設萬維讀者為首頁 廣告服務 聯繫我們 關於萬維
簡體 繁體 手機版
首頁 新聞 視頻 博客 論壇 分類廣告 購物
版主:奇異恩典
萬維讀者網 > 彩虹之約 > 帖子
轉貼: 從聖經看「靈」、「魂」、「體」
送交者: omni 2005年08月12日11:27:06 於 [彩虹之約] 發送悄悄話

從聖經看「靈」、「魂」、「體」

轉貼

簡介

原文聖經主要用來指「靈」、「魂」、「體」的字如下。 Strong's Dictionary之解釋可參看附錄,因為是字典,當然也包括了希臘人的解釋。


┌──────┬─────────┬────────┐
│中 /英 │希伯來文 │希臘文 │
├──────┼─────────┼────────┤
│魂 soul │ nephesh 05315 │ psuche 5590
│靈 spirit │ ruwach 07307 │ pneuma 4151 │
│體 flesh │ basar 01320 │ sarx 4561 │
│ │ │ soma 4983 │
└──────┴─────────┴────────┘

我們一般上對「體」的認識較明確,而對「靈」與「魂」較陌生。實際上對後二者的定義、認知,及之間的關,於各思想體系都有顯著的分歧。單單在希臘的眾哲學思想就差異頗大,以致各家導出截然不同的結論。東西方的許多思想對「靈」與「魂」的認識與聖經所啟示的又常有出入,因此這是很值得研究的。希臘的思想認為「魂」乃是人內中的部份,是他的位格。因此,「魂」就是指一個人;「我的魂」(“my soul”)就相等於「我」(“I”)。「魂」的特質包括行動、觀察、感受,且是無實體的(亞里士多德,De Anima)。

  因此「魂」可以道德標準來衡量其道德力量。在人內中它有某種能力∶理會事物、管制行動、意志決定(柏拉圖,Republic)。沒有「魂」為基礎,人的智慧與悟性均不能建立。亞里士多德認為「靈」(原文 pneuma具有「氣息」之意)是從胚胎到成熟的個體整個過程中的組成力量,對人來說更是「魂」藉以控制「體」之動力。另外有些學者則致力於細分「魂」的各樣能力,如畢達歌拉派(Pythagoreans)認為「魂」可分為三部份∶思想(logismos),意志(thymos),和欲望(epithymia)。真是眾說紛紜,然而有兩類的說法是值得注意的∶①認為「魂」是屬物質的。

  以彼古羅派(Epicurus)認為「魂」有質量,是與熱氣混和的原子。他們相信無神主義才是正確的宇宙觀,不相信有來生,且認為享樂是人生最高目標。他們不否認眾神的存在,但認為眾神不理凡間俗務,與人毫不相干。當然,他們不談道德觀念、良心問題,只要隨欲而行,放心去做。

  斯多亞派(Stoic)認為「魂」是屬物質的,它從一些物質中得到滋養,充澈人「體」。「魂」與「體」是聯合的,而「魂」的實質卻是「靈」。感情(pathe)是「魂」的最大敵人,要奪其自由。他們為「魂」定下了不自然且不合理的限制。此派主張克己制向善。有趣的是,此派的觀念中「靈」取代了「魂」的功用,認為「靈」是給予感受、思想及言論的元素。

  以彼古羅派是縱主義者,斯多亞派是禁主義者。亦有人說以彼古羅派是哲學界中的撒都該人,斯多亞派是哲學界中的法利賽人,倒說得很貼切。這兩派發起於 300 B.C.左右。保羅第二次道旅程來到雅典,就碰到從這兩門對當時極具影響力的思想派別來的人(徒 17:18)。

  ②認為「魂」是非物質的,卻可從人體中獨立的分出來。

  這種思想的最佳代表人物可算是柏拉圖。他認為「魂」是不滅的(immor-tal)。身「體」乃是「魂」的外衣(peribolon),是「魂」的禁錮。許多的希臘哲學觀點中,認為靈魂居於人內中就如「機器中的魂魄」(theghost in the machine)。這樣的信念是基於「魂」與「體」是全然無關的元素,且能獨立存在。
  聖經提到人的被造時是這樣記錄的∶◆創 2:7耶和華神用地上的塵土造人、將生氣吹在他鼻孔、他就成了有靈的活人、名叫亞當。

