解決政治制度的落後性基本上是一個科技研發和推廣運用的問題。在我提出方案之前，讓我們審視一下當今世界爆炸性科技革命浪潮背後的制度環境很有必要。把這個問題看清楚以後，針對政治制度研發和推廣運用所需要的運作機制及其理想制度環境的創建也就很清晰了。下面開始我們的故事。

科技爆炸背後：市場經濟及其配套的五大引擎揭秘！

我們正生活在一個科技大爆炸的時代，然而，很少有人會深入思考這種現象背後的原因。事實上，科技爆炸的發生與制度環境密切相關，市場經濟作為一種強大的動力引擎，推動着勞動力、資本、產品和知識的市場化流動。在這種環境下，每一項新技術的誕生都能找到其商業價值的實現途徑。讓我們更加深入地了解這五大引擎如何相互配合、驅動着科技進步的飛速發展。

首先來看勞動力的市場化，這意義深遠。科研人員的工資高低所反映的一定是他們為企業創造財富的大小，且在數量上是大於或等於工資水平的，否則企業就會把這樣的員工裁減掉。另一方面，科研人員也希望受僱於工資待遇最好或接近最好的企業和崗位。這樣的互動就意味着每一顆螺絲釘都自覺自愿地跑到了能發揮最大作用或產出最大財富的位置上。這就是市場化配置資源所具有的威力。

其次，資本的市場化也起到了關鍵作用。市場經濟為上市公司的創新和研發項目提供了資金保障。通過向市場尋求融資，上市公司可以籌集必要的資金來支持創新和實施新技術。同時，資本市場也激勵企業進行創新，因為只有不斷推陳出新並降低成本，企業才能在競爭激烈的市場中取得優勢。

產品市場上的競爭也是推動科技進步的重要因素之一。在市場經濟中，企業為了在激烈競爭中脫穎而出，不斷推出新產品、改進舊產品，以滿足消費者不斷變化的需求。這種競爭促使企業不斷改進和創新，提高產品質量和降低價格，從而推動科技的進步。

另外，專利制度的實施也對科技進步起到了重要的促進作用。專利制度為發明者和企業提供了法律保護，鼓勵更多的科研人員投入到創新活動中。發明者和企業知道他們的勞動成果將獲得合理的經濟回報，這增加了他們的動力去創造更多創新，並為科技進步做出貢獻。再者專利保護又是風險投資基金介入技術創新為科技型中小企業提供融資的一大依據。

最後，企業化的運營模式使得市場經濟更加完善。在市場經濟中，企業具有靈活的運作機制和高效的決策能力，能夠更好地組織協調人力資源以適應市場需求變化和創新推廣的需要。企業追求利潤的動力也推動着技術的不斷演進和應用

綜上所述，市場經濟及其配套的引擎是推動科技爆炸的重要因素。勞動力的市場化、資本的市場化、產品市場化競爭、專利制度的實施和企業化的運營模式共同構成了一個相互促進的生態系統，為科技進步提供了強大的推動力。這種推動力具體表現為：既製造出對科技進步的強勁需求，又形成了對科技進步的強大供給，還倒逼企業必須快速推廣運用新技術使之成果化效益化。因此，當我們讚嘆現代科技的神奇時，更要認識到這一切離不開一個良好的制度環境的支撐和推動。說的更透徹一點，科技爆炸的巨大紅利也是制度環境帶來的紅利。

既然上述五大引擎在人類廣泛的科技領域中都表現得如此出色，那麼要快速解決政治制度的落後性，以解當前人類生存性安全危機的燃眉之急，則將這五大引擎延伸到政治制度領域的科技研發與推廣應用上應該是一個明智的選擇。

就目前的狀況看在政治制度領域上述五大引擎全都缺位。雖然市場經濟是一種客觀存在的外部大環境，但是它的各個零部件資本的市場化、勞動力的市場化、產品競爭的市場化和企業化的運營模式在政治制度的研發與推廣應用領域都看不見任何蹤影。出現這種狀況的一個重要原因是現行的專利制度並不保護政治制度領域的任何技術創新和推廣應用。

所以我們要做的第一件事就是儘快把專利保護制度延伸到政治制度領域的技術創新及推廣應用上。完成這件事等於點一把火，相當於這個多米諾骨牌系統中要倒下的第一張牌。當政治制度領域的任何技術創新及推廣應用都能因為專利保護而帶來明顯且巨大的賺錢效應後，企業化的運營模式自然會應運而生呼之欲出。

