The PLA’s keen interest is reflected in strategic writings and research that argue that advances in biology are contributing to changing the form or character of conflict.

中共國的解放軍對這一領域的濃厚興趣也反映在其主導的一些戰略著作和研究中，這些研究認為生物學的進步正在促進改變衝突的形式或特徵。

For example:

這些戰略著作和研究舉例如下：

In 2010’s War for Biological Dominance , Guo Jiwei , a professor with the Third Military Medical University, emphasizes the impact of biology on future warfare.

中共第三軍醫大學教授郭繼衛在其2010年撰寫的《制生權戰爭》一書中強調了生物學對未來戰爭的影響。

In 2015, then-president of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences He Fuchu argued that biotechnology will become the new “strategic commanding heights” of national defense, from biomaterials to “brain control” weapons. Maj. Gen. He has since become the vice president of the Academy of Military Sciences, which leads China’s military science enterprise.

2015年，時任軍事醫學科學院院長的賀福初指出，從生物材料到“腦部控制”武器，生物技術將成為國防科技的新的“戰略制高點”。從那以後，他就擔任了引領中國軍事科學事業的中國軍事科學院的副院長。

Biology is among seven “new domains of warfare” discussed in a 2017 book by Zhang Shibo (張仕波), a retired general and former president of the National Defense University, who concludes: “Modern biotechnology development is gradually showing strong signs characteristic of an offensive capability,” including the possibility that “specific ethnic genetic attacks” could be employed.

退休前任中國國防大學校長的張仕波，在其2017年出版的一本書中寫到：生物學是未來戰爭的七個“新戰爭領域”之一。他得出的結論是：“現代生物技術的發展正逐漸顯示出擁有強烈的進攻性特徵的跡象，包括採用“特定種族基因攻擊”的可能性。

The 2017 edition of Science of Military Strategy , a textbook published by the PLA’s National Defense University that is considered to be relatively authoritative, debuted a section about biology as a domain of military struggle, similarly mentioning the potential for new kinds of biological warfare to include “specific ethnic genetic attacks.”

2017年版的《戰略學》一書，是中國人民解放軍國防大學出版的一本教科書，被認為相對權威。該書首次介紹了生物學作為軍事鬥爭領域的內容，同樣提到了將“生物戰”-包括“特定的種族基因攻擊”做為新型軍事手段的潛力。

These are just a few examples of an extensive and evolving literature by Chinese military scholars and scientists who are exploring new directions in military innovation.

以上提到的這些，只是從中國軍事學家和科學家在探索軍事創新方面的廣泛而且不斷深入的文章中挑出的幾個例子。

Following these lines of thinking, the PLA is pursuing military applications for biology and looking into promising intersections with other disciplines, including brain science, supercomputing, and artificial intelligence. Since 2016, the Central Military Commission has funded projects on military brain science, advanced biomimetic systems, biological and biomimetic materials, human performance enhancement, and “new concept” biotechnology.

按照他們的這些思路，中共國的解放軍正在尋求生物學的軍事應用，並尋求與包括腦科學、超級計算和人工智能在內的其他學科的有效的交叉。自2016年以來，中共國的中央軍事委員會資助了以下項目：腦科學在軍事方面的應用，先進的仿生系統，生物和仿生材料，提高人類績效以及“新概念”生物技術。

Gene Editing 基因編輯

Meanwhile, China has been leading the world in the number of trials of the CRISPR gene-editing technology in humans. Over a dozen clinical trials are known to have been undertaken, and some of these activities have provoked global controversy. It’s not clear whether Chinese scientist He Jiankui, may have received approval or even funding from the government for editing embryos that became the world’s first genetically modified humans. The news provoked serious concerns and backlash around the world and in China, where new legislation has been introduced to increase oversight over such research. However, there are reasons to be skeptical that China will overcome its history and track record of activities that are at best ethically questionable, or at worst cruel and unusual, in healthcare and medical sciences.

同時，中共國在人類CRISPR基因編輯技術的試驗數量上一直處於世界領先地位。 已知的是：他們已經進行了十幾項臨床試驗，其中一些甚至引起了全球的爭議。目前尚不清楚中共國科學家賀建奎在成功編輯世界上第一個轉基因人類的胚胎之前是否獲得政府批准，甚至獲得政府資助。這一消息在世界範圍內以及在中共國內部都引起了嚴重關注和強烈反對。目前在中共國，為了加強對此類研究領域的監督，已經有了新的法規出台。 但是，我們有理由懷疑，中共國有可能會故意篡改這些相關醫療活動的歷史和記錄，而這些醫療活動往好的方面說在倫理上可能是有問題的，往最糟糕的方面說有可能是在極其殘酷和不尋常的情況下完成的。

But it is striking how many of China’s CRISPR trials are taking place at the PLA General Hospital, including to fight cancer. Indeed, the PLA’s medical institutions have emerged as major centers for research in gene editing and other new frontiers of military medicine and biotechnology. The PLA’s Academy of Military Medical Sciences, or AMMS, which China touts as its “cradle of training for military medical talent,” was recently placed directly under the purview of the Academy of Military Science, which itself has been transformed to concentrate on scientific and technological innovation. This change could indicate a closer integration of medical science with military research.

