ÐÁº¥¸ïÃüÒÔÀ´Öйú´ó½Îå´óҽѧ·¢Ã÷ |
Ëͽ»Õß: e 2015Äê06ÔÂ28ÈÕ19:47:27 ÓÚ [½ÌÓýѧÊõ] ·¢ËÍÇÄÇÄ»° |
ÐÁº¥¸ïÃüÒÔÀ´Öйú´ó½Îå´óҽѧ·¢Ã÷£ºAME-002µ÷²é½á¹û<Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2015 Jun;5(3):453-66. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.03.10.> ժҪĿµÄ£º±¾´Îµ÷²éÖ¼ÔÚÑ¡³öµ÷²éÐÁº¥¸ïÃü(1911Äê)ºóÖйú´ó½µØÇøÖØҪҽѧ·¢Ã÷¡£ ²ÄÁϺͷ½·¨£ºÓɶ¡ÏãÔ° (www.dxy.cn) Ìṩƽ̨´Ó2014Äê12ÔÂ29ÈÕÖÁ2015Äê2ÔÂ5ÈÕ½øÐÐÔÚÏßµ÷²é¡£Óõç×ÓÓʼþÑûÇ붡ÏãÔ°×¢²áÓû§²Î¼Ó£¬ÌáÃû0µ½4¸öÐÁº¥¸ïÃüÒÔºóÖйú´ó½µÄҽѧ·¢Ã÷¡£Èç²ÎÓëÕßÑ¡Ôñ¡°0¡±£¬Òâζ×ÅËû/ËýÈÏΪûÓÐÖØҪҽѧ·¢Ã÷£¬»òÕßËû/Ëý²»ÖªµÀÈκÎÖØҪҽѧ·¢Ã÷¡£ÖØҪҽѧ·¢Ã÷Ö¸£º1) ¾ßÓÐʵÓüÛÖµ£¬ÄÜÌá¸ßÒ½ÁÆ·þÎñÖÊÁ¿; 2)²»Ö»ÊÇÒý½øÎ÷·½µÄ¼¼Êõ£¬µ«¿ÉÒÔ°üÀ¨¶ÔÓÚÏÖÓеÄÎ÷·½¼¼Êõ½øÐÐÖØ´ó¸ÄÁ¼; 3) ²»Ó¦Ö»ÊÇÖØÒªµÄÀíÂÛ·¢ÏÖ¶ø¶ÔÌá¸ßÒ½ÁÆ·þÎñÎÞÖ±½ÓЧÒæ¡£½á¹û£º1513 λ¶¡ÏãÔ°×¢²áÓû§²ÎÓëµ÷²é¡£489(32.3%), 441(29.1%), 342 (22.6%)£¬150(9.9%)£¬91(6.0%) λ²ÎÓëÕß·Ö±ðÌṩÁË0¡¢1¡¢2¡¢3¡¢4ÏîÌáÃû¡£1)ÇàÝïËØÓÃÓÚÖÎÁÆű¼²(523ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӣ¬1972Äê); 2)ÈýÑõ»¯¶þÉé¶Ô¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡µÄÖÎÁÆ(ÕÅÍ¥¶°¼°ÆäͬÊ£¬20ÊÀ¼Í70Äê´ú); 3)¶ÏÖ«ÔÙÖ² (³ÂÖÐΰ¼°ÆäͬÊ£¬1963Äê), 4)È«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡(ÍõÕñÒå¼°ÆäͬÊÂ,1988Äê); 5)ÎéÊÏ¿ÚÕÖ¼°ÊóÒß·ÀÖÎ(ÎéÁ¬µÂ, 1910Äê)£¬·Ö±ð»ñ275¡¢96¡¢91¡¢53¡¢8ƱÌáÃû£¬ÎªÐÁº¥¸ïÃüºóÖйú´ó½Îå´óÒ½ÁÆ´´Ð·¢Ã÷¡£½áÂÛ£ºÍ¨¹ýͶƱÌáÃû²úÉúÎåÏîÐÁº¥¸ïÃüºóÖйú´ó½ÖØҪҽѧ·¢Ã÷¡£µ«Ö»ÓÐÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡ÔÚÖйúÎÄ»¯´ó¸ïÃü½áÊøºóÍê³É¡£ ÒýÑÔÉϸöÊÀ¼ÍµÄÒ½Ò©·¢Õ¹È¡µÃµÄ³É¾ÍÁîÈËÓ¡ÏóÉî¿Ì¡£Le Fanu[1] Ìá³ö £¬ÉϸöÊÀ¼ÍÖØÒªµÄÒ½ÁÆ´´Ð°üÀ¨(µ«²»ÏÞÓÚ)ÒÔÏÂÏîÄ¿£º1935Äê:»Ç°·ÀàÒ©Îï; 1941Äê:ÇàùËØ; ¹¬¾±°©¡°°ÍÊÏ¡±Í¿Æ¬¼ì²é; 1944Äê:Éö͸Îö; 1946Äê:Âȼ××ó¼ý¶¾È«Âé; 1947Äê:·ÅÁÆÖ±Ïß¼ÓËÙÆ÷; 1948Äê:È˹¤¾§ÌåÖ²ÈëÖÎÁÆ°×ÄÚÕÏ; 1949Äê:¿ÉµÄËÉ; 1950Äê: È·¶¨ÎüÑÌΪ·Î°©µÄÔÒòÖ®Ò»; Á´Ã¹ËغÍË®ÑîËáÖƼÁÖÎÁƽáºË²¡; 1952Äê:¸ç±¾¹þ¸ù¼¹Ëè»ÒÖÊÑ×´óÁ÷ÐкÍÖØÖ¢¼à»¤µÄµ®Éú; ÂȱûàºÔÚÖÎÁƾ«Éñ·ÖÁÑÖ¢ÖеļÛÖµ; 1954Äê:ZeissÏÔ΢¾µ; 1955Äê:¿ª·ÅʽÐÄÔàÊÖÊõ; ¼¹Ëè»ÒÖÊÑ×ÒßÃç½ÓÖÖ; 1956Äê:Ðķθ´ËÕ¼¼Êõ; 1957Äê:ѪÓѲ¡µÄVIIIÒò×Ó; 1959Äê:HopkinsÄÚ¿ú¾µ; 1960Äê:¿Ú·þ±ÜÔÐÒ©; 1961Äê:×óÐý¶à°ÍÖÎÁÆÅÁ½ðÉ; Charnley÷ŹؽÚÖû»Êõ; 1963Äê:ÉöÒÆÖ²; 1964Äê:Ô¤·ÀÖзç; ¹Ú×´¶¯Âö´îÇÅÊõ; 1967Äê:µÚÒ»¸öÐÄÔàÒÆÖ²; 1969:ÌÆÊÏ×ÛºÏÖ¢²úÇ°Õï¶Ï; 1970Ä꣺ÐÂÉú¶ùÖØÖ¢¼à»¤; ÈÏÖªÁÆ·¨; 1971Äê:¶ùͯ°©Ö¢µÄÖÎÁÆ; 1973Äê:¼ÆËã»ú¶Ï²ãɨÃèÒÇ; 1978Äê:µÚÒ»ÀýÊÔ¹ÜÓ¤¶ù; 1979Ä꣺¹Ú×´¶¯Âö³ÉÐÎÊõ; 1984Ä꣺ȷÈÏÓÄÃÅÂݸ˾úΪθÀ£ÑñµÄÔÒò; 1987:¹ÚÂö˨ÈûÈÜ˨ÖÎÁÆ; 1996Äê:ÈýÁªÁÆ·¨ÖÎÁÆ°¬×̲¡; 1998Äê:ΰ¸çÖÎÁÆÑôðô¡£±¾ÎÄ×÷Õß²¢²¹³ä£º´Å¹²Õñ¼¼Êõ (1976ÄêSir Peter Mansfield,1973ÄêPauil Lauterbur,ºÍ1977ÄêRaymond Damadian) ;½éÈë·ÅÉäѧ(1953ÄêSven Seldinger; 1963ÄêCharles Dotter)¡£ÔÚ1851ÖÁ1900ÆÚ¼äµÄÖØ´óҽѧ³É¾Í²Î¼ûCharles MurrayµÄÁбí (¸½¼þ1) [2]¡£ ±¾´Îµ÷²éÖ¼ÔÚÑ¡³öµ÷²éÐÁº¥¸ïÃü(1911)ºóÖйú´ó½µØÇøÖØҪҽѧ·¢Ã÷¡£ÐÁº¥¸ïÃü±êÖ¾ÂúÇåͳÖνáÊø£¬Öйú¿ªÊ¼È«Ãæ½Ó´¥Î÷·½ÎÄÃ÷¡£ ²ÄÁϺͷ½·¨´Ó2014Äê12ÔÂ29ÈÕÖÁ2015Äê2ÔÂ5ÈÕÓɶ¡ÏãÔ°(www.dxy.cn) Ìṩƽ̨ ½øÐÐÔÚÏßµ÷²é¡£Óɵç×ÓÓʼþÑûÇ붡ÏãÔ°×¢²áÓû§²Î¼Ó´Ë´Îµ÷²é¡£ÎªÁËÎüÒýÓû§²ÎÓ룬Íê³Éµ÷²éºó¿É»ñµÃÄÜÓÃÀ´ÏÂÔض¡ÏãÔ°×ÊÁϵÄ5¸ö¶¡µ±±Ò¡£ µ÷²éÎʾíÒªÇó²ÎÓëÕßÌîд¸öÈË×ÊÁÏ£¬°üÀ¨µØÀíλÖá¢Ò½ÔºµÈ¼¶¡¢×¨Òµ¼°ÆäĿǰְλ¼¶±ð£¬²¢ÌáÃû0µ½4¸öÐÁº¥¸ïÃüÒÔºóÖйú´ó½µÄÔ´´Ò½Ñ§·¢Ã÷¡£Èç²ÎÓëÕßÑ¡Ôñ¡°0¡±£¬Òâζ×ÅËû/ËýÈÏΪûÓдó½Դ´ÖØҪҽѧ·¢Ã÷£¬»òÕßËû/Ëý²»ÖªµÀ´ó½Դ´ÖØҪҽѧ·¢Ã÷¡£Ìîд1»òÒÔÉϵÄÈËÐèд³ö´´Ð·¢Ã÷µÄÃû³Æ£¬¶ø²ÎÓë·¢Ã÷µÄÖ÷ÒªÈËÔ±¼°Ê±¼äÔòΪѡÌîÏî¡£½¨Òé²ÎÓëÕßÊÕµ½ÑûÇëÓʼþºó˼¿¼¼¸ÌìÔÙÌîÎÊ¾í¡£Õâ·Ýµ÷²éµÄ×î³õÄ¿µÄÊÇ»ùÓÚͶƱÌáÃûÇé¿öÑ¡³öÐÁº¥¸ïÃüºóÖйú´ó½µÄÊ®´óÔ´´Ò½Ñ§·¢Ã÷¡£ ÖØÒªÔ´´Ò½Ñ§·¢Ã÷ÐèΪ£º1)¾ßÓÐʵÓüÛÖµ£¬ÄÜÌá¸ßÒ½ÁÆ·þÎñÖÊÁ¿; 2)²»Ö»ÊÇÒý½øÎ÷·½µÄ¼¼Êõ£¬µ«¿ÉÒÔ°üÀ¨¶ÔÓÚÏÖÓеÄÎ÷·½¼¼Êõ½øÐÐÖØ´ó¸ÄÁ¼; 3)²»Ó¦Ö»ÊÇÖØÒªµÄÀíÂÛ·¢ÏÖ¶ø¶ÔÌá¸ßÒ½ÁÆ·þÎñÎÞÖ±½ÓЧÒæ; 4)²»Ó¦Ö»ÊÇÒÔ·¢±í¸ß·ÖÎÄÕÂΪĿµÄ; 5)ͨ³£²»°üÀ¨´ó¹æÄ£µÄȺÖÚÔ˶¯¡£ ͨ¹ý²Î¿¼ÖÐÓ¢ÎÄÎÄÏ×¼°ÏòͬÊÂ×Éѯ£¬×÷ÕßÈÏÕæ×ÐϸºË¶ÔÁ˶àÓÚ1ƱµÄµÄËùÓÐÌáÃû¡£ ½á¹û¹²ÓÐ1513 λ¶¡ÏãÔ°Óû§²ÎÓëÁËͶƱ£¬ÓëAME-001µ÷²é²ÎÓëµÄÈËÊý´óÖÂÏàͬ(1,513 vs 1,663)¡£²ÎÓëÕߵĵØÇø·Ö²¼¼ûͼ1¡£²ÎÓëÕßµÄרҵ°üÀ¨ÄÚ¿Æ(33.5%)¡¢Íâ¿Æ(26.2%)¡¢Ö×Áö¿Æ(5.1%)¡¢Âé×í¿Æ(4.56%)¡¢·ÅÉä¿Æ(4.5%)¡¢¼±Õï¿Æ(4.2%)¡¢¸¾²ú¿Æ(3.0%)¡¢¶ù¿Æ(2.6%)¡¢Ñо¿»ú¹¹(2.4%)¡¢ ¼ìÑé¿Æ(2.3%)¡¢Ò©Ñ§(2.0%)¡¢¶ú±Çºí¿Æ(1.7%)¡¢¿ÚÇ»¿Æ(1.2%)¡¢Æ¤·ô¿Æ(1.1%)¡¢²¡Àí¿Æ(0.9%)¡¢¿µ¸´¿Æ(0.9%)¡¢³õ¼¶ÎÀÉú±£½¡¿Æ(0.8%)¡¢ÑÛ¿Æ(0.6%)¡¢¾«Éñ²¡¿Æ(0.5%)¡¢¼°ÆäËû(1.6%)¡£Ò½ÔºµÈ¼¶·Ö²¼ÖÐÀ´×ÔÈý¼¶Ò½ÔºÕ¼75.9%£¬À´×Ô¶þ¼¶Ò½ÔºÕ¼16.1%£¬À´×ÔÒ»¼¶Ò½ÔºÕ¼2.6%£¬ÆäËûÕ¼5.4%¡£Ö°³Æ·Ö²¼ÖÐÖ÷ÈÎҽʦռ4.6%¡¢¸±Ö÷ÈÎҽʦռ13.1%¡¢Ö÷ÖÎҽʦռ30.5%¡¢×¡ÔºÒ½Ê¦Õ¼25.6%¡¢ÆäËüÁÙ´²Ò½Ñ§»òҽѧ¿ÆѧµÄÑо¿Éú¡¢»¤Ê¿¡¢Ò½ÔºÐÐÕþÈËÔ±µÈÕ¼16.2%¡£ ±¾´Îµ÷²éÖÐ489 λ(32.3%)¡¢ 441λ(29.1%)¡¢ 342λ(22.6%)¡¢ 150λ(9.9%)¡¢91λ(6.0%) ²ÎÓëÕß·Ö±ðÌṩÁË0¡¢1¡¢2¡¢3¡¢4ÏîÌáÃû¡£¿¨·½¼ìÑéÏÔʾְ³Æ½Ï¸ßµÄ²ÎÓëÕßÌáÃûÏîÄ¿¸ü¶à£¨P <0.001£¬Í¼2£©¡£ ×÷ÕßÈÏΪÓÉÉϺ£ÉúÎﻯѧÑо¿Ëù¡¢ÉϺ£Óлú»¯Ñ§Ñо¿ËùºÍ±±¾©´óѧÈý¸öµ¥Î»ºÏ×÷Íê³ÉµÄÈ˹¤ºÏ³É½á¾§Å£ÒȵºËØ(1965Ä꣬473Ʊ)¼°ÌÀ·É·²½ÌÊÚÓÃÂÑ»ÆÄÒÅàÑøɳÑÛÒÂÔÌå(1957Ä꣬39Ʊ)¾ùÊô¿Æѧ³É¾Í£¬¶ø²»ÊÇҽѧ´´Ð·¢Ã÷ÒòÆäδÄܼ´Ê±ÓÐÀûÓÚÒ½Áƽ¡¿µ¡£Õë´ÌÂé×í»ñµÃ7Ʊ£¬µ«ÒòÆäЧ¹ûÓÐÏÞδÄÜÔÚÁÙ´²¹ã·ºÊ¹Ó㬹ÊÒàδÄܼÆÈëÖØÒªÔ´´Ò½Ñ§·¢Ã÷£¨Í¼3£©¡£¸ù¾Ý±¾´Îµ÷²é½á¹ûÎÒÃÇÑ¡³ö: 1)ÇàÝïËØÓÃÓÚÖÎÁÆű¼²(523ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӣ¬1972Äê); 2)ÈýÑõ»¯¶þÉéÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡(ÕÅÍ¥¶°¼°ÆäͬÊ£¬20ÊÀ¼Í70Äê´ú); 3)¶ÏÖ«ÔÙÖ² (³ÂÖÐΰ¼°ÆäͬÊ£¬1963Äê), 4)È«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡(ÍõÕñÒå¼°ÆäͬÊ£¬1988Äê); 5)ÎéÊÏ¿ÚÕÖ¼°ÊóÒß·ÀÖÎ(ÎéÁ¬µÂ£¬1910Äê)£¬·Ö±ðÒÔ375¡¢96¡¢91¡¢53¡¢8Ʊ(ͼ3)¹²¼ÆÎåÏ³ÉΪ±¾´ÎͶƱ²úÉúµÄÐÁº¥¸ïÃüºóÖйú´ó½µÄÖØҪҽѧ´´Ð·¢Ã÷¡£³ýÁËÕë´ÌÂé×í£¬ÕâЩ³É¾ÍµÄʱ¼ä½ÚµãÈçͼ4Ëùʾ¡£
ͼ1£¬²ÎÓëÕßµØÇø·Ö²¼Í¼£¨²»°üÀ¨Á½¸öº£Íâ²ÎÓëÕߣ©¡£