Gen 2:7 And the LORD God ????ed man [of] the dust of the ground,and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and manbecame a living soul05315. (Authorised Version)★∶更準確的翻譯應該是「...他就成了活的魂 ...」傳統猶太人的觀念中,「靈」、「魂」、「體」是不能分開的。當人死後,肉體歸入塵土,靈魂則歸入一個沒有思想,沒有喜樂,沒有生氣的靜寂幽暗世界中,直等到神使其復活。今天的猶太拉比依然如此的深信。然而,希臘的眾哲學思想於第一、二世紀對猶太教和基督教有莫大的影響力,不少異端因而產生。使徒寫的書信就多處的看到對斯多亞派和諾斯底主義(Gnosticism)的駁斥。聖經要教導我們的究竟是什麽呢?(二)「靈」、「魂」、「體」的關在神學上對「靈」、「魂」、「體」的討論主要分為「二分法」(dicho-tomy)、「三分法」(trichotomy)和「多分法」(multi-faceted)。最符合聖經的說法要歸「二分法」。必須注意的是,這些教義與希臘哲學的二元分法是全然異的,因為聖經指出此三者至終還是融合而成為一個「人」的。下文將只討論「二分法」(主要內容摘自「系統神學」,卷三,「人類論」,章 力生著,宣道出版社)。以下先例出三種說法的不同∶ 

教義 物質 非物質

二 分法
Dichotomy 身體 魂 靈

三 分法
Trichotomy 身體 魂 | 靈

多分法
Multi-faceted 身體 魂 靈 心 良知 心意 意志

(上表取自「穆迪神學手冊」)

人類的本性乃是二重的∶一方面是物質的,另一方面是非物質的。人乃由身體(flesh)與心靈(soul or spirit)所構成。二分法是合乎聖經的道理,茲分述之∶①關於人類之創造創 2:7非說人已經是活的(肉體),然後上帝將生氣吹在鼻孔使他成為有靈的活人,而是上帝先將生氣吹在鼻孔,然後人才成為活的魂(living soul被譯為「有靈的活人」)。②關於人類的心靈,有別於上帝的靈,又不同於人的身體──乃為靈的住所
◆民 16:22摩西、亞倫就俯伏在地、說、神、萬人之靈的神阿、一人犯罪、你就要向全會眾發怒麽。

Nu 16:22 And they fell upon their faces, and said, O God, theGod of the spirits07307 of all flesh01320, shall oneman sin, and wilt thou be wroth with all the congregation?
◆亞 12:1耶和華論以色列的默示。鋪張諸天、建立地基、造人面之靈的耶和華說.Zec 12:1 The burden of the word of the LORD for Israel, saiththe LORD, which stretcheth forth the heavens, and layeththe foundation of the earth, and ????eth the spirit07307 of man within him.
◆林前 2:11除了在人頭的靈、誰知道人的事.像這樣、除了神的靈、也沒有人知道神的事。
1Co 2:11 For what man knoweth the things of a man, save thespirit 4151 of man which is in him? even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit4151 of God.

從這些經文看來,可知人的靈魂有別於神的靈。因此諾斯底主義主張人的「靈」與上帝的「靈」本質上相同,是與聖經的說法全然相違的。再從下列的經文又可看出靈魂與所住的身體不同。

  ★∶諾斯底主義認為得到「真知識」(gnosis)就認識了自己內中昏睡的「靈」,然後把這與上帝同等的「靈」釋放出來。這「真知識」是不能通過教導或理智的途徑獲得的,它必須用一些神秘性的自我發現途徑(如冥想)才能獲得啟迪,因此以其說是「真知識」不如說是「神秘知識」。過去我們對諾斯底主義的認識主要都是從早期教父們對它的批判所留下之文獻獲得的。直到 1945年左右,當一整套諾斯底主義者他們本身所寫的文獻、經典在埃及被發現後,我們才真正有機會進一步的解這個學說與信仰。這主義與今天的 New Age思想就如同出一爐,在美國甚至有人引用上述的經典來傳遞 New Age的訊息,所以 New Age可說是諾斯底主義的延續發展。

