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王健同志被解剖開膛剖背前後照片

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中國航空母艦戰鬥群為紙質老虎  美媒今日反華毒文

China's Aircraft Carriers 

Are a Paper Tiger (For Now)

It all comes down to a few simple facts.

by David Axe   December 30, 2019

The Chinese navy on Dec. 17, 2019 commissioned into service its second aircraft carrier, Shandong. China’s leader Xi Jinping presided over the commissioning ceremony at a naval base in Sanya, on the southern island of Hainan, the ship’s home port.

With Shandong in service, the Chinese fleet now ties the Royal Navy as the second-biggest operator of carriers that are capable of operating fixed-wing aircraft. The U.S. Navy, the number-one carrier power, possesses 20 ships capable of launching and recovering airplanes.

Shandong is a somewhat improved copy of China’s first flattop Liaoning, herself a refurbished ex-Ukrainian vessel dating from the late 1980s. Shandong boasts roomier hangars and as such reportedly can embark up to 36 fixed-wing fighters, as opposed to the 24 that fit aboard Liaoning.

But the slightly bigger air wing still suffers crippling limitations that could prevent Shandong from ever playing a meaningful role in a major conflict.

It all comes down to a few simple facts. China operates just one carrier-capable fighter, the J-15. A copy of the Soviet Su-33, the J-15 is heavy. In fact, at 19 tons empty, it’s the heaviest fixed-wing carrier plane currently in service anywhere in the world. The U.S. Navy’s own F/A-18E/F Super Hornet fighter weighs just 16 tons empty.

The J-15’s weight might not be a major issue if Chinese carriers featured catapults like American carriers do. But they don’t. Instead, both Liaoning and Shandong launch their planes via a bow-mounted ramp. The ramp launch method imparts much less energy that catapult-launch can do, meaning the Chinese carriers planes must keep down their loaded weight.

The Washington, D.C. Center for Strategic and International Studies estimated the J-15’s maximum takeoff weight during carrier operations to be around 31 tons. America’s 10 nuclear-powered supercarriers with their catapults can launch planes weighing up to 50 tons.

At 31 tons, the J-15 can carry only minimal fuel and weapons. Indeed, no public photos or videos of Chinese carriers operations have depicted J-15s launching while carrying more than a few small air-to-air missiles. Realistically, J-15s wouldn’t be able to haul a meaningful weapons load into combat.

Aerial refueling somewhat could mitigate that weight limitation. But “the practice remains difficult to execute, and the [Chinese navy’s] refueling capabilities are not yet fully developed,” CSIS explained.

Chinese officials are well aware of the J-15’s problems. “Its weight is one of the key reasons military leaders have pushed for the use of an electromagnetic aircraft launch system – rather than steam-powered catapults – on China’s third carrier, which is currently under construction,” South China Morning Post noted.

But even launching via catapult, the J-15 could prove to be a dog -- especially if the catapult is steam-powered. “If China insisted on using steam-powered catapults to launch the J-15, it would look like forcing a toddler to run with [Chinese hurdler] Liu Xiang and [Jamaican sprinter] Usain Bolt,” an unnamed expert told South China Morning Post. “That would be so embarrassing!”

China like the United States is working on more efficient electromagnetic catapults. The Chinese navy reportedly plans to install the electromagnetic launchers on the country’s third carrier, which could commission in the mid-2020s. Beijing reportedly aims to acquire just four carriers including Liaoning and Shandong.

In a 2017 interview with China Central Television, Chinese navy rear admiral Yin Zhuo, a senior researcher at the fleet’s research center, said China had complete “hundreds of [land-based] tests” with the new catapult and J-15s. But the electromagnetic catapult is a new technology and has proved difficult even for the Americans to build. It’s unclear whether China’s version of the catapult will be ready in time for the third carrier’s launch.

Under the best of circumstances, China’s future carrier fleet with its four flattops will include at most two vessels that are capable of launching J-15s with full loads of weapons and fuel. The other two carriers will continue launching fighters that are too heavy for their ramps and thus incapable of hauling the weapons and fuel they’d need in order to actually contribute to an aerial battle.

