人，此說為意，因凡人所作，意圖和計劃在先。人趣，亦作人道，因為此類眾生在因之時能行五戒。五戒是：一、不殺生，二、不偷盜，三、不邪淫，四、不妄語，五、不飲酒。人的生活是苦樂相間。作中品十善者，感此道生。下文略辨中品十善。

Human, here says intent because whatever a human does, intention or plan goes first. Human interest, also known as humanity, because they could perform five precepts when they were on their causes. The five precepts are: 1. Do not kill, 2. Do not steal, 3. Do not engage in heretical sexual conduct, 4. Do not lie, and 5. Do not drink alcohol. Human life is a mixture of bitter and laugh. The ten benevolences of the middle grade led to rebirth of sentients in this path. The following is a brief identification of Ten Benevolences of the middle grade.

一、約境說，唯於順境和不順不逆的環境中能守護身口意三業。

二、約心說，善念淳熟，但未猛利。

三、約事說，或數為小善，或偶為勝善。

以要言之，有施有戒，是人道因。

1. Aggregating heart’s environments to say, human can protect bodily karma, oral karma, and intentional karma in enjoyable environment and in neither enjoyable nor adverse circumstances.

2. Aggregating heart to say, human being is with pure and matured good wills, but not bravely to do.

3. Aggregating affair to say, humans do small goods again and again, occasionally do great good.

Generally, having donations and precepts, are reasons for the human path.

13.1.5-2 四洲 Four Continents

人有四大洲、八中洲等分別。什麼是這裡說的洲？即大量的身土，即大量的塵剎土，即大量的色塵、聲塵、香塵、味塵、觸塵、和法塵， 即許多感知或覺， 如插圖13.1.5所說的三千大千世界是由十億塵剎土構成的。八中洲，如插圖13.1.5-18，亦作八忍地，八大金剛，八大人，忍渡，參見《佛遺教經》中的八大人。插圖1至22是墨西哥（如圖23和24，亦作特拉洛克，約活越在公元1325年）所畫的生命之樹的樹幹。圖18是 “人的肖像” ；筆者我認為那是墨西哥基於自己的腸子所畫出的 “忍渡標誌” 。

There are four great continents, eight medium continents, and other distinctions among human beings. What are the continents spoken of here? That is, a great deal of body-soils, that is, a great deal of dust-instant-soils, that is, a great deal of color-dust, sound-dust, scent-dust, taste-dust, touch-dust, and juristic-dust, that is, a great deal of perceptions or sensations, as in Illustration 13.1.5, which says that the Great Grand Worlds are made up of a billion dust-instant-soils. The Eight Medium Continents, as in Illustration 13.1.5-18, are also known as the Eight Countenance Lands, the Eight Great Philosopher Stones, the Eight Great Humans, and the Ark of Countenance, cf. the Eight Great Humans in the Sutra of Buddha’s Will. Illustrations 1 through 22 are the trunk of the Life Tree as painted by Mexico (e.g., Figs. 23 and 24, also known as Tlaloc, lived ca. 1325 CE). Fig. 18 is the "Portrait of a Man"; the author I believe that is the "Icon of Countenance Ark" painted by Mexico based on his own intestines.

一、東勝身洲，勝身是說此法於一切法中最為勝者。勝身洲在須彌顱山東，其土東狹西廣，形如半月🌛，縱廣六千由旬。由旬是梵語Yojana，是脖子上掛着金剛鈴的牛的一天的行程。其土中央有一大樹名梭羅，高及覆蓋二十七由旬。人面亦如半月之形，身長三肘半，衣（注1）廣中七肘，上下三肘半。壽二百五十歲，多有夭亡。注13.1.5-1，衣，如領帶，圍巾等，但是意義很特別，具體解釋參見14.2節。

1. East Victorious Body Continent, Victorious Body is saying that their bodily form is the most victorious among all laws. Victorious Body Continent is located on the eastern side of Mount Sumer-head. Its landform east narrow west wide, like a crescent, length and breadth are 6,000 yojanas. Yojana is a Sanskrit distance unit, is one day walking distance by a cow with a Philosopher-Stone bell under neck. There is a great tree, name Sal Fasullo, in its center; its height and covers up 27 yojanas. The human face is also in the shape of a half moon 🌜, body height is 3.5 cubits, clothes’ (annotation 1) length and breadth are 7 cubits to their center, 3.5 cubits above and 3.5 cubits below. The life expectancy of a human being is 250 years, with many premature deaths. Annotation 1, clothes, such as tie, veil, etc.; but with special significance, refer to section 14.2.

二、北俱顱洲，亦作勝處、高上。勝處是說，此洲人果報甚勝，勝其它三洲。高上是說此洲人壽定滿千歲，死後必然升於三十三天（見插圖13.1.5-14），化樂天等處。俱顱洲在須彌顱山北，其土正方，猶如池沼，縱廣八千由旬。洲中有一大樹，名阿摩羅，其樹根入地下九由旬，樹冠高達十八由旬，枝葉覆蓋二十五由旬。有一樹林名男人；有一樹林名女人。北洲人面像其地形。身長七肘，衣廣中十四肘，上下七肘。人壽一千歲；命無中夭。

2. North Skull Occupant Continent, alias Victorious Place, Going Up, Victorious Place means that people in the continent receive victorious recompense fruits, which are more victorious than other three continents. Going Up is saying that people in this continent can live 1,000 years, and they rise to Thirty-Three skies (see fig 13.1.5-14), Conversion-Laugh skies, etc. after death. Skull Occupant Continent is in the north of Mount Sumer-head, and form is a square, like a swamp, 8,000 yojanas in length and breadth. Middle of the continent, there is a big tree named Immaculateness. Its roots penetrate the ground for nine yojanas, its crown reaches 9 yojanas, and its branches and leaves cover 25 yojanas. There is a forest named man, and a forest named woman. The human face of north continent resembles its topography, their body height is 7 cubits, clothes’ length and breadth are 14 cubits to their center, 7 cubits above and 7 cubits below. The life expectancy of a human being is 1,000 years without premature death.

