我为组织鞍前马后 效尽犬马之劳的下场 ——

海南航空集团联合创始人联合董事长自诩海南李嘉诚的

王健同志被解剖开膛剖背前后照片

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分明自己才是一只货真价实不带找钱的美军纸老虎

却无耻诽谤造谣诬陷栽赃所向披靡无坚不摧孤独求败的

中国航空母舰战斗群为纸质老虎  美媒今日反华毒文

China's Aircraft Carriers 

Are a Paper Tiger (For Now)

It all comes down to a few simple facts.

by David Axe   December 30, 2019

The Chinese navy on Dec. 17, 2019 commissioned into service its second aircraft carrier, Shandong. China’s leader Xi Jinping presided over the commissioning ceremony at a naval base in Sanya, on the southern island of Hainan, the ship’s home port.

With Shandong in service, the Chinese fleet now ties the Royal Navy as the second-biggest operator of carriers that are capable of operating fixed-wing aircraft. The U.S. Navy, the number-one carrier power, possesses 20 ships capable of launching and recovering airplanes.

Shandong is a somewhat improved copy of China’s first flattop Liaoning, herself a refurbished ex-Ukrainian vessel dating from the late 1980s. Shandong boasts roomier hangars and as such reportedly can embark up to 36 fixed-wing fighters, as opposed to the 24 that fit aboard Liaoning.

But the slightly bigger air wing still suffers crippling limitations that could prevent Shandong from ever playing a meaningful role in a major conflict.

It all comes down to a few simple facts. China operates just one carrier-capable fighter, the J-15. A copy of the Soviet Su-33, the J-15 is heavy. In fact, at 19 tons empty, it’s the heaviest fixed-wing carrier plane currently in service anywhere in the world. The U.S. Navy’s own F/A-18E/F Super Hornet fighter weighs just 16 tons empty.

The J-15’s weight might not be a major issue if Chinese carriers featured catapults like American carriers do. But they don’t. Instead, both Liaoning and Shandong launch their planes via a bow-mounted ramp. The ramp launch method imparts much less energy that catapult-launch can do, meaning the Chinese carriers planes must keep down their loaded weight.

The Washington, D.C. Center for Strategic and International Studies estimated the J-15’s maximum takeoff weight during carrier operations to be around 31 tons. America’s 10 nuclear-powered supercarriers with their catapults can launch planes weighing up to 50 tons.

At 31 tons, the J-15 can carry only minimal fuel and weapons. Indeed, no public photos or videos of Chinese carriers operations have depicted J-15s launching while carrying more than a few small air-to-air missiles. Realistically, J-15s wouldn’t be able to haul a meaningful weapons load into combat.

Aerial refueling somewhat could mitigate that weight limitation. But “the practice remains difficult to execute, and the [Chinese navy’s] refueling capabilities are not yet fully developed,” CSIS explained.

Chinese officials are well aware of the J-15’s problems. “Its weight is one of the key reasons military leaders have pushed for the use of an electromagnetic aircraft launch system – rather than steam-powered catapults – on China’s third carrier, which is currently under construction,” South China Morning Post noted.

But even launching via catapult, the J-15 could prove to be a dog -- especially if the catapult is steam-powered. “If China insisted on using steam-powered catapults to launch the J-15, it would look like forcing a toddler to run with [Chinese hurdler] Liu Xiang and [Jamaican sprinter] Usain Bolt,” an unnamed expert told South China Morning Post. “That would be so embarrassing!”

China like the United States is working on more efficient electromagnetic catapults. The Chinese navy reportedly plans to install the electromagnetic launchers on the country’s third carrier, which could commission in the mid-2020s. Beijing reportedly aims to acquire just four carriers including Liaoning and Shandong.

In a 2017 interview with China Central Television, Chinese navy rear admiral Yin Zhuo, a senior researcher at the fleet’s research center, said China had complete “hundreds of [land-based] tests” with the new catapult and J-15s. But the electromagnetic catapult is a new technology and has proved difficult even for the Americans to build. It’s unclear whether China’s version of the catapult will be ready in time for the third carrier’s launch.