  ◆創35:18他將近於死、靈魂要走的時候、就給他兒子起名叫便俄尼、他父親卻給他起名叫便雅憫。
Gen 35:18 And it came to pass, as her soul05315 was indeparting, (for she died) that she called his name Benoni:but his father called him Benjamin.★∶「靈魂」原文是「魂」。

  ◆王上 17:21以利亞三次伏在孩子的身上、求告耶和華、說、耶和華我的神阿、求你使這孩子的靈魂、仍入他的身體。
1Kings 17:21 And he stretched himself upon the child threetimes, and cried unto the LORD, and said, O LORD my God, Ipray thee, let this child's soul05315 come into him again.★∶「靈魂」原文是「魂」。

  ◆傳 12:7塵土仍歸於地、靈仍歸於賜靈的神。
Ec 12:7 Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was: and the spirit07307 shall return unto God who gave it.

◆路 8:54耶穌拉著他的手、呼叫說、女兒、起來罷。
  ◆路 8:55他的靈魂便回來、他就立刻起來了.耶穌吩咐給他東西。
Lu 8:54 And he put them all out, and took her by the hand, and called, saying, Maid, arise.Lu 8:55 And her spirit4151 came again, and she arosestraightway: and he commanded to give her meat.★∶「靈魂」原文是「靈」。

  ◆雅 2:26身體沒有靈魂是死的、信心沒有行為也是死的。
Jas 2:26 For as the body 4983 without the spirit4151 is dead, so faith without works is dead also.★∶「靈魂」原文是「靈」。

  從上述第一類的經文看來我們便應該駁斥泛神論;從第二類的經文來看,便應該駁斥唯物論。

  ③關於「靈」與「魂」的互用

◆創 41:8到了早晨、法老心不安、就差人召了埃及所有的術士和博士來.法老就把所作的夢告訴他們、卻沒有人能給法老圓解。
Gen 41:8 And it came to pass in the morning that his spirit07307 was troubled and he sent and called for all themagicians of Egypt, and all the wise men thereof: andPharaoh told them his dream; but [there was] none thatcould interpret them unto Pharaoh.★∶「心」原文是「靈」。

◆詩 42:6我的神阿、我的心在我面憂悶.所以我從約但地、從黑門嶺、從米薩山、記念你。
Ps 42:6 O my God, my soul05315 is cast down within me:therefore will I remember thee from the land of Jordan,and of the Hermonites, from the hill Mizar.★∶「心」原文是「魂」。

◆太20:28正如人子來、不是要受人的服事、乃是要服事人.且要命、作多人的贖價。
Mat 20:28 Even as the Son of man came not to be ministeredunto, but to minister, and to give his life5590 a ransomfor many.★∶「命」原文是「魂」。

◆太27:50耶穌又大聲喊叫、氣就斷了。
Mat 27:50 Jesus, when he had cried again with a loud voice,yielded up the ghost4151.★∶「氣」原文是「靈」。

◆約12:27我現在心憂愁、我說甚麽好呢.父阿、救我脫離這時候.但我原是為這時候來的。
Jn 12:27 Now is my soul5590 troubled; and what shall I say?★∶「心」原文是「魂」。

◆約13:21耶穌說了這話、心憂愁、就明說、我實實在在的告訴你們、你們中間有一個人要賣我了。
Jn 13:21 When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit4151, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say untoyou, that one of you shall betray me.★∶「心」原文是「靈」。

◆來12:23有名錄在天上諸長子之會所共聚的總會、有審判眾人的神、和被成全之義人的靈魂、
Heb 12:23 To the general assembly and church of the firstborn,which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all,and to the spirits 4151 of just men made perfect,★∶「靈魂」原文是「靈」。

◆啟 6:9揭開第五印的時候、我看見在祭壇底下、有為神的道、為作見證、被殺之人的靈魂.
Rev 6:9 And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under thealtar the souls5590 of them that were slain for the wordof God, and for the testimony which they held:★∶「靈魂」原文是「魂」。

④身體與靈魂(soul or spirit)聯用,便構成全人

◆太10:28那殺身體不能殺靈魂的、不要怕他們.惟有能把身體和靈魂都滅在地獄的、正要伯他。
Mat 10:28 And fear not them which kill the body4983, but are not able to kill the soul5590: but rather fear him whichis able to destroy both soul5590 and body4983 in hell.