ͼ2£¬Ö°³Æ½Ï¸ßµÄ²ÎÓëÕ߸ø³ö¸ü¶àÌáÃû(¿¨·½¼ìÑé:P <0.001)¡£
ͼ3£¬ÐÁº¥¸ïÃüºóÖйú´ó½ҽѧ´´Ð·¢Ã÷µ÷²éÌáÃû¡£ºÏ³É½á¾§Å£ÒȵºËØƱ¼°Ê¹ÓÃÂÑ»ÆÄÒÅàÑøɳÑÛÒÂÔÌå¾ùÊÓΪ¿Æѧ³É¾Í£¬¶ø·Çҽѧ·¢Ã÷¡£ÒòΪÕë´ÌÂé×íδÄÜÔÚÁÙ´²¹ã·ºÊ¹ÓÃÒà·Ç¼ÆÈë¡£APL£º¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡¡£ ͼ4£¬ÐÁº¥¸ïÃüºóÖйú´ó½µÄÆßÏîÖØҪҽѧ³É¾Í£¬Ê±¼äÖáÏÔʾÈçÉÏͼ (A:ͶƱÊý±ê×¢ÔÚxÖá; B:²»ÏÔʾͶƱÊýÁ¿)¡£ ÌÖÂÛ×î³õÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÄÜÌáÃû³öÐÁº¥¸ïÃüºóÖйú´ó½µÄ10´óҽѧ´´Ð·¢Ã÷£¬µ«¸ù¾Ý×îÖÕͶƱÄÚÈÝÖ»ÌáÃûÎåÏî¡£ÎÒÃÇδÄܺ˶ÔÖ»ÓÐһƱµÄÌáÃû£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâÆäÖпÉÄÜÓÐÖØÒª·¢Ã÷¡£ÔÒòÒ»ÊÇÎÒÃDz»Äܽ«Ö»ÓÐһƱµÄÌáÃûÅÅÐò£¬¶þÊDz»ÄÜÅųý×ÔÎÒÌáÃûµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¡£³ýÁËͼ3ÖÐÁгöµÄ£¬ÎÒÃÇ×Ðϸ¿¼ÂÇÁËËùÓÐÆäËûͶƱ´óÓÚ1µÄÌáÃû£¬µ«ËüÃǶ¼²»·ûºÏÎÒÃǵıê×¼£¬¼´1) 1911ÄêÒÔºóµÄÖйú´ó½Դ´·¢Ã÷; 2)¾ßÓÐÁÙ´²Êµ¼Ê¼ÛÖµ; 3)ÖÁÉÙÔÚÖйúΪͬÐй㷺²ÉÄÉʹÓᣱÊÕ߶Ôͼ3ÖеÄÆßÏîÌáÃûÚ¹ÊÍÈçÏ¡£
1.È˹¤ºÏ³É½á¾§Å£ÒȵºËØ È˹¤ºÏ³É½á¾§Å£ÒȵºËØ»ñµÃ×î¶àͶƱ (473Ʊ)¡£È»¶øÕâÊôÓÚ¿Æѧ³É¾ÍµÄ·¶³ë²¢·Çҽѧ·¢Ã÷£¬ÒòΪÕâÏî³É¾Í²¢Ã»ÓÐÖ±½ÓÌá¸ßÒ½ÁÆ·þÎñÖÊÁ¿ (ºÏ³É·½·¨²»ÄܲúÒµ»¯)¡£È˹¤ºÏ³É½á¾§Å£ÒȵºËØÓÉÉϺ£ÉúÎﻯѧÑо¿Ëù¡¢ÉϺ£Óлú»¯Ñ§Ñо¿Ëù¡¢±±¾©´óѧÈý¸öµ¥Î»ÓÚ1965ÄêÐ×÷Íê³É[3,4]¡£ ÔÚ¹ú¼Ê²ãÃ棬1922ÄêBantingµÈÈË·¢ÏÖÌá´¿ÒȵºËØ¿ÉÊÊÓÃÓÚÌÇÄò²¡»¼Õß[5]¡£´ËºóÖÆÒ©¹«Ë¾Eli LillyѸËÙÔÚÌá´¿¹¤ÒÕÉÏÈ¡µÃÁËÍ»ÆÆ¡£ÔÚ»ùÒò¹¤³Ì½ø²½Ç°£¬Ìá´¿¶¯ÎïÀ´Ô´µÄÒȵºËØÒ»Ö±ÊÇÖÎÁÆÌÇÄò²¡µÄÑ¡Ôñ¡£1923Ä꣬Frederick G. BantingºÍJorn James Rickard MacleodÒòΪ¶ÔÒȵºËصÄÑо¿»ñµÃŵ±´¶ûÉúÀíҽѧ½±¡£µ«ÔÚ1916Äê¾ÍÖ°ÓÚÂÞÂíÄáÑDz¼¼ÓÀÕ˹ÌØÒ½¿ÆÒ©¿Æ´óѧµÄÉúÀíѧ½ÌÊÚNicolae PaulescuÑÐÖƳöÁËÒ»ÖÖÒȵºËØÌáÈ¡Î¸ÃÌáÈ¡Îï×¢ÈëÌÇÄò²¡µÄ¹·Ä£ÐÍÌåÄÚʱÄÜʹÆäѪÌÇˮƽ»Ö¸´Õý³£[6]¡£ÓÐÈËÈÏΪPaulescuÒ²Ó¦±»ÊÚÓèŵ±´¶û½± [7]¡£ ÒȵºËØ·Ö×ӽṹÓÉÓ¢¹ú·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ¼ÒFrederick SangerÈ·¶¨[8-11]¡£ËûÒò´Ë»ñµÃ1958ÄêµÄŵ±´¶û»¯Ñ§½±¡£Ò»°ãÈÏΪµÂ¹úÑÇ衹¤Òµ´óѧµÄHelmut ZahnºÍÃÀ¹úÆ¥×ȱ¤´óѧµÄPanayotis KatsoyannisÔÚ1963ÄêÊ×ÏÈÈ˹¤ºÏ³ÉÁËÒȵºËØ[7£¬12£¬13]¡£ 1978Äê±´¿ËÂüÑо¿ËùµÄArthur Riggs ¼°Keiichi ItakuraÓëGenentechµÄHerbert Boyer ºÏ×÷£¬³É¹¦Ê¹ÓûùÒò¹¤³Ìʹ´ó³¦¸Ë¾úÉú²ú¡±ÈË¡±ÒȵºËØ [14]¡£Ä¿Ç°ÊÀ½ç·¶Î§ÄÚʹÓõÄÒȵºËض¼ÊÇÉúÎïºÏ³ÉµÄ¡±ÈË¡±ÒȵºËØ»òÆäÑÜÉúÎï [15]¡£ 2.ÇàÝïËØ ÇàÝïËؼ°ÆäÑÜÉúÎï¾ßÓпìËÙÖÎÁƶñÐÔűԳæű¼²µÄ×÷Ó᣸ÃÒ©ÎïÒ²Ô½À´Ô½¶àµØÓÃÔÚÖÎÁƼäÈÕűԳæű¼²¡£ ÔçÔÚÁ½Ç§ÄêÇ°ÖÐÒ½¾ÍÓÐʹÓÃÇàÝïËØÖÎÁÆű¼²µÄ¼ÇÔØ¡£×îÔçµÄ¼Ç¼¿ÉÒÔ×·Ëݵ½¹«ÔªÇ°200ÄêÔÚºº´úÂíÍõ¶ÑÁêĹ³öÍÁµÄ¡°ÎåÊ®¶þ²¡·½¡±¡£Ô¼¹«Ôª350Äê¸ðºéÔÚ¡°Öâºó±¸¼±·½¡±Ò²ÉϼÇÔØÁËÇàÝïËØ×÷Ϊ¿¹Å±¼²Ò©ÎïµÄʹÓá£1596ÄêÀîʱÕäÔÚ¡¶±¾²Ý¸ÙÄ¿¡·ÖÐÌáµ½Óòè³åÅÝÇàÝï¿ÉÒÔÖÎÁÆű¼²¡£ 1967ÄêÖйú¿ªÊ¼ÁË´úºÅΪ523µÄÖÎÁÆű¼²ÖвÝҩɸѡÑо¿¼Æ»®£¬´ú±íÈËÎïÊÇÖйúÖÐÒ½¿ÆѧԺ±±¾©ÖÐÒ©Ñо¿ËùµÄÍÀßÏßÏ¡£1972Äê523ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӷ¢ÏÖÁ˻ƻ¨ÝïµÄÒ¶×Óº¬ÓÐÇàÝïËØ [16-18]¡£µ±Ê±Öйú¿Æѧ¼ÒÁгöÁ˽ü5000ÖÖ¿ÉÄÜÖÎÁÆű¼²µÄÖÐÒ©£¬ÇàÝïËØÊÇÖÎÁÆű¼²µÄºòÑ¡·½°¸Ö®Ò»¡£ÔÚ´«Í³ÖвÝÀíÂÛµÄÆô·¢Ï£¬ÍÀßÏßÏ»¹·¢ÏÖÁ˵ÍÎÂÌáÈ¡µÄ¹ý³Ì¿ÉÒÔ±£ÕÏÇàÝïÁÆЧ¡£2011ÄêÍÀßÏßÏÒòÇàÝïËØÑо¿ÖеÄÖØÒª¹±Ï׶øÈÙ»ñLasker- DeBakeyÁÙ´²Ò½Ñ§½±¡£ Ä¿Ç°ÇàÝïËصÄ×÷ÓûúÖÆÈÔÔÚ½øÒ»²½Ñо¿ÖС£ SanofiÖÆÒ©¹«Ë¾ÔÚ2013ÄêÐû²¼Í¶ÈëÉ豸ÓûùÓÚÉúÎïºÏ³ÉµÄ·½Ê½´óÅúÁ¿Éú²úÇàÝïËá¡£ÕâÖÖÉúÎïºÏ³É·½Ê½ÓɼÓÖÝ´óѧ²®¿ËÀû·ÖУµÄKeaslingÓëAmyris£¨¼ÓÖÝÒ»¼ÒÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¹«Ë¾£©ÁªºÏ¿ª·¢[19]¡£ ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò£¬ÇàÝïËØÍì¾ÈÁËÎÞÊýµÄÉúÃü[20 ]¡£ 3.ÈýÑõ»¯¶þÉéÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡ 2400ÄêÇ°Éé¾ÍÒѾÓÃÓÚÖÎÁÆһЩ¼²²¡ [21]¡£ÈýÑõ»¯¶þÉé(As2O3)ÔÚÖйú¹Å´ú´«Í³Ò½Ñ§³ÆÅø˪£¬Ë³ÊÆÁÆ·¨Ò²ÓÐÉé¼Á×÷ΪҩÎïµÄ´«Í³[22£¬23]¡£·¢ÏÖÑóµØ»ÆµÄWilliam WitheringÔÚ15ÊÀ¼ÍÒ²ÌᳫÉé¼ÁÖÎÁÆ[24]¡£ ÔÚ18ÊÀ¼ÍThomas FowlerÌá³öÁË̼Ëá¼Ø»ìºÏÉé¼ÁµÄ´¦·½[25]¡£ÉéµÄ¿¹°×Ѫ²¡×÷ÓÃ×îÔçÔÚ19ÊÀ¼ÍºóÆÚ±¨µÀ¡£1878ÄêBoston City Hospital±¨µÀÁËÁ½Î»Õý³£È˼°Ò»Î»¡®°×Ѫ²¡¡¯»¼ÕßʹÓÃFowler¡¯s´¦·½ºóÌåÄÚ°×ϸ°û¼ÆÊýϽµ [25,26]¡£ËæºóÉé¼ÁÓÃ×÷Ϊ¿¹°×Ѫ²¡Ò©ÎֱÖÁ±»·ÅÉäÁÆ·¨È¡¡£20ÊÀ¼Í30Äê´úÒòÉé¼ÁÔÚÖÎÁÆÂýÐÔ°×Ѫ²¡ÉϹ¦Ð§ÔÙ´ÎÊÜÈ˹Ø×¢[27]¡£ÔÚ±»ÏÖ´ú»¯ÁÆÈ¡´úÇ°£¬·ÅÉäÁÆ·¨ºó×·¼ÓÉé¼ÁÊÇ°×ϸ°ûµÄ×îÓÐЧÁÆ·¨¡£ 20ÊÀ¼Í70Äê´ú¹þ¶û±õÒ½¿Æ´óѧµÄÕÅÍ¥¶°¼°ÆäͬÊ£¬¸ü½üÒ»²½Ñо¿ÁËÉé¼Á¶ÔÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡µÄЧ¹û[28-31]¡£µ½1979ÄêʱÕÅÍ¥¶°ºÍËûµÄÍŶÓÒѾµÃ³öÁË Éé¼Á¿ÉÒÔÖÎÁÆ°×Ѫ²¡£¬ÓÈÆä¶Ô¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡Ð§¹û¸ü¼Ñ£¬ÕâÒ»ÑØÓÃÖÁ½ñµÄ½áÂÛ¡£ 1998ÄêSoignetµÈ[32]ÓÃÉé¼ÁÖÎÁÆ12Àý¸´·¢µÄ¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡£¬11ÀýÓÐÍêÈ«ÁÆЧ¡£SoignetµÈµÄÎÄÕÂʹÉé¼ÁÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡»ñµÃ¹ú¼ÊÈϿɲ¢Íƹ㡣ÈÄÒãºÍWY Au¶Ô´Ë¹ý³Ì×öÁËÏêϸÃèÊö[33£¬34]¡£ ÏÖÔÚÈýÑõ»¯¶þÉéµÄÉÌÆ·ÃûΪTrisenox£¬ÒѾͨ¹ýÃÀ¹úFDAÈÏÖ¤ÓÃÓÚÖÎÁƶÔÒ»ÏßÒ©Îï¼´È«·´Ê½Î¬¼×Ëá²»Ãô¸ÐµÄ¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡¡£ 2003ÄêÏã¸Û´óѧÑÐÖÆÁËÈýÑõ»¯¶þÉéµÄ¿Ú·þÖƼÁ[35-38]¡£¿Ú·þÖƼÁ¶ÔÃÅÕﲡÈ˼°³¤ÆÚÖÎÁƵĻ¼Õß´øÀ´ºÜ´ó·½±ã¡£ 4.¶ÏÖ«ÔÙÖ² ¶ÏÖ«ÔÙÖ²ÓÐÓƾõÄÀúÊ·¡£1814ÄêWilliam Balfour·¢±íÁ˵Úһƪ¹ØÓÚÊÖÖ¸ÔÙÖ²µÄ±¨µÀ¡£BalfourµÄ¶ù×ÓʳָºÍÖÐÖ¸ÖнÚÖ¸¹Ç´¦±»½Ê¶Ï£¬Balfour½«Æä³É¹¦ÐÞ¸´ [39]¡£ËæºóThomas HunterµÚÒ»´ÎÍê³ÉÄ´Ö¸ÔÙÖ²ÊÖÊõ¡£µ«ÕâЩ¶ÏÖ«ÔÙÖ²¾ùδʵÐÐѪ¹ÜÎǺϡ£Douglas ºÍFoster ÔÚ1964Äê·¢±íÁ˹ØÓÚ¶ÏÖ«ÔÙÖ²ºó×ÔÖ÷¹¦Äָܻ´µÄ±¨µÀ[40]¡£ Halsted, HopfnerºÍCarrelÔÚ19ÊÀ¼Í80Äê´úͬʱ¿ªÕ¹Á˺ܶà¹ØÓÚ¶ÏÖ«ÔÙÖ²¼°Ñª¹ÜÎǺϵÄʵÑ飬ΪѪ¹ÜÍâ¿Æµì¶¨ÁË»ù´¡ [41]¡£Carrel²©Ê¿ÒòΪÆäÔÚѪ¹ÜÎǺϷ½ÃæµÄÑо¿ºÍ¿ªÕ¹ÉöÒÆÖ²µÄÁìÍ·×÷Ó㬻ñ1912Äêŵ±´¶ûÉúÀíҽѧ½±¡£Ëæ×Å·ìºÏ²ÄÁϺÍÊÖÊõÆ÷еµÄÖð½¥½ø²½·¢Õ¹£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÊÖÊõÊÒÏÔ΢¾µµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬¶ÏÖ«ÔÙÖ²¼¼Êõ¸ü¼ÓÍêÉÆ¡£Harry Buncke·¢Ã÷Á˵ÚÒ»Ì×ÊÖÊõÏÔ΢¾µÒÇÆ÷[42]¡£JacobsonºÍSuarez ÔÚ1960ÄêÍê³ÉÁËÏÔ΢¾µÏÂѪ¹ÜÎǺÏ[43£¬44]¡£ 