Under the best of circumstances, China’s future carrier fleet with its four flattops will include at most two vessels that are capable of launching J-15s with full loads of weapons and fuel. The other two carriers will continue launching fighters that are too heavy for their ramps and thus incapable of hauling the weapons and fuel they’d need in order to actually contribute to an aerial battle.

David Axe serves as Defense Editor of the National Interest. He is the author of the graphic novels  War Fix, War Is Boring and Machete Squad.

  谷歌同志一秒钟完活儿译文：

中国海军于2019年12月17日启用了其第二艘航母山东。中国领导人习近平在该船的母港海南南部岛屿三亚的一个海军基地主持了调试仪式。

在山东服役后，中国舰队现在将皇家海军列为能够操纵固定翼飞机的第二大航母运营商。美国海军是第一大航母，拥有20艘能够发射和恢复飞机的舰船。

山东是中国第一艘平顶辽宁的翻版，而辽宁本人是1980年代后期翻新的前乌克兰船只。山东拥有机库较大的机库，据报道，该机库最多可搭载36架固定翼战斗机，而辽宁省则有24架。

但是，稍大一些的空中机翼仍然遭受着严重的限制，这可能会阻止山东在重大冲突中发挥重要作用。

一切都归结为一些简单的事实。中国仅运营一架具备航母能力的战斗机，即J-15。 J-15是苏联Su-33的复制品，很重。实际上，这是一架空载19吨的飞机，是目前世界上服务最重的固定翼运输机。美国海军自己的F / A-18E / F超级大黄蜂战斗机仅重16吨。

如果中国战舰像美国战舰那样配备弹射器，J-15的重量可能不会成为主要问题。但是他们没有。取而代之的是，辽宁和山东都通过弓形舷梯发射飞机。斜面发射方法所传递的能量要比弹射器发射的能量少得多，这意味着中国航母飞机必须保持轻载。

华盛顿特区战略与国际研究中心估计，J-15在航母运营期间的最大起飞重量约为31吨。美国的10架带有弹射器的核动力超级航母可以发射重达50吨的飞机。

J-15的重量仅为31吨，只能携带最少的燃料和武器。的确，没有公开的照片或中国航母运营的视频描述了J-15在运载多于几枚小型空空导弹的同时发射。实际上，J-15战斗机无法运送有意义的武器。

空中加油可以减轻重量限制。但是，“这种做法仍然很难执行，[中国海军]的加油能力还没有得到充分发展，” CSIS解释说。

中国官员非常了解J-15的问题。 《南极早报》指出：“重量是军事领导人推动在中国正在建造的中国第三艘航母上使用电磁飞机发射系统而不是蒸汽动力弹射器的关键原因之一。”

但是即使通过弹射器发射，J-15还是可以证明是狗-特别是如果弹射器是蒸汽驱动的。一位不愿透露姓名的专家告诉《南华早报》：“如果中国坚持使用蒸汽弹射器来发射J-15，那看起来就像是强迫幼儿与[中国跨栏运动员]刘翔和[牙买加短跑运动员] Usain Bolt一起奔跑。” 。 “那太尴尬了！”

像美国这样的中国正在研究更高效的电磁弹射器。据报道，中国海军计划在该国的第三艘航母上安装电磁发射器，这可能会在2020年代中期投入使用。据报道，北京的目标是仅收购包括辽宁和山东在内的四家航空公司。

在2017年接受中央电视台采访时，舰队研究中心资深研究员中国海军少将尹卓表示，中国已经完成了带有新型弹射器和J-15的“数百次（陆基）测试”。但是电磁弹射器是一种新技术，即使对于美国人来说，也证明是困难的。目前尚不清楚中国版本的弹射器是否会及时为第三个航母的发射做好准备。

在最好的情况下，中国未来的舰队将配备四个平台，最多将包括两艘能够装满武器和燃料的J-15降落舰。另外两家航母将继续发射过于笨重的战斗机，以致于无法为实际空战做出贡献所需的武器和燃料。

大卫·阿克斯（David Ax）担任国家利益的国防编辑。他是图画小说《战争修正》，《战争无聊》和《弯刀小队》的作者。