<進入華夏古大陸的先民，主要有南北兩支。>
- 其實有四支。另兩支中一支為漠北進入，一支為海上迂迴進入。
- 人類所有的Y染色體非重組區單倍體基因單倍體型, 大致可劃為18個型態。
- 所有東亞人種的Y染色體基因群, 從18個型態的單倍體基因中, 有人認為共組合成不同的6組, American Journal of Human Genetics 則認為剛進入東亞時只有4組: O*, O1, O2, O3, 再進一步標有16個亞組。
- 6組先民有四支進入華夏古大陸。
- 四支中構成現代漢人Y染色體基因的,主要有南北兩支。即帶M134突變的漢藏祖先先羌，和帶M119突變的百越族。
<南北兩支男性遺傳密碼的Y染色體帶有M122突變。>
- M122分布很廣，幾乎所有的東亞和東南亞包括西藏等地。朝鮮日本東南亞，在太平洋島嶼上也有少量發現。帶M122突變的先民,一支從滇，經康藏，至陝甘，成為北支。另一支從桂粵，經閩浙，至蘇南成為南支。
- American Journal of Human Genetics 則認為南支的M119更古老,直接從M175, 而不是從M122突變而成。可能因時間計算的精確度不一樣而造成的。
<北支則多帶一個M134突變, 就是先羌，即漢族與藏族人的共同祖先, 帶此基因。他們分化的年代約在5000年前。 >
- 北支在6000年前,產生M134突變,就是先羌。
<此後在此基礎上又發生了M117的突變,這個群體就是華人。M117基因在漢滿蒙朝日諸族中比例相近。>
- 先羌在5000年前,產生M117突變,就是北方漢人基因。主要分布在北方漢人以及北方一些民族中間。在現代北方漢人中占80%, 滿蒙朝日族中約10%(值得商榷,需進一步數據核實), 而源於古越族的現代南方漢人占0%。
- 可參閱American Journal of Human Genetics 漢族譜系圖:
北支: M175 deletion -> M122 -> M134 -> M117;
南支: M175 deletion -> M119;
<南支帶着M119突變形成了百越民族。一部分南方漢人中先民可能是古越族的，只帶M119突變, 不帶M134及M117突變。>
- 如按照 American Journal of Human Genetics 漢族譜系圖:
南支不帶M122, M324, M134及M117突變;
- 可參閱復旦大學現代人類學研究中心李輝對古吳人和古越人的對比研究報告。 李輝發現越人各民族的身上有大量的M119突變。吳人則很少有。
- 以下為二手數據，(遺傳學報18(2)：97-108) 中國人口資料與免疫球蛋白數據摘錄： (http://baike.baidu.com/view/625635.html)
．省．．市（人數）Gm1,3;5．Gm1;2．．．市（人數）Gm1,3;5．Gm1;2
河南．洛陽（149）．28.26%．39.35%．．商丘（112）．24.04%．35.48%
浙北．肖山（100）．34.32%．37.34%．．寧波（104）．39.19%．33.16%
浙南．金華（115）．50.84%．19.89%．．溫州（150）．52.01%．25.56%
湖北．黃石（126）．53.91%．22.91%．．武漢（116）．49.99%．18.19%
江西．南昌（104）．54.59%．23.86%．．宜春（150）．59.85%．15.81%
湖南．長沙（140）．60.78%．21.63%．．韶陽（132）．63.76%．18.10%
四川．重慶（136）．62.94%．11.54%．．成都（194）．62.09%．16.84%
福建．福州（088）．59.47%．18.36%．．廈門（115）．64.55%．21.12%
粵東．汕頭（110）．58.46%．16.79%．．梅縣（092）．71.71%．11.76%
兩廣．廣州（144）．74.09%． 9.58%．．柳州（227）．66.76%．14.50%
浙江景寧畲族（120）．75.44%．11.06%
廣西南寧壯族（113）．77.19%． 3.62%
廣西侗族（199）．．．81.05%． 4.56%
貴州台江苗族（114）．87.51%． 9.07%
貴州三都水族（119）．92.11%． 3.93%
河北青龍滿族（104）．18.00%．49.92%
西藏拉薩藏族（103）． 6.05%．56.24%
塞北歸化蒙古族（106）．28.55%．40.90%
- 不難發現免疫球蛋白的異型頻率分布，兩個單體型Gm1,3;5與Gm1;2的出現頻率南方人與北方人差異很大, 但北方漢人與滿蒙藏人非常接近。
- 南北漢人應以浙北，安徽，河南，陝西一線為界: when Gm1,3;5 < 40 and Gm1;2 > 30。
以下為一些原文出處。
1.Ian Tattersall：〈我們人類曾經並不孤獨〉，《科學》，2000年第5期，頁8-14。
2.Xinzhi Wu, et al., Human Evolution in China (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995); Ann Gibbons, "Homo erectus in Java: A 250,000-Year Anachronism", Science 274, no. 5294 (1996): 1841-42；吳新智：〈20世紀的中國人類古生物學研究與展望〉，《人類學學報》，第18卷第3期（1999），頁165-71；吳新智：〈中國遠古人類的進化〉，《人類學學報》，第9卷第4期，頁312-21。
3.Rebecca L. Cann, Mark Stoneking, Allan C. Wilson, "Mitochondria DNA and Human Evolution", Nature 325, no. 6099 (1987): 31-36.