1962ÄêÃÀ¹ú²¨Ê¿¶ÙÂéÊ¡×ÜÒ½ÔºµÄRonald MaltÆäÍŶÓÍê³ÉÁËÊÀ½çÉϵÚÒ»ÀýÐÞ¸´ëŶ¯ÂöµÄ¶ÏÖ«ÔÙÖ²ÊÖÊõ¡£ÐÞ¸´µÄÊÇÒ»¸ö12ËêСº¢µÄÊÖ±Û£¬Êõºóº¢×ÓµÄÊÖ±ÛµÃÒÔ±£È«[45]¡£ ÖйúÊ×Àý¶ÏÖ«ÔÙÖ²ÓÚ1963ÄêÍê³É£¬ÓÉÉϺ£ÊеÚÁùÈËÃñÒ½ÔºµÄ³ÂÖÐΰ´øÁì [46-47]¡£´Ë´ÎÊÖÊõ³É¹¦ÔÙ½ÓÁËÒ»¸ö»úе¹¤µÄÇ°±ÛÔ¶¶Ë¡£ÔÚ´ËÖ®ºó£¬³ÂÖÐΰ»¹¿ª´´Á˺ܶàÏÔ΢Íâ¿ÆµÄÑо¿£¬°üÀ¨ÔÙÖ²ÊÖÖ¸£¬±£ÁôÇжϵÄÄ©¶Ë£¬Öؽ¨ÐÞ¸´¼¡Èâ¡¢Éñ¾¼°Ñª¹ÜµÈ[48-53]¡£ KleinertµÈÔÚ1963Äê½øÐÐÁ˵ÚÒ»´ÎÄ´Ö¸²¿·Ö½Ø¶Ïºó¶¯ÂöÎǺÏÊõ[54]¡£1965ÄêShigeo KmatsuºÍSusumu TamaiÊ×´ÎÔËÓÃ΢Ѫ¹ÜÎǺϼ¼ÊõÍê³ÉÁ˶ÏÖ¸ÔÙÖ² [55]¡£ 5.È«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡ È«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡µÄ·¢ÏÖ¹ý³ÌÒÑÓÐÏêϸ¼ÇÔØ [33£¬56]£¬BreitmanµÈ[57]ÔÚ1980Äê·¢ÏÖÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×Ëἰ˳ʽά¼×Ëá¾ùÄÜÓÕµ¼HL-60·Ö»¯Îª³ÉÊìϸ°û¡£1981ÄêBreitmanµÈ[58]ÓÃÁ½¸ö¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡²¡È˵ÄÍâÖÜѪ¹Û²ì°×ϸ°û¶ÔÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáµÄÃô¸ÐÐÔ£¬·¢ÏÖϸ°û¿ÉÒÔ±»ÓÕµ¼·Ö»¯¡£1983ÄêHonmaµÈ[59]±¨µÀÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×Ëá¿ÉÒÔÓÕµ¼¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡²¡ÈË°×ϸ°ûµÄ·Ö»¯¡£1983ÄêKoeffler [60] ×ܽáÁËÌåÍâÑо¿£¬ÈÏΪȫ·´Ê½Î¬¼×Ëἰ˳ʽά¼×Ëá¶ÔÓÕµ¼¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡µÄ°×ϸ°û·Ö»¯×÷ÓÃÏàͬ¡£1983, 1984, 1986Äê¾ùÓйØÓÚ˳ʽά¼×ËáÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡µÄ¸ö°¸±¨µÀ[61-64]¡£ 1987ÄêÉϺ£µÚ¶þҽѧԺÍõÕñÒ屨µÀÁËʹÓÃÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×Ëá(µ¥¶À»òÁªºÏÆäËûÒ©Îï) ÖÎÁÆÁù¸ö¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡»¼Õß[65]¡£ËæºóÔÚ1988ÄêÍõÕñÒåÑо¿Ð¡×éÔÚBloodÉÏ·¢±íÁËËûÃÇʹÓÃÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÖÎÁÆ24¸ö¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡²¡È˵ݸÀý [66]¡£ 1989ÄêChomienneµÈ[67]±È½ÏÁËÁ½¸ö²¡ÈË·Ö±ðʹÓÃÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáºÍ˳ʽά¼×ËáµÄЧ¹û£¬½áÂÛÈÏΪȫ·´Ê½Î¬¼×Ëá¸üÓÐЧ¡£1990Äê·¨¹úµÄͬһÑо¿Ð¡×鱨µÀÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×Ëá±È˳ʽά¼×ËáµÄ¸üÓÐЧ[68]¡£ËæºóÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáµÄ×÷ÓÃÒ²µÃµ½ÖйúÒ½Éú֤ʵ[69]¡£1991ÄêWarrellµÈ[70]֤ʵÁËÍõÕñÒåºÍ·¨¹úDegosÑо¿Ð¡×éµÄ½áÂÛ¡£1997ÄêTallmanµÈ[71]±¨µÀÁËÔÚ346λ¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡»¼ÕߵĽá¹û£¬ËûÃDZȽÏÁËÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáºÍ֮ǰÈáºìùËؼӰ¢ÌÇ°ûÜյıê×¼ÁÆ·¨£¬·¢ÏÖÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÔÚÓÕµ¼ÖÎÁƺÍά³ÖÖÎÁÆÉ϶¼¸üÓÐЧ¡£ È«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÅäºÏ»¯ÁÆÒ©ÎïÊÇÄ¿Ç°ÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡µÄÊ×Ñ¡·½°¸¡£½üÆÚÒ»¸ö3ÆÚÁÙ´²¶àÖÐÐÄÊÔÑé±È½ÏÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÅäºÏ»¯ÁÆÒ©ÎïºÍÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÅäºÏÈýÑõ»¯¶þÉéÖÎÁƵÍΣºÍÖÐΣµÄ¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡²¡ÈË£¬·¢ÏÖÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×Ëá¼ÓÈýÑõ»¯¶þÉéÁÆЧ¸ü¼Ñ[72]¡£ÁíÒ»Ëæ»úÁÙ´²ÊÔÑé±È½ÏÁËÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÅäºÏ»¯ÁÆÒ©Îï¼°È«·´Ê½Î¬¼×Ëá¼ÓÈýÑõ»¯¶þÉéÔÚÁÆЧ¼°¶¾ÐԵIJîÒ죬½áÂÛ·¢ÏÖ²¡ÈËÉú»îÖÊÁ¿½á¹ûÖ§³ÖÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÁªºÏÈýÑõ»¯¶þÉé¶ÔÓÚµÍΣºÍÖÐΣµÄ¼±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡²¡ÈË×÷ΪÊ×Ñ¡·½°¸[73]¡£ 6.ÂÑ»ÆÄÒÅàÓýɳÑÛÒÂÔÌå 1904ÄêWaelschÃèÊöÁËÒ»ÖÖÖ¢×´Çá΢µÄ·ÇÁÜÇò¾ú¸ÐȾÄòµÀÑס£°òë×ÄòµÀ¾µ¼ì²é·¢ÏÖÕâÖÖÄòµÀÑ×Ö¢ËùÖµÄճĤ½á½ÚÑù¸Ä±äÓëɳÑÛÊ®·ÖÏàËÆ[74, 75]¡£ÔÚ1907Ä꣬½«Ò»Î»ÄÐÐÔɳÑÛ»¼ÕßÑÛ¹ÎƬ¸ÐȾ¸øÐÉÐɺó£¬Ludwig HalberstaedterºÍStanislaus von ProwazekÔÚÐÉÐÉÑÛ½áĤ¹ÎƬÉÏ·¢ÏÖÒ»ÖÖϸ°ûÄÚ°üºÌå[76]¡£ ÒòΪËûÃÇ·¢ÏÖÕâÖÖϸ°ûÄڵİüºÌå¿ÉÒÔ͸¹ýÂËĤ£¬²¢ÇÒÖ»ÔÚ¶¯ÎïÉϽøÐÐÅàÑø£¬Ñ§ÕßÃÇÈÏΪÕâÖÖ²¡ÔÌåÊÇÒ»ÖÖ²¡¶¾£¬Ò»Ö±µ½20ÊÀ¼Í60Äê´úÖÐÆÚÕâÖÖ¹ÛÄ±»¹ã·º²ÉÄÉ¡£1909ÄêHalberstaedterºÍvon ProwazekÊ×´ÎÃèÊöÁËÔÚÐÂÉú¶ù·¢ÏÖÀàËÆɳÑÛÖ²¡ÌåµÄ²¡ÔÌå[77]¡£µÚ¶þÄêFrietschºÍHeyman·¢±íÁ˸ö°¸±¨µÀÁËÐÂÉú¶ù½áĤÑ×»¼ÕߵĽáĤ¹ÎƬ¼°ÆäĸÇ׵Ŭ¾±¹ÎƬÖз¢ÏÖÕâÖÖÀàËÆɳÑÛÖ²¡ÌåµÄ°üºÌå¡£ 1907ÄêHalbersaedterºÍvon ProwazekÊ״θøÓ趨Òå´ÎºóɳÑÛ²¡ÔÌåµÄÃüÃûÐÞ¸ÄÁ˺ü¸´Î¡£ 1935ÄêBusacca³ÆÆäΪɳÑÛÁ¢¿Ë´ÎÌ壬ÓÃÀ´±í´ïÔÚÐÎ̬ѧÉÏɳÑÛ²¡ÔÌå¼°Á¢¿Ë´ÎÌåÏàËÆÐÔ[80]¡£1945ÄêJonesµÈÈËÒýÈëÊõÓï¡®ÒÂÔÌ塯[81]¡£RakeÔÚ1957ÄêÊ×´ÎÃüÃû¡®É³ÑÛÒÂÔÌ塯¡£ºóÀ´PageºÍStorz¸ø³öÁ˸üϸÖµķÖÀà [82, 83]¡£ÔÚ20ÊÀ¼Í60Äê´úÖÐÆÚ£¬Ñ§Õß֤ʵÁËÕâЩÖ²¡Ôʵ¼ÊÉÏÊôÓÚϸ¾ú¶ø·Ç²¡¶¾[84]¡£ 1930ÄêCastaneda Ìá³öÔÚ×éÖ¯Ñù±¾ÖÐÀûÓò»Í¬µÄ×ÅÉ«¹Û²ìÁ¢¿Ë´ÎÌåºÍÒÂÔÌå[85]¡£ÕâÖÖ·½·¨Ò²´ÓÐÎ̬ѧÉÏÇø·ÖÁËϸ°ûÄÚÕâЩÒÂÔÌå°üºÌå¼°²¡¶¾°üºÌå¡£Ö±µ½1970Äê´ú³õ£¬ÕâЩ×ÅÉ«·¨ÊǼì³ö¼°Õï¶ÏÒÂÔÌå¸ÐȾµÄÖ±½Ó·½·¨¡£ 1931-1935ÄêWoodruffºÍGoodpastureʹÓÃÊܾ«µÄ¼¦µ°³É¹¦ÅàÓýÁ˶»²¡¶¾[86]¡£20ÊÀ¼Í30Äê´úBurnetµÈÈËÓÃͬÑù·½·¨³É¹¦µØÓ¦ÓÃÓÚÆäËû²¡¶¾[87]¡£1935ÄêBurnetºÍRountreeÊ×´ÎʹÓü¦ÅßÈÞëÄòÄÒĤ³É¹¦ÅàÓýÁËðÐðÄÈÈÖ²¡Ìå[87]¡£Í¬ÄêMiyagawaµÈÈËʹÓÃͬÑùµÄ·½·¨³É¹¦ÅàÓýÁ˸¹¹É¹µÁÜ°ÍÈâÑ¿Ö×Ö²¡Ìå[88]¡£1940ÄêRakeµÈÈËÓü¦ÅßÂÑ»ÆÄҳɹ¦µØÖظ´ÁËÕâ¸öʵÑé[89]¡£ ³¤ÆÚÒÔÀ´¸÷·½Ñ§Õß³¢ÊÔÓü¦ÅßÅàÓýɳÑÛÒÂÔÌ嶼ûÓгɹ¦¡£1957Äê±±¾©ÉúÎïÖÆÆ·Ñо¿ËùµÄÌÀ·É·²µÈÈËʹÓÃÂÑ»ÆÄҳɹ¦ÅàÓýɳÑÛÒÂÔÌå[90£¬91]¡£1958ÄêCollier ºÍSowa³É¹¦µØÖظ´ÁËÌÀ·É·²µÈÈ˵ÄÑо¿[92]¡£×îºó1959ÄêJonesµÈÈ˳ɹ¦·ÖÀë³öÁËɳÑÛ½áĤÑ×°üºÌ壬¼´É³ÑÛÒÂÔÌå [93]¡£ MacCallumºÍFindlay ÔÚ1938Äê·¢ÏÖÁÜ°ÍÈâÑ¿Ö×µÄÖ²¡Ìå (ÒÂÔÌå)¶Ô»Ç°·ÀàÒ©ÎïÃô¸Ð[94]¡£Thygeson±¨µÀÁ˻ǰ·ÀàÒ©Îï³É¹¦ÖÎÁƳÉÈ˼°ÐÂÉú¶ùµÄ(ɳÑÛ)½áĤÑ×[95]¡£Ñ§ÕßÖ®ºó·¢ÏÖËÄ»·ËØÀàÒ©ÎïÖÎÁÆÒÂÔÌå±ÈÆäËû¿¹ÉúËظüÃô¸Ð[96]¡£Ä¿Ç°¶àÎ÷»·ËØÊÇÖÎÁÆÒÂÔÌå×îÓÐЧµÄ¹ãÆ׿¹ÉúËØÖ®Ò»[74]¡£ 7.