◆約三 2親愛的兄弟阿、我願你凡事興盛、身體健壯、正如你的靈魂興盛一樣。
3 Jn 1:2 Beloved, I wish above all things that thou mayestprosper and be in health, even as thy soul5590 prospereth.

如前文所述,這二分法與希臘哲學的「行論」(Parallelism)不同。後者雖然認為人有兩種實質,但兩者行,不構成一個機體。這種學說悖乎聖經的真理。人類雖有兩種不同的實質,但不因此就有兩個主體。人每一 個動作,乃是其全人的作為。一言以蔽之,靈魂與身體乃是聯為一體的。譬如犯罪,不能說僅是「靈」犯罪,而是整個人犯罪(審判時,上帝不只是審判人的靈魂,而是先讓人──括靈魂與身體──復活後再審判其完全的人,約5:29);不僅是身體死亡,乃是整個人死亡;不僅是靈魂得救,而是整個人,身體與靈魂都在主耶穌基督得救。在哲學方面,「魂」(soul)是指與獸類有關的人之心靈元素而言;「靈」(spirit)是同樣屬靈的元素,卻是指較高的屬靈世界和上帝而言。然而,在原文聖經,這兩個字卻有不同的用法∶無論是「靈」(ruwach-pneuma)或是「魂」(nephesh-psuche),都可以用來指人類或獸類。例如

◆傳 3:21誰知道人的靈是往上升、獸的魂是下入地呢。
Ecc 3:21 Who knoweth the spirit07307 of man that goethupward, and the spirit07307 of the beast that goethdownward to the earth?★∶原文只用了「靈」這個字。

◆啟 16:3第二位天使把碗倒在海里,海就變成血,好象死人的血,海中的活物都死了。
Rev 16:3 And the second angel poured out his vial upon the sea;and it became as the blood of a dead [man]: and everyliving soul5590 died in the sea.★∶「海中的活物」原文是「海中活的魂」,與創 2:7相似。

「靈」與「魂」二詞的分別,照聖經來講,「靈」乃是人的屬靈元素,乃是管制身體行動之生命的性能,「魂」也是屬靈元素,乃為一人行動的主體。

神學家霍治(A. A. Hodge)說∶「魂是靈的化身,乃是有肉身的靈。因此我們絕不能說天使有魂。天使乃純粹是靈。」我們可以說「靈」與「魂」乃為同一個屬靈的實質,僅為「一物之兩面」,無實質的不同。人性的要素中一為身體,另一為靈魂。只有在這二者的融合下才是完全的人。

以下三處經文似乎不同意二分法,尤其後二者更常被用來反駁二分法∶

①林前 15:45經上也是這樣記著說、『首先的人亞當、成了有靈的活人。』[靈或作血氣]末後的亞當、成了叫人活的靈。
1Co 15:45 And so it is written, The first man Adam was made aliving soul5590; the last Adam [was made] a quickeningspirit4151.★以上引的是英文 AKJV版本。此處 Darby的翻譯很好∶

①林前 15:45經上也是這樣記著說、『首先的人亞當、成了有靈的活人。
1Co 15:45 Thus also it is written, The first Adam became aliving soul 5590; the last Adam a quickening spirit4151.quickening≡ life-giving直翻的話就是「....賜生命的靈」。和合本聖經翻譯得也不錯。從首先的亞當而出者是屬肉體的,必定要死;從末後的亞當而出者是屬靈性的,必得永生。這是本節的重點,可能因這關,保羅用了 soul與 spirit兩個字。從另一方面來看,亞當是人,耶穌也是人,因此可說是兩字互用的例子。另外,由於這節提到神的救贖,要表明末後亞當的神性,這樣的例子該算是特別的。

②帖前 5:23願賜平安的神、親自使你們全然成聖.又願你們的靈、與魂、與身子、得蒙保守、在我主耶穌基督降臨的時候、完全無可指摘。
1Th 5:23 And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and [Ipray God] your whole spirit4151 and soul5590 and body4983 be preserved blameless unto the coming of our LordJesus Christ.★這節的重點在於 wholly「全然」。 be preserved blameless或作 bepreserved entire。保羅用了 singular verb和 singular adjective,因此保羅的觀念,「靈」、「魂」、「體」是單獨一體的。另外,保羅在羅 8:10;林前 5:5; 7:34;林後 7:1;弗 2:3;西 2:5,都僅提到「肉體與心靈」、「身體與靈魂」、「肉體與心」、「身子與心」等等,而不同時提到「靈」、「魂」、「體」。