4.L. B. Jorde, et al., "The Distribution of Human Genetic Diversity: A Comparison of Mitochondrial, Autosomal, and Y-Chromosome Data", American Journal of Human Genetics 66, no. 3 (2000): 979-88; Russell Thomson, et al., "Recent Common Ancestry of Human Y Chromosomes: Evidence from DNA Sequence Data", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97 (2000): 7360-65; Michael F. Hammer, "A Recent Common Ancestry for Human Y Chromosomes", Nature 378, no. 6555 (1995): 376-78; Michael P. H. Stumpf , David B. Goldstein, "Genealogical and Evolutionary Inference with the Human Y Chromosome", Science 291, no. 5509 (2001): 1738-42.
5.Peter A. Underhill, et al., "Y Chromosome Sequence Variation and the History of Human Populations", Nature Genetics 26, no. 36 (2000): 358-61; Peter A. Underhill, et al. "The Phylogeography of Y Chromosome Binary Haplotypes and the Origins of Modern Human Populations", Annals of Human Genetics 65 (2001): 43-62.
6.J. Y. Chu, et al., "Genetic Relationship of Populations in China", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95 (1998):11763-68.
7.Bing Su, et al., "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age", Annals of Human Genetics 65, no. 6 (1999): 1718-24.
8.Yuehai Ke, et al., "African Origin of Modern Humans in East Asia: A Tale of 12,000 Y Chromosomes", Science 292, no. 5519 (2001): 1152-54.
9.Li Jin, Bing Su, "Natives or Immigrants: Modern Human Origin in East Asia", Nature Genetics Reviews 1 (2000): 126-32；柯越海等：〈Y染色體單倍型在中國漢族人群中的多態性分布與中國人群的起源及遷移〉，《中國科學》C輯，第30卷第6期（2000），頁614-20。
10.Yuan-Chun Ding, et al., "Population Structure and History in East Asia", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97, no. 25 (2000): 14003-14006; Alison S. Brooks, Bernard Wood, "Palaeoanthropology: The Chinese Side of the Story", Nature 344, no. 6264 (1990): 288-89；翁自力等：〈中國人群遺傳結構分析〉，《人類學學報》，第8卷第3期，頁261-68；S. W. Ballinger, et al., "Southeast Asian Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Reveals Genetic Continuity of Ancient Mongoloid Migrations", Genetics 130 (1992): 139-52.
11.Milford H. Wolpoff, John Hawks, Rachel Caspari, "Multiregional, not Multiple Origins", American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112, no. 1 (2000): 129-36.
12.16.Bing Su, et al., "Y Chromosome Haplotypes Reveal Prehistorical Migrations to the Himalayas", Human Genetics 107 (2000): 582-90.
13.Li Jin, et al., "Mutation Rate Varies among Alleles at a Microsatellite Locus: Phylogenetic Evidence", Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 93(1996):15285-88.
14.Alan R. Templeton, "Out of Africa Again and Again", Nature 416, no. 6876(2002): 45-51.
15.Yaping Qian, et al., "Multiple Origins of Tibetan Y Chromosomes", Human Genetics 106 (2000): 453-54.
17.20.Bing Su, et al., "Polynesian Origins: Insights from the Y Chromosome", Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, 97, no. 15(2000): 8225-28.
18.R. Spencer Wells, et al. "Pattern of Y-Chromosome SNP Diversity in Central Eurasia". (????ted)
19.Bing Xu, Xiufeng Song, Yuehai Ke, "Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Contribution to the Second Wave of Migration to the New World", American Journal of Human Genetics 67, no. 4 (2000): 237.
21.A. W. Bergen, et al. "An Asian-Native American Paternal Lineage Identified by RPS4Y Resequencing and Microsatellite Haplotyping", Annals of Human Genetics, 63 (1999): 63-80.
22.Ornella Semino, et al., "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science 290, no. 5494 (2000): 1155-59; Lucia Simoni, et al., "Geographic Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Europe", American Journal of Human Genetics 66, no. 1 (2000): 262-78.
23.David Comas, et al., "Trading Genes along the Silk Road: mtDNA Sequences and the Origin of Central Asian Populations", American Journal of Human Genetics 63, no. 6 (1998): 1824-38; Anna Perez-Lezaun, et al., "Sex-specific Migration Patterns in Central Asian Populations, Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats and mtDNA", American Journal of Human Genetics 65,no. 2 (1999): 208-19.
24.Rosalind M. Harding, et al., "Archaic African and Asian lineages in the Genetic Ancestry of Modern Humans", American Journal of Human Genetics 60, no. 4 (1997): 772-89; Eugene E. Harris, Jody Hey, "X Chromosome Evidence for Ancient Human Histories", Proceedings of National Academy of Science USA 96, no. 6 (1999): 3320-24.