ÎéÊÏ¿ÚÕÖ¼°ÊóÒß·ÀÖÎ ÎéÁ¬µÂÓÚ1879Äê3ÔÂ10ÈÕ³öÉúÓÚÂíÀ´Î÷ÑÇéijǡ£ËûÊǽ£ÇÅ´óѧµÚһ뻪ÈËҽѧÉú£¬1902Äê±ÏÒµÖ®ºóÔڵ¹ú¡¢·¨¹ú¼ÌÐøÉîÔ죬ѧϰϸ¾úѧ¡£Ö®ºóÎéÁ¬µÂ»Øµ½ÂíÀ´Î÷ÑÇÔÚ¼ªÂ¡ÆÂҽѧÑо¿Ëù¼ÌÐø¹¤×÷¡£Ò»ÄêºóËû»Øµ½éijÇ×öÁËÒ»ÃûÒ½Éú£¬¸¶³öʱ¼ä¾«Á¦ºÍ×Ô¼ºµÄÇ®²Æ°ïÖúÄÇЩѻƬ³Éñ«µÄÈ˽äµôѻƬ¡£1908ÄêËû½ÓÊÜÔ¬ÊÀ¿ÑûÇë³öÈÎλÓÚÌì½òµÄÇåµÛ¹ú¾üҽѧԺ¸±Ôº³¤¡£1910ÄêËû±»ÅÉÈ¥¶«±±£¬¿ØÖƵ±Ê±Õð¾ªÈ«ÊÀ½çµÄ·ÎÊóÒß¡£ÔÚËĸöÔµÄʱ¼äÄÚÎéÁ¬µÂÁ쵼ͬÊÂÃÇսʤÁËÕâ¿Éŵļ²²¡£¬²¢ÏêϸÇÒ¿ÆѧµØ¼Ç¼ÁËÕû¸ö¹ý³Ì¡£ ÖµµÃÒ»ÌáµÄÊÇÎéÁ¬µÂ·¢Ã÷µÄ¡±ÎéÊÏ¿ÚÕÖ¡±ÒÔ¼°ËûÌá³öµÄ»ðÔᲡ»¼Ê¬Ìå¼°¼ìÒß´ëʩսʤÁËÊóÒß¡£1911Äê4ÔÂ3ÈÕËûÔÚÉòÑôÕÙ¼¯²¢Ö÷³ÖÁ˵ÚÒ»½ì¹ú¼ÊÊóÒß·ÀÖδó»á¡£ÎéÁ¬µÂ»¹°ïÖúÖйúҽѧ×ßÏòÏÖ´ú»¯£¬³ÉÁ¢Á˹þ¶û±õ¼°±±¾©Ò½¿Æ´óѧ£¬½¨ÔìÁË20¶àËùÏÖ´ú»¯µÄ¹«Á¢Ò½Ôº¡¢ÊµÑéÊÒ¼°Ñо¿Ëù¡£ËûºÅÕÙ³ÉÁ¢ÁËÖлªÒ½Ñ§»á£¬²¢½¨Á¢Á˵ÚÒ»¸ö¹ú¼Ò¼ìÒßËù¡£ ÎéÁ¬µÂ½áÊøÔÚÖйú´ó½µÄ½Ü³öÉúÑĺó»Øµ½ÂíÀ´Î÷ÑÇÉú»î¡£Õâ¿ÉÄÜÒ²ÊÇËûÏÖÔÚ½ÏÉÙÔÚ´ó½±»ÊìÖªµÄÔÒò¡£ 8.Õë´ÌÂé×í ÏÖÒÑÃ÷È·ÊÖÊõ²»ÄÜÖ»ÒÀÀµÕë´ÌÂé×í[100-104]¡£MadsenµÈ·ÖÎöÁËÉæ¼°3025λ²¡È˵Ä13´ÎÁÙ´²ÊÔÑé[105]¡£ÊÔÑéÖÐÓÃÕë¾ÄÖÎÁƶàÖÖÇé¿öµÄÌÛÍ´£¬Õë¾ÄµÄЧ¹û±»ÈÏΪºÜС[106]¡£VickersµÈÈË×öÁËÒ»¸öÜöÝÍ·ÖÎö [107]£¬°üÀ¨29×éËæ»ú¶ÔÕÕÊÔÑé17922Àý²¡ÈË¡£½á¹ûÓëMadseµÈµÄ½áÂÛ»ù±¾Ò»Ö£¬Õë¾ÄֹʹµÄЧ¹ûºÜС[108]¡£ ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊDZ¾ÎÄÌÖÂÛµÄ8ÏîÌáÃû(°üÀ¨3Ïî¿ÆÑгɹû) ÖÐÖ»ÓÐÍõÕñÒåµÈʹÓÃÈ«·´Ê½Î¬¼×ËáÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡ÊÇ1976ÄêÎÄ»¯´ó¸ïÃü½áÊøÖ®ºóÍê³ÉµÄ¡£ ±¾Ñо¿ÓÐһЩ¾ÖÏÞÐÔ¡£ÎÒÃÇÒªÇó²ÎÓëÕßͶƱÌáÃûÖØÒª´´Ð·¢Ã÷£¬È»¶ø¡°ÖØÒª¡±ÊÇÖ÷¹ÛµÄÅжϡ£ÎÒÃÇûÄÜ×ÐϸÑо¿Ö»ÓÐÒ»¸öÌáÃûµÄÏîÄ¿¡£»¹ÓÐЩÖØÒª·¢Ã÷¿ÉÄÜÓдýÓÚÖйúҽѧÐÐÒµµÄ½øÒ»²½È·ÈÏ¡£ÁíÍâÊDzÎÓëµ÷²éµÄ×ÜÊýÈËÊý»¹ÊǽÏÉÙ£¬¶øÇÒÖ÷ÈÎҽʦÓ븱Ö÷ÈÎҽʦµÄ±ÈÀýÖ»Õ¼×ÜÊýµÄ4.6%¼°13.1%¡£ ÇàÝïËØÖÎÁÆű¼²ºÍÈýÑõ»¯¶þÉéÖÎÁƼ±ÐÔÔçÓ×Á£Ï¸°û°×Ѫ²¡µÈ¶¼ÊǷdz£ÓÐÒâÒåµÄ½Ü³ö¹±Ï×£¬µ«¾ÍÖйúµÄÈË¿Ú»ùÊý¼°¾¼Ã¹æÄ£¶øÑÔ£¬Öйú×ÜÌå³É¾ÍÏà±ÈÅ·ÃÀ¹ú¼Ò²¢²»³öÖÚ¡£»Ø¹ËÀúÊ·£¬¶½àÁÖµÈÔÚ¡°´Óͳ¼ÆÊÓ½Ç̽ÌÖÖйúÀúÊ·ÉϵĿƼ¼·¢Õ¹Ìص㡱һÎÄ[109]ÖÐ×ܽáµÀ: 1)ÖйúÀúÊ·ÀۼƼ¼Êõ´´ÐÂÏîÄ¿Ô¼Õ¼ÊÀ½ç×ÜÁ¿µÄ5.8%£¬Ïà±È±±ÃÀºÍÅ·ÖÞ²î¾àÉõÔ¶£¬Ò²Ñ·ÓÚÖж«µÄһЩ¹ú¼Ò; 2)ÖйúÀúÊ·¿Æѧ»î¶¯ºÍ³É¾ÍÉÙÓÚÈËÀà×ÜÀÛ¼ÆÊýµÄ1%; 3)ÖйúÀúÊ·Éϵļ¼Êõ´´Ð£¬Ê±¼äÉÏ´Ó´ºÇïÕ½¹úµ½Ëγ¯ÆÚ¼ä½Ï»îÔ¾£¬Ëγ¯Ö®ºó(1300ADÖÁ½ñ)£¬¼¼Êõ´´Ð¼¸ºõÍêÈ«Í£ÖÍ; 4)Å·ÖÞµØÇø×Ô¹«ÔªÇ°500Ä꿪ʼ£¬¿Æ¼¼»î¶¯¾Í½Ï»îÔ¾£¬¿Æ¼¼³É¹ûÒ»Ö±³¬Ô½Öйú¡£Charles MurrayµÄÊé ¡®Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950¡¯ [2] Ò²Ã÷È·±íÊöÁËÀàËƵĽáÂÛ¡£ËûÖ¸³ö£¬¡°ÈËÀà·¢Õ¹ÖÁ½ñÌìÕâÑù£¬¶à¹é¹¦ÓÚÅ·ÑÇ´ó½Î÷±±²¿µÄһС²¿·ÖÈËÔÚÊý¸öÊÀ¼ÍËùÄÚ´´ÔìµÄ»Ô»Í ¡±[2£¬µÚ264Ò³]¡£ һλÂ׶ؾ¼ÃѧԺµÄѧÕßÔÚ2006Äê·¢±í¹Ûµã³Æ£º¡°ÓÐЩÈËÈÏΪÑÇÖÞÓïϵ½á¹¹¶ôÖÆÁËÑÇÖÞÈ˵ijéÏó˼άºÍ´´ÔìÁ¦¡£ÁíÍâһЩÑо¿Ö¸³öÑÇÖÞµÄÎÄ»¯¡¢×Ú½ÌÐÅÑöºÍ½ÌÓýÌåÖƲ»¹ÄÀøÂ߼˼ά¡£¿Æѧ...ÐèÒªÓëÉú¾ãÀ´µÄÌì×Ê¡£Ò»¸öÓµÓÐÅÓ´óÈË¿Ú»ùÊýµÄÃñ×å²¢²»Ò»¶¨ÄÜÁìÏÈ¿Æѧ......