企業化運營模式是市場經濟最為關鍵的零部件。其他幾個零部件如資本的市場化產品競爭的市場化和勞動力資源的市場化都可被視為企業化運營模式的自然延伸。它們所起的作用是進一步加強企業化運營模式使之更有效率。搞清楚這些關係我們就能理解為什麼當今世界絕大多數的科技創新及其推廣應用都是在企業層面實現的。

我們所說的企業化運營在這裡是指這樣一類企業：它們從事政治制度的技術研發，在一些國家的某些區域，擁有制度試點區，相當於一般科研企業的實驗室，在試點區獲得科研成果後，它們會申請並獲得專利。有了專利以後，它們可以直接依靠專利收回投入的研發成本，也可以通過推廣應用其科研成果來實現盈利。它們的客戶是各國的中央政府及地方政府。有時一國的中央政府可能出於某種原因並不熱衷於政治制度的改革，但即便如此，它仍有可能抱着試試看的態度，讓該國的某些區域推行政治制度的改革。還有一些國家它們的地方政府有較大的獨立性，在政治制度的改革問題上無需獲得中央政府的批准。目前全世界有接近200個國家。雖說這些國家在現階段並非個個都渴望進行政治制度的改革，但它們之中肯定會有一批國家希望進行政治改革的。將這批國家與上面談及的地方政府加在一起就是企業的客戶群。企業以工程項目收費的方式派出人員幫助上述國家或地方政府實施政治制度的改革。

在企業創建的早期階段，它是通過個人投資者的籌資或風險投資基金的介入來募集資金的。一旦這類企業開發出很好且獲得專利保護的科技產品並形成賺錢效應後，它們就可以發行股票，進入資本市場，成為上市公司。此後企業在股票市場上的價格波動或計價方式會對其形成更敏感的利益壓力。

當然我們所說的企業不是一家企業，而是若幹家企業或一批企業。企業和企業之間在提供的產品上都有同業的市場化競爭。它是一種以產品質量成本為準繩，趨向於優勝劣汰的運行方式。

伴隨專利保護在政治制度領域的延伸以及上述企業化運營模式的出現，政治制度的研發會成為炙手可熱的一個行業。當人們都知道這個地方下面有個大金礦時，大家便會紛紛趕來淘金挖礦。當然搞研發能出成果的一定是那些特別聰明的人。所以它會吸引到我們人類最精銳的部隊中的一部分，也就是那些特別聰明的精英，前來淘金挖礦。 此時人力資源的市場化配置會讓他們加盟研發大軍，進而實現在賺大錢開心快樂的過程中解決人類政治制度的落後性問題。

從政治制度創新的未來趨勢看，可能會出現兩種情況：第一種情況是新制度是民主制度改進後的加強版。這種情況意味着民主制將成為一種非常穩定且運行良好的狀態，今後不會再發生民主崩潰威權主義復辟的現象。這種情況有利於推動民主制度的全球化。當然它也會讓與這種新型民主制相配套的意識形態成為全球主流意識形態。第二種情況是新制度既繼承了民主制的許多元素也含有威權主義的部分特色，是兩種制度的混合物。在這種情況下，民主派人士可能會有失落，但多數人會以白貓黑貓抓住老鼠就是好貓的實用主義態度來加以面對。以上這兩種情況無論出現哪一種都將有利於打破目前東西方之間在意識形態敵對性上所呈現的僵持狀態。如果意識形態上的敵對性因此而獲得解決，這當然會有利於緩和東西方之間的關係，進而有利於世界和平。

本文所講的制度環境即上述五大引擎至關重要。但是我並不認為創建了這五大引擎我們就能在政治制度的技術進步上實現一步登天馬上研發出全宇宙適合碳基生命中高級動物最先進的政治制度。任何領域的技術進步都是一個漸進的過程。但是好的制度環境一定可以加快這種漸進過程。在上述五大引擎被創建到位的情況下，開始時我們可能研發出比現行東西方政治制度更先進的某種制度。假定這種制度可以讓當今世界主要大國的國內戰爭及國家之間的戰爭延遲50年時間爆發，這就足夠了。有了這50年的寬限時期，我相信五大引擎一定還能繼續幫助我們研發出更為先進的多的政治制度。雖然到那時的水平與全宇宙最先進的水平相比還會有很大的差距，但是這個水平已經足以能讓我們人類間的戰爭永遠成為這個星球的過去式，這樣就足夠我們享用得啦!!!