③來 4:12神的道是活潑的、是有功效的、比一切兩刃的劍更快、甚至魂與靈、骨節與骨髓、都能刺入剖開、連心中的思念和主意、都能辨明。
Heb 4:12 For the word of God [is] quick, and powerful, andsharper than any twoedged sword, piercing even to thedividing asunder of soul5590 and spirit4151, and ofthe joints and marrow, and [is] a discerner of the thoughtsand intents of the heart.★這節的重點在於上帝的道的犀利、那分辨的功效,能把那種難以區分或不能區分的東西分開。先看看「思念」與「主意」∶我從思想產生出主意,我的主意包含我的思想。請問∶這思想與主意要如何的切分為獨立的呢?這樣說來,這節反倒說明「靈」與「魂」是融合為一的。***********************************************************************附錄∶ Strong's Dictionary05315 nephesh{neh'-fesh}from 05314; TWOT - 1395a; n fAV - soul 475, life 117, person 29, mind 15, heart 15, creature 9,body 8, himself 8, yourselves 6, dead 5, will 4, desire 4, man 3,themselves 3, any 3, appetite 2, misc 47; 7531) soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being,desire, emotion, passion1a) that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, theinner being of man1b) living being1c) living being (with life in the blood)1d) the man himself, self, person or individual1e) seat of the appetites1f) seat of emotions and passions1g) activity of mind1g1) dubious1h) activity of the will1h1) dubious1i) activity of the character1i1) dubious5590 psuche{psoo-khay'}from 5594; TDNT - 9:608,1342; n fAV - soul 58, life 40, mind 3, heart 1, heartily + 1537 1, not tr 2; 1051) breath1a) the breath of life1a1) the vital force which animates the body and shows itselfin breathing1a1a) of animals1a12) of men1b) life1c) that in which there is life1c1) a living being, a living soul2) the soul2a) the seat of the feelings, desires, affections, aversions(our heart, soul etc.)2b) the (human) soul in so far as it is constituted that bythe right use of the aids offered it by God it can attainits highest end and secure eternal blessedness, the soulregarded as a moral being designed for everlasting life2c) the soul as an essence which differs from the body and is notdissolved by death (distinguished from other parts of the body)07307 ruwach{roo'-akh}from 07306; TWOT - 2131a; n fAV - Spirit or spirit 232, wind 92, breath 27, side 6, mind 5, blast 4,vain 2, air 1, anger 1, cool 1, courage 1, misc 6; 3781) wind, breath, mind, spirit1a) breath1b) wind1b1) of heaven1b2) quarter (of wind), side1b3) breath of air1b4) air, gas1b5) vain, empty thing1c) spirit (as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation)1c1) spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour1c2)
courage1c3) temper, anger1c4) impatience, patience1c5) spirit, disposition (as troubled, bitter, discontented)1c6) disposition (of various kinds), unaccountable oruncontrollable impulse1c7) prophetic spirit1d) spirit (of the living, breathing being in man and animals)1d1) as gift, preserved by God, God's spirit, departing atdeath, disembodied being1e) spirit (as seat of emotion)1e1) desire1e2) sorrow, trouble1f) spirit1f1) as seat or organ of mental acts1f2) rarely of the will1f3) as seat especially of moral character1g) Spirit of God, the third person of the triune God, the HolySpirit, coequal, coeternal with the Father and the Son1g1) as inspiring ecstatic state of prophecy1g2) as impelling prophet to utter instruction or warning1g3) imparting warlike energy and ????utive and administrativepower1g4) as endowing men with various gifts1g5) as energy of life1g6) as manifest in the Shekinah glory1g7) never referred to as a depersonalised force4151 pneuma{pnyoo'-mah}from 4154; TDNT - 6:332,876; n nAV - Spirit 111, Holy Ghost 89, Spirit (of God) 13,Spirit (of the Lord) 5, (My) Spirit 3, Spirit (of truth) 3,Spirit (of Christ) 2, human (spirit) 49, (evil) spirit 47,spirit (general) 26, spirit 8, (Jesus' own) spirit 6,(Jesus' own) ghost 2, misc 21; 3851) the third person of