/113124.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-10. 
  29. ^ "Letter from the Consortium for the Release of Liu Xiaobo to China's President Hu Jintao," December 22, 2008.
  30. ^ "One World Homo Homini award goes to Chinese dissident". Aktualne.cz. March 12, 2009. http://aktualne.centrum.cz/czechnews/clanek.phtml?id=631742. Retrieved 2009-12-03. 
  31. ^ Grajewski, Marcin (December 14, 2009), "U.S., EU urge China to release prominent dissident", Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BD4T220091214 
  32. ^ "Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo jailed for subversion". BBC World News. December 25, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8430409.stm. Retrieved 2009-12-25. 
  33. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's Regular Press Conference on December 24, 2009". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. December 25, 2009. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t648102.htm. 
  34. ^ "Imprisonment of Chinese dissident deeply concerns UN human rights chief". United Nations News Service. December 25, 2009. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33348&Cr=China&Cr1=. 
  35. ^ Illmer, Andreas, ed. (December 25, 2009), "Rights groups, West blast China over sentence for leading dissident", Deutsche Welle, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5055977,00.html 
  36. ^ "Canada 'deplores' sentencing of Chinese dissident". AFP. December 26, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iCqREmgQ_6P4REsdQY-srHP_PrJA. 
  37. ^ "Switzerland joins protests against China". Swissinfo. December 26, 2009. http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/index/Switzerland_joins_protests_against_China.html?cid=7973728. 
  38. ^ Central News Agency (December 27, 2009). "Ma asks Beijing to tolerate dissidents". Taiwan News. http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1141993&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng. 
  39. ^ Anderlini, Jamil (January 15, 2010). "The Chinese dissident’s ‘unknown visitors’". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c590cdd0-016a-11df-8c54-00144feabdc0.html. 
  40. ^ "OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". European Association for Chinese Studies. January 22, 2010. http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/nachrichten/2010_01_22_OpenLetter_eng.pdf. 
  41. ^ "A Chinese Champion of Peace and Freedom". Project Syndicate. January 18, 2010. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/havel38/English. 
  42. ^ a b "China opposes Nobel for jailed dissident, lawmakers back Liu Xiabo". phayul.com. February 6, 2010. http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=26569&article=China+opposes+Nobel+for+jailed+dissident%2C+lawmakers+back+Liu+Xiabo. 
  43. ^ a b "Petition Urges Nobel for Jailed Chinese Writer" article by Andrew Jacobs in The New York Times September 25, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
  44. ^ "A Nobel Prize for a Chinese Dissident". The New York Times. September 20, 2010.
  45. ^ http://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Liu-Gao-Letter-from-30-Members-of-Congress.pdf
  46. ^ Fouche, Gwladys. "China's Liu leads Kohl, EU in Peace Nobel race: TV". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6964LP20101007. Retrieved 2010-10-08. 
  47. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/. Retrieved 2010-10-08. 
  48. ^ a b "Nobel Peace Prize awarded to China dissident Liu Xiaobo". BBC News (BBC). 8 October 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11499098. Retrieved 8 October 2010. 
  49. ^ Agence France Presse, Oct 8 2010, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h-cczpx_Ln7Qt5OTGwpm8kMlyKOg?docId=CNG.e4bfcb376f8ac09d47b6d71b8feac4c4.5e1
  50. ^ "外交部发言人马朝旭答记者问". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 2010-10-08. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/fyrbt/t759532.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-08. 
  51. ^ "Awarding Liu Xiaobo Nobel peace prize may harm China-Norway relations, says FM spokesman". Xinhua News Agency. 8 October 2010. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-10/08/c_13547668.htm. 
  52. ^ "China censors Nobel award". Bangkok Post. 8 October 2010. http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/200417/china-censors-nobel-award. 
  53. ^ CNN, World Reacts or Doesn’t to Nobel Announcement, http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/10/08/world-reacts-or-doesnt-to-nobel-announcement/
  54. ^ CNN, World Reacts or Doesn’t to Nobel Announcement, http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/10/08/world-reacts-or-doesnt-to-nobel-announcement/
  55. ^ Dalai Lama congratulated fellow Nobel laureate, Times of India

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