ÉÏÊÀ¼ÍµÄÑÇÖÞºÃÏñûÓÐÔ´´µÄ¿ÆѧͻÆÆ¡±¡£ÈçÎÒÃÇÒÔÇ°Ìá³ö£¬ËäÈ»ÈÕ±¾ºÍº«¹úÓµÓÐÒ»Á÷µÄÆû³µÖÆÔìÒµºÍµç×ÓÆóÒµ£¬ÖÆÒ©ÆóÒµ¼°ÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÈ´²»Í»³ö[110]¡£¶øÈÕ±¾´Ó20ÊÀ¼Í³õÒ»Ö±ÊǵØÔµÕþÖμ°¾¼ÃÇ¿¹ú£¬ÖÁ½ñÒÑÓÐ7λŵ±´¶û»¯Ñ§½±¼°10λŵ±´¶ûÎïÀí½±µÃÖ÷¡£µ«2013ÄêÊÀ½çÊ®´óÖÆÒ©¹«Ë¾Ã»ÓÐÒ»¸öÈÕ±¾»òº«¹úµÄ; 25¸ö¶¥¼¶µÄÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¹«Ë¾ÖÐҲûÓÐÈÕ±¾»òº«¹úµÄ¹«Ë¾[111£¬112]¡£ÈÕ±¾×î´óµÄÖÆÒ©ÆóҵΪÎäÌï (Takeda)£¬µ«ºÜ¶àÖйúÈË¿ÉÄܲ¢²»ÊìϤ¡£¾¡¹ÜÖйúÄ¿Ç°·¢±íÁËÔ½À´Ô½¶àµÄÎÄÕ£¬µ«Ó¡¶ÈÔÚ´´ÐÂÖÆÒ©ºÍÉúÎ﹤³ÌÁìÏÈÓÚÖйú[113]¡£ ¾¡¿ÉÄÜÈÏÇåÖйúµÄÏà¶ÔÓÅÊƺÍÏà¶ÔÈõÊÆÊ®·ÖÖØÒª¡£Õ⽫ÓÐÖúÓÚÖйú×ö³öÕýÈ·¶¨Î»²¢ÏòÕýÈ·µÄ·½ÏòÇ°½ø£¬´Ó¶øÃÖ²¹ºÍ¿Ë·þÖйúÏà¶ÔµÄÈõÊÆ¡£Charles MurrayÖ¸³ö£¬¡°ÀúÊ·ÒѾ˵Ã÷£¬Ò»¸ö³ö¾ÞÈ˵ÄÄê´ú£¬Ò²Êdzö¡°ÑǾÞÈË¡±¼°ÆäËüÈ˲ű²³öµÄÄê´ú¡± [2£¬249Ò³]¡£Í¼4Ò²ÔÚijÖ̶ֳÈÉÏ·´Ó³ÁËÕâ¸ö¹æÂÉ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ËäÈ»¿ÉÄÜÓÐÀýÍâÇé¿ö£¬ÔÚд±¾ÎÄʱ×÷Õß±¯¹ÛµØÈÏΪÔÚ¿ÉÒÔÔ¤¼ûµÄδÀ´ÖйúÒ²²»Ì«¿ÉÄÜÔÚҽѧÉÏ×÷³öÒ»Á¬´®µÄÔ´´ÐÔ¾Þ´ó¹±Ï×£¬Ò²²»Ì«¿ÉÄÜ»á²úÉúÐí¶àÉúÀíҽѧµÄŵ±´¶û½±µÃÖ÷¡£Èç¹ûÓпÉÄÜ£¬Ò²ÐíͬÈÕ±¾Ò»Ñù£¬»áÏÈÓÐÎïÀíѧ¼°»¯Ñ§µÄŵ±´¶û½±»ñµÃÕß¡£²ÎÕÕ֮ǰÈÕ±¾¼°º«¹úµÄ¾Ñ飬ÖйúµÄ¹«Ë¾¿ÉÄÜ»áÔÚ»úеÖÆÔìºÍµç×Ó¹¤Òµ·½Ãæ×öµÃ¸üºÃ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ´´ÐÂÖÆÒ©¼°ÉúÎï¼¼Êõ¡£µ±È»×÷Õß³ÐÈÏÔ¤²â½«À´ÊǷdz£À§Äѵġ£Î´À´µÄ·¢Õ¹Ö»ÓÐÔÚʵÏÖµÄÄÇÒ»¿Ì£¬²Å»áÖªµÀ×îºó½á¹û¡£ Ãùл ¸Ðл±¾´Îµ÷²éµÄÿһλ²ÎÓëÕߣ¬Ò²¸ÐлÀ´×ÔÅóÓѺÍͬʵÄÖî¶à±¦¹óÒâ¼û¡£ ±¾´Îµ÷²éµÄÉè¼Æ¼°½á¹û½âÊ;ù¶ÀÁ¢ÓÚ¶¡ÏãÔ°¼°AME³ö°æ¹«Ë¾¡£ Åû¶£º 1.±¾´ÎÑо¿Ö÷ҪĿµÄ²¢·Ç¾«È·¼Ç¼½ü´úÖйúµÄÒ½Ò©·¢Õ¹Ê·£¬¶øÊǼǼ±¾´ÎͶƱÌáÃû¡£Òò´Ë¸÷¸öÏîÄ¿µÄ²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×ÒýÓÃÉÏ¿ÉÄÜ´æÔÚһЩ²»¾ùºâ¡£ 4.±¾ÎÄÖÐÎÄ°æ´ÓÓ¢ÎÄ°æ·Òë¶øÀ´£¬ÈçÓëÓ¢ÎÄ°æÓÐÆçÒ壬ÒÔÓ¢ÎÄ°æΪÕýÈ·½âÊÍ¡£
²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×Çë²Î¼ûÓ¢ÎÄÔ°æ¡£ W¨¢ng YX, Xiao F. Top five medical innovations in China mainland since Xinhai revolution (1911): results of AME survey-002. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2015;5(3):459©473
¸½¼þ1£¬1851-1900Äê¼äÊÀ½çҽѧÖØÒª·¢Ã÷ (Murray C, Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950¡¯ Page212-213)
1851Ä꣺µÂ¹ú£¬Hermann Helmholtz·¢Ã÷ÁËÑÛµ×¾µ¡£ 1863Ä꣺µÂ¹ú£¬Johann BaeyerÊ״η¢ÏְͱÈÍ×Ëá¡£ 1865Ä꣺·¨¹ú£¬Claude Bernard·¢±íÁ˨¤ l¡¯Etude de la M¨¦decine Exp¨¦rimental£¬Ê¹Ò½Ñ§³ÉΪһÃŹ۲졢¼ÙÉè¡¢ÑéÖ¤µÄ¿Æѧ¡£ 1874Ä꣺ÃÀ¹ú£¬Andrew StillÌá³ö×µÌåÒÆλÊǼ¹Öù²¡µÄÔÒòÖ®Ò»£¬ ´´Á¢Á˹Dz¡Ñ§¡£ 1876Ä꣺µÂ¹ú£¬Robert KochÖ¤Ã÷Ì¿¾ÒµÄÖ²¡¾úÊǸ˾ú¡£ 1881Ä꣺°ÂµØÀû£¬Christian Billroth³É¹¦ÇгýÓÄÃÅ°©£¬±êÖ¾×Å賦µÀÊÖÊõµÄ¿ªÊ¼£¬Ò²ÊÇÏÖ´úÍâ¿ÆмÍÔªµÄ¿ªÊ¼¡£ 1881Ä꣺µÂ¹ú£¬Robert KochÌá³öÕôÆøÃð¾ú·¨¡£ 1881Ä꣺ÃÀ¹ú£¬William HalstedÊ״οªÕ¹ÁË»¼ÕßÊäѪ¡£ 1885Ä꣺·¨¹ú£¬Louis Pasteur·¢Ã÷ÁË¿ñÈ®ÒßÃç¡£ 1890Ä꣺µÂ¹ú£¬Emil von BehringÑÐÖÆÁË¿¹ÆÆÉ˷綾ËØ¡£ 1891Ä꣺µÂ¹ú£¬ÈÕ±¾£¬·¨¹ú£¬Emil von Behring, Kitasato Shibasaburo, ºÍ ¨¦mile RouxÑÐÖÆÁË¿¹°×ºí¸Ë¾ú¶¾ËصÄÖƼÁ¡£ |
|
|
|
|
ʵÓÃ×ÊѶ | |
|
|
Ò»Öܵã»÷ÈÈÌû | ¸ü¶à>> |
|
|
Ò»Öܻظ´ÈÈÌû |
|
|
ÀúÊ·ÉϵĽñÌ죺»Ø¸´ÈÈÌû |