Bringing the world out of the shadow of war as soon as possible and forever with institutional innovation (II) Zhu Gang

The solution to the backwardness of the political system is basically a matter of scientific and technological research and development and the promotion of its utilization. Before I propose a solution, it is necessary for us to examine the institutional environment behind the wave of explosive technological revolutions in the world today. Once this issue is clarified, the operational mechanisms required for the development and diffusion of political systems and the creation of their ideal institutional environment will become clear. Let us begin our story.

Behind the Technological Explosion: The Market Economy and its Five Supporting Engines Revealed!

We are living in an era of technological explosion, however, few people will think deeply about the reasons behind this phenomenon. As a matter of fact, the occurrence of the technological explosion is closely related to the institutional environment, with the market economy serving as a powerful engine of motivation that drives the market-based flow of labor, capital, products and knowledge. In this environment, the birth of every new technology can find its way to realize its commercial value. Let's take a deeper look at how these five engines complement each other and drive the rapid development of technological progress.

First, let's look at the marketization of labor, which is far-reaching. The wages of researchers must be a reflection of the amount of wealth they create for the enterprise, and in quantitative terms are greater than or equal to the level of wages, otherwise the enterprise will lay off such employees. On the other hand, researchers also want to be employed by firms and positions that pay the best or near the best wages. Such an interaction means that every screw is consciously and voluntarily running to the position where it can make the most difference or produce the most wealth. This is the power that marketized allocation of resources has.

Secondly, the marketization of capital also plays a key role. The market economy provides financial security for the innovation and R&D projects of listed companies. By seeking financing from the market, listed companies can raise the necessary capital to support innovation and the implementation of new technologies. At the same time, the capital market incentivizes firms to innovate because only by constantly pushing the boundaries of what is new and lowering costs can firms gain an advantage in a highly competitive market.

Competition in the product market is also one of the important factors driving technological progress. In a market economy, in order to stand out in the fierce competition, enterprises constantly launch new products and improve old products to meet the changing needs of consumers. This competition prompts enterprises to continuously improve and innovate, increase product quality and lower prices, thus promoting the progress of science and technology.

In addition, the implementation of the patent system also plays an important role in promoting scientific and technological progress. The patent system provides legal protection for inventors and enterprises and encourages more researchers to devote themselves to innovative activities. Inventors and enterprises know that the fruits of their labor will receive a reasonable financial return, which increases their motivation to create more innovations and contribute to scientific and technological progress. Furthermore, patent protection is a great basis for venture capital funds to intervene in technological innovation to provide financing for SMEs in science and technology.

Finally, the enterprise-oriented operation mode makes the market economy more perfect. In the market economy, enterprises have flexible operation mechanism and efficient decision-making ability, and can better organize and coordinate human resources to adapt to changes in market demand and the need for innovation and promotion. The profit-seeking drive of enterprises also drives the continuous evolution and application of technology.

To summarize, the market economy and its supporting engines are important factors driving the explosion of science and technology. The marketization of labor, the marketization of capital, the market-based competition of products, the implementation of the patent system and the entrepreneurial mode of operation together constitute a mutually reinforcing ecosystem, which provides a powerful driving force for the progress of science and technology. This impetus is specifically manifested as: not only to create a strong demand for scientific and technological progress, but also the formation of a strong supply of scientific and technological progress, but also to force enterprises to quickly promote the use of new technologies to make the results of the benefits. Therefore, when we marvel at the magic of modern science and technology, but also to recognize that all this is inseparable from a good institutional environment to support and promote. To put it more thoroughly, the huge dividends of the explosion of science and technology are also the dividends brought by the institutional environment.

Since the above five engines have performed so well in a wide range of scientific and technological fields of mankind, then to quickly solve the backwardness of the political system to solve the urgent needs of the current human existential security crisis, the extension of these five engines to the field of the political system of scientific and technological research and development and popularization of the application of a wise choice.

In the current situation, all the above five engines are absent in the field of political system. Although the market economy is an objective existence of the external environment, but its various parts of the capital of the market, the marketization of labor, product competition in the market and the enterprise mode of operation in the political system of research and development and the promotion of the application of the field can not be seen any trace. An important reason for this situation is that the existing patent system does not protect any technological innovation and popularization of application in the field of political system.