David Axe serves as Defense Editor of the National Interest. He is the author of the graphic novels  War Fix, War Is Boring and Machete Squad.

  谷歌同志一秒鐘完活兒譯文：

中國海軍於2019年12月17日啟用了其第二艘航母山東。中國領導人習近平在該船的母港海南南部島嶼三亞的一個海軍基地主持了調試儀式。

在山東服役後，中國艦隊現在將皇家海軍列為能夠操縱固定翼飛機的第二大航母運營商。美國海軍是第一大航母，擁有20艘能夠發射和恢復飛機的艦船。

山東是中國第一艘平頂遼寧的翻版，而遼寧本人是1980年代後期翻新的前烏克蘭船隻。山東擁有機庫較大的機庫，據報道，該機庫最多可搭載36架固定翼戰鬥機，而遼寧省則有24架。

但是，稍大一些的空中機翼仍然遭受着嚴重的限制，這可能會阻止山東在重大衝突中發揮重要作用。

一切都歸結為一些簡單的事實。中國僅運營一架具備航母能力的戰鬥機，即J-15。 J-15是蘇聯Su-33的復製品，很重。實際上，這是一架空載19噸的飛機，是目前世界上服務最重的固定翼運輸機。美國海軍自己的F / A-18E / F超級大黃蜂戰鬥機僅重16噸。

如果中國戰艦像美國戰艦那樣配備彈射器，J-15的重量可能不會成為主要問題。但是他們沒有。取而代之的是，遼寧和山東都通過弓形舷梯發射飛機。斜面發射方法所傳遞的能量要比彈射器發射的能量少得多，這意味着中國航母飛機必須保持輕載。

華盛頓特區戰略與國際研究中心估計，J-15在航母運營期間的最大起飛重量約為31噸。美國的10架帶有彈射器的核動力超級航母可以發射重達50噸的飛機。

J-15的重量僅為31噸，只能攜帶最少的燃料和武器。的確，沒有公開的照片或中國航母運營的視頻描述了J-15在運載多於幾枚小型空空導彈的同時發射。實際上，J-15戰鬥機無法運送有意義的武器。

空中加油可以減輕重量限制。但是，“這種做法仍然很難執行，[中國海軍]的加油能力還沒有得到充分發展，” CSIS解釋說。

中國官員非常了解J-15的問題。 《南極早報》指出：“重量是軍事領導人推動在中國正在建造的中國第三艘航母上使用電磁飛機發射系統而不是蒸汽動力彈射器的關鍵原因之一。”

但是即使通過彈射器發射，J-15還是可以證明是狗-特別是如果彈射器是蒸汽驅動的。一位不願透露姓名的專家告訴《南華早報》：“如果中國堅持使用蒸汽彈射器來發射J-15，那看起來就像是強迫幼兒與[中國跨欄運動員]劉翔和[牙買加短跑運動員] Usain Bolt一起奔跑。” 。 “那太尷尬了！”

像美國這樣的中國正在研究更高效的電磁彈射器。據報道，中國海軍計劃在該國的第三艘航母上安裝電磁發射器，這可能會在2020年代中期投入使用。據報道，北京的目標是僅收購包括遼寧和山東在內的四家航空公司。

在2017年接受中央電視台採訪時，艦隊研究中心資深研究員中國海軍少將尹卓表示，中國已經完成了帶有新型彈射器和J-15的“數百次（陸基）測試”。但是電磁彈射器是一種新技術，即使對於美國人來說，也證明是困難的。目前尚不清楚中國版本的彈射器是否會及時為第三個航母的發射做好準備。

在最好的情況下，中國未來的艦隊將配備四個平台，最多將包括兩艘能夠裝滿武器和燃料的J-15降落艦。另外兩家航母將繼續發射過於笨重的戰鬥機，以致於無法為實際空戰做出貢獻所需的武器和燃料。

大衛·阿克斯（David Ax）擔任國家利益的國防編輯。他是圖畫小說《戰爭修正》，《戰爭無聊》和《彎刀小隊》的作者。