the triune God, the Holy Spirit, coequal,coeternal with the Father and the Son1a) sometimes referred to in a way which emphasises hispersonality and character (the Holy Spirit)1b) sometimes referred to in a way which emphasises his workand power (the Spirit of Truth)1c) never referred to as a depersonalised force2) the spirit, i.e. the vital principal by which the body is animated2a) the rational spirit, the power by which the human being feels,thinks, decides2b) the soul3) a spirit, i.e. a simple essence, devoid of all or at leastall grosser matter, and possessed of the power of knowing,desiring, deciding, and acting3a) a life giving spirit3b) a human soul that has left the body3c) a spirit higher tha
n man but lower than God, i.e. an angel3c1) used of demons, or evil spirits, who were conceivedas inhabiting the bodies of men3c2) the spiritual nature of Christ, higher than the highestangels and equal to God, the divine nature of Christ4) the disposition or influence which fills and governs the soulof any one4a) the efficient source of any power, affection, emotion, desire, etc.5) a movement of air (a gentle blast)5a) of the wind, hence the wind itself5b) breath of nostrils or mouth01320 basar{baw-sawr'}from 01319; TWOT - 291a; n mAV - flesh 256, body 2, fatfleshed + 01277 2, leanfleshed + 01851 2,kin 2, leanfleshed + 07534 1, mankind + 0376 1, myself 1,nakedness 1, skin 1; 2691) flesh1a) of the body1a1) of humans1a2) of animals1b) the body itself1c) male organ of generation (euphemism)1d) kindred, blood-relations1e) flesh as frail or erring (man against God)1f) all living things1g) animals1h) mankind4561 sarx{sarx}probably from the base of 4563; TDNT - 7:98,1000; n fAV - flesh 147, carnal 2, carnally minded + 5427 1, fleshly 1; 1511) flesh (the soft substance of the living body, which coversthe bones and is permeated with blood) of both man and beasts2) the body2a) the body of a man2b) used of natural or physical origin, generation orrelationship2b1) born of natural generation2c) the sensuous nature of man, "the animal nature"2c1) without any suggestion of depravity2c2) the animal nature with cravings which incite to sin2c3) the physical nature of man as subject to suffering3) a living creature (because possessed of a body of flesh)whether man or beast4) the flesh, denotes mere human nature, the earthly nature of man apartfrom divine influence, and therefore prone to sin and opposed to God4983 soma{so'-mah}from 4982; TDNT - 7:1024,1140; n nAV - body 144, bodily 1, slave 1; 1461) the body both of men or animals1a) a dead body or corpse1b) the living body1b1) of animals2) the bodies of planets and of stars (heavenly bodies)3) is used of a (large or small) number of
men closely united into onesociety, or family as it were; a social, ethical, mystical body3a) so in the NT of the church4) that which casts a shadow as distinguished from the shadow itself03335 yatsar{yaw-tsar'}probably identical with 03334 (through the squeezing into shape),([compare 03331]); TWOT - 898; vAV - ???? 26, potter 17, fashion 5, maker 4, frame 3, make 3,f_ormer 2, earthen 1, purposed 1; 621) to f_orm, fashion, frame1a) (Qal) to f_orm, fashion1a1) of human activity1a2) of divine activity1a2a) of creation1a2a1) of original creation1a2a2) of individuals at conception1a2a3) of Israel as a people1a2b) to frame, pre-ordain, plan (fig. of divine)purpose of a situation)1b) (Niphal) to be f_ormed, be created1c) (Pual) to be predetermined, be pre-ordained1d) (Hophal) to be f_ormed--


0%(0)
標 題 (必選項):
內 容 (選填項):
實用資訊
回國機票$360起 | 商務艙省$200 | 全球最佳航空公司出爐:海航獲五星
海外華人福利!在線看陳建斌《三叉戟》熱血歸回 豪情築夢 高清免費看 無地區限制
一周點擊熱帖 更多>>
一周回復熱帖
歷史上的今天:回復熱帖
2004: 自由意志的屬性(二)
2004: 愛德華滋 摘錄 ( 16, )
2003: 阿Q得救記(1)
2003: 熊璩:從哲學的角度看進化與創造