三、西牛惑洲，因洲中央有一一由旬高的大石牛而得名。牛惑洲在須彌顱山西，其土形如滿月，縱廣七千由旬。此洲多牛羊，亦多珠玉。人面亦如滿月🌝，身長三肘半，衣（注1）廣中七肘，上下三肘半。壽五百歲，多有夭亡。

3. West Cow-Muddle Continent, named after a yojana-high stone cow in the center of the continent. Cow-Muddles Continent is in the west of Mount Sumer-head. Its soil shapes like a full moon, and its length and breadth are 7,000 yojanas. There are many cattle and sheep on this continent, as well as pearls and jade. The human face is also like the full moon 🌝, and body height is 3.5 cubits, clothes’ length and breadth are 7 cubits to its center, 3.5 cubits above and 3.5 cubits below. Human life expectancy is 500 years, with many premature deaths.

四、南瞻部洲，此洲多樹，從洲中央的一棵嚴父樹而得名。其樹根入地下九由旬，樹冠高十八由旬，枝葉覆蓋二十五由旬。樹下多金，人稱嚴父金。瞻部洲在須彌山南，其土梯形，北廣南狹，縱廣六千由旬。人面亦像其地形；身長三肘半，衣廣中七肘，上下三肘半。壽量不定，增劫時壽可達二百五十歲，減劫時壽不滿十歲，壽最長可至無量。南洲人根性猛力，易升易墮。

4. South Admiring-Subordinates Continent, the continent has many trees, named after a Strict-Father tree in center of the continent. Its roots penetrate the ground for nine yojanas, its crown is 18 yojanas high, and its branches and leaves cover 25 yojanas. There is a lot of gold under the tree, known as Strict-Father gold. Admiring-Subordinates Continent is in the south of Mount Sumer-head. Its soil is trapezoidal, wide in the north and narrow in the south, and 6,000 yojanas in length and breadth. The human face also resembles its topography; body height is 3.5 cubits. Clothes’ length and breadth are 7 cubits to its center, 3.5 cubits above and 3.5 cubits below. The amount of lifespan is uncertain. In increasing catastrophe, their life span can reach 250 years; but in decreasing catastrophe, their life span is less than 10 years. The longest life span can be infinite. People’s root nature in Admiring-Subordinates Continent are brave and sharp, easy to rise and fall.

13.1.5-3 性生活 Sexual Life

至於婚姻嫁娶和性愛之事，地獄眾生都很忙，少有做愛的興致，婚嫁亦少。惡鬼，畜生，阿修羅，東勝身洲，西牛惑洲和南瞻部洲的眾生，婚姻和性愛都如人世。

As for marriages and sex matters, hell beings are very busy and have little interest in sex and marriages. Hungry Ghosts, Livestock, Asuras, people in east Victorious Body Continent, in west Cow-Muddle Continent, and in south Admiring-Subordinates Continent, all the sentient beings’ marriage and sex are just like the human world.

北俱顱洲人無我及我所，沒有守護者（注，即自我防衛心）；男女若此情彼願，便相隨至合歡樹下。若彼男女非父女，母子，兄妹等，合歡樹便生出床鋪，垂下枝葉。彼之男女歡娛受樂，隨意所作，事後分離，各奔前程。其女若孕，七日即便產生；安置嬰兒於四衢道中，捨之而去。彼處四方路人，為欲養育彼嬰兒故，各將手指置於彼嬰兒口中。彼等指頭既出甘乳。如是七日，彼嬰兒長成彼一種身量。若是男子，即隨男伴；若女便與女伴相逐而去。由是因緣，俱顱洲人沒有婚嫁。

People in North Skull Occupant Continent have no ego and belongings, no guardian (annotation, that is, self-defence); if men and women love each other, they will follow each other under the Combine-Happiness tree. If the man and woman are not father and daughter, mother and son, brother, and sister, etc., the Combine-Happiness tree will produce beds and hang down its branches and leaves. The men and women have fun, do whatever they want, and then separate and go their separate ways. If the woman is pregnant, she gives birth within seven days, place the baby in the road crossing, and leave it. Passers-by in all directions put their fingers in the mouth of the baby to raise the baby. Their fingers have produced honeydew. After seven days, that baby grows into that stature. If it is a man, it will follow the male companion; if it is a woman, it will chase away with the female companion. Because of the reason and aggregative factors, people in Skull-Occupant Continent have no marriage.

六欲天中，婚喪嫁娶亦如人世，但彼處眾生注重意樂，多有擁抱，執手，瞬目等性行為，性器官的接觸較人世少。色界（如插圖5至8所示）和無色界的眾生，沒有味觸，香觸和身觸的情感，所以他們沒有男女性方面的差別，當然就沒有性行為和婚嫁之事。

In the Six Desire-Skies, weddings and funerals are just like the human world, but those sentients stress intentional laughs, there are more sexual behaviors such as hugging, holding hands, admiringly looking at each other, etc., and the contact with sexual organs is less than that in the human world. Sentient beings in Color Boundary (see fig 5 to 8), and Colorless Boundary have no feelings of smell taste and bodily touch, so they don’t differ male and female, certainly they don’t have sextual conducts and marriage.

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