Therefore, the first thing we have to do is to extend the patent protection system as soon as possible to technological innovation and popularization in the field of political system. Completing this task is equivalent to lighting a fire, which is the first card to fall in this domino system. When the political system in the field of any technological innovation and the promotion of the application of patent protection can bring obvious and huge money-making effect, entrepreneurial mode of operation will naturally come into being.

The entrepreneurial mode of operation is the most crucial component of the market economy. Several other components, such as the marketization of capital, the marketization of product competition and the marketization of labor resources can be regarded as natural extensions of the entrepreneurial mode of operation. Their role is to further strengthen the entrepreneurial mode of operation to make it more efficient. By clarifying these relationships we can understand why the vast majority of scientific and technological innovations and their diffusion in the world today are realized at the enterprise level.

By entrepreneurial operation, we mean a type of enterprise that engages in technological research and development of political systems, and in some regions of some countries, has pilot zones of the system, which are equivalent to laboratories of general scientific research enterprises, and after obtaining the results of scientific research in the pilot zones, they apply for and obtain patents. After obtaining a patent, they can directly rely on the patent to recover the cost of the research and development they have invested in, or they can realize profits by promoting the application of their scientific research results. Their clients are the central governments and local governments of various countries. Sometimes the central government of a country may not be keen to reform the political system for some reason, but even so, it may still be tempted to allow certain regions of the country to implement political system reforms. There are also countries where local governments are more independent and do not need the approval of the central government to reform the political system. There are currently close to 200 countries in the world. While not all of these countries are eager to reform their political systems at this stage, there is certainly a group of them that would like to do so. Together with the local governments mentioned above, these countries are the clientele of the enterprise. The enterprise sends personnel to help these countries or local governments to implement political reforms on a project fee basis.

In the early stages of the enterprise, it raises capital through individual investor funding or venture capital funds. Once such enterprises have developed very good and patent-protected scientific and technological products and developed a money-making effect, they can issue shares, enter the capital market and become listed companies. Thereafter the price fluctuation or valuation method of the enterprises in the stock market will exert more sensitive pressure on their interests.

Of course we are not talking about one enterprise, but a number of enterprises or a group of enterprises. There is market-based competition between firms and companies in the same industry for the products they offer. It is a type of operation that tends to operate on the basis of the cost of product quality and tends to favor the best over the worst.

Along with the extension of patent protection in the field of political systems and the emergence of the entrepreneurial mode of operation described above, research and development in political systems will become a hot industry. When people know that there is a big gold mine underneath this place, everyone will rush to dig for gold. Of course, the ones who can produce results in R&D must be the exceptionally smart ones. So it will attract some of the most elite troops of human beings, that is, those particularly smart elites, to come to the gold mine. At this time the market-oriented allocation of human resources will allow them to join the R & D army, and thus realize in the process of making big money happy happy to solve the backwardness of the human political system.

Looking at the future trend of political system innovation, two scenarios may emerge: the first scenario is that the new system is an enhanced version of the improved democratic system. This situation means that democracy will become a very stable and well-functioning state, and the phenomenon of the collapse of democracy and the resurgence of authoritarianism will not occur in the future. This situation is conducive to the globalization of democracy. Of course, it will also allow the ideology that goes with this new type of democracy to become the dominant ideology in the world. The second scenario is that the new system inherits many elements of democracy as well as some features of authoritarianism, and is a mixture of the two systems. In this case, democrats may feel frustrated, but most of them will face the situation with the pragmatic attitude that a white cat and a black cat catching mice is a good thing. Either of these two situations will be conducive to breaking the current stalemate between the East and the West in terms of ideological hostility. If the ideological hostility is thus resolved, this will of course be conducive to easing the relationship between the East and the West, which in turn will be conducive to world peace.

The institutional environment described in this paper, i.e., the five engines mentioned above, is of paramount importance. However, I do not think that by creating these five engines we will be able to realize a step forward in the technological progress of the political system and immediately develop the most advanced political system in the universe that is suitable for the advanced animals in carbon-based life. Technological progress in any field is a gradual process. But a good institutional environment can certainly accelerate this gradual process. With the above five engines being created in place, in the beginning we might develop some kind of system that is more advanced than the current East-West political system. It would be sufficient to assume that such a system could delay the outbreak of domestic wars and interstate wars in the major world powers today by 50 years. With this 50-year grace period, I'm sure the five engines will still be able to continue to help us develop more advanced multi political systems. Although there will still be a big gap between the level at that time and the most advanced level in the universe, this level is already enough to make our inter-human wars become the past tense of this planet forever, which is enough for us to enjoy!