但令人震驚的是，中國人民解放軍總醫院正在進行多項CRISPR試驗，這其中包括抗擊癌症的試驗。事實上，解放軍的醫療機構已經成為基因編輯研究以及其他新前沿領域的軍事醫學和生物技術的主要研究中心。在中國被稱為“軍事醫學人才培養的搖籃”的中國人民解放軍軍事醫學科學院或AMMS，最近被直接置於軍事科學院的管理之下，而軍事科學院本身已轉變為專注於軍事科學和技術的創新方面了。這一變化可能表明目前在中國，醫學與軍事研究正在的更加緊密的結合。

In 2016, an AMMS doctoral researcher published a dissertation, “Research on the Evaluation of Human Performance Enhancement Technology,” which characterized CRISPR-Cas as one of three primary technologies that might boost troops’ combat effectiveness. The supporting research looked at the effectiveness of the drug Modafinil, which has applications in cognitive enhancement; and at transcranial magnetic stimulation, a type of brain stimulation, while also contending that the “great potential” of CRISPR-Cas as a “military deterrence technology in which China should “grasp the initiative” in development.

2016年，AMMS的博士研究人員發表了一篇論文，題目是“人類績效增強技術的評估研究”，該研究將CRISPR-Cas視為可能增強部隊戰鬥力的三項主要技術之一。其支持性研究着眼於莫達非尼藥物的有效性，該藥物可用於認知增強。在經顱磁刺激下，一種對大腦的刺激，這篇論文同時還認為CRISPR-Cas在“軍事威懾技術”方面具有巨大潛力，中國應在發展中“掌握主動權”。

AI + Biotech 人工智能+生物技術

The intersection of biotechnology and artificial intelligence promises unique synergies. The vastness of the human genome — among the biggest of big data — all but requires AI and machine learning to point the way for CRISPR-related advances in therapeutics or enhancement.

生物技術和人工智能的融合有望帶來獨特的協同作用。人類基因組的龐大（其中包括大數據中的最大數據）幾乎全部需要AI和機器學習來為CRISPR相關的治療或增強效績方面的進展指明道路。

In 2016, the potential strategic value of genetic information led the Chinese government to launch the National Genebank , which intends to become the world’s largest repository of such data. It aims to “develop and utilize China’s valuable genetic resources, safeguard national security in bioinformatics, and enhance China’s capability to seize the strategic commanding heights” in the domain of biotechnology.

2016年，由於遺傳信息的潛在戰略價值，中共國政府啟動了國家基因庫，該數據庫打算成為世界上最大的此類數據的存儲庫。它旨在“開發和利用中國寶貴的遺傳資源，維護生物信息學中的國家安全，並增強中共國在生物技術領域中占據戰略制高點的能力”。

The effort is administered by BGI, formerly known as Beijing Genomics Inc., which is Beijing’s de facto national champion in the field. BGI has established an edge in cheap gene sequencing, concentrating on amassing massive amounts of data from a diverse array of sources. The company has a global presence, including laboratories in California and Australia.

這項工作由華大基因公司管理，其前身是北京基因組有限公司，這家公司是北京在該領域事實上的佼佼者。華大基因已在廉價的基因測序領域確立了優勢，專注於從各種來源收集大量數據。 該公司的業務遍及全球，包括在加利福尼亞和澳大利亞都有自己的實驗室。

U.S. policymakers have been concerned, if not troubled, by the company’s access to the genetic information of Americans. BGIhas been pursuing a range of partnerships, including with the University of California and with the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia on human genome sequencing. BGI’s research and partnerships in Xinjiang also raise questions about its linkage to human rights abuses, including the forced collectionof genetic information from Uighurs in Xinjiang.

美國的政策制定者一直擔心該公司窺探到美國人的遺傳信息，雖然到目前還沒有遇到什麼麻煩。華大基因公司一直在尋求和美國的一些學校和醫院達成合作夥伴關係，這其中包括與加州大學和費城兒童醫院在人類基因組測序方面的合作。最近，華大基因公司在新疆的研究和合作夥伴關係也引發了對其與侵犯人權行為相聯繫的質疑，其中包括強迫從新疆維吾爾族收集遺傳信息。

There also appear to be links between BGI’s research and military research activities, particularly with the PLA’s National University of Defense Technology. BGI’s bioinformatics research has used Tianhe supercomputers to process genetic information for biomedical applications, while BGI and NUDT researchers have collaborated on several publications, including the design of tools for the use of CRISPR.

華大基因公司的研究與軍事研究活動之間似乎也存在聯繫，特別是與解放軍的國防科技大學。華大基因公司的生物信息學研究使用了天河超級計算機來處理生物醫學應用中的遺傳信息，而華大基因公司和國防科技大學的研究人員也已經合作發表了多個出版物，包括CRISPR使用工具的設計。

Biotech’s Expansive Frontier 生物技術的廣闊前沿

It will be increasingly important to keep tabs on the Chinese military’s interest in biology as an emerging domain of warfare, guided by strategists who talk about potential “genetic weapons” and the possibility of a “bloodless victory.” Although the use of CRISPR to edit genes remains novel and nascent, these tools and techniques are rapidly advancing, and what is within the realm of the possible for military applications may continue to shift as well. In the process, the lack of transparency and uncertainty of ethical considerations in China’s research initiatives raise the risks of technological surprise.

密切關注中國軍方對生物學作為新興戰爭領域的興趣對於我們來說應該越來越重要了。他們的這些戰略家都在討論潛在的“遺傳武器”和“無血勝利”的可能性。儘管使用CRISPR編輯基因仍然是創新和初期的，但是這些工具和技術正在迅速的發展，在可能範圍內的軍事應用也在持續發生變化，而在此過程中，中國的研究計劃由於缺乏透明度和道德考量上的不確定性，增加了技術意外的風險。

相關播客：

艾爾莎·卡尼亞（Elsa Kania）是喬治敦（Georgetown）安全和新興技術中心的研究員，也是新美國安全中心的技術和國家安全計劃的兼職高級研究員。 她的文章的觀點是屬於她自己的。

威爾遜·沃恩·迪克（威爾遜·沃恩·迪克）為杜可（Duco）和雷恩（Rane）提供有關國家安全，新興技術和中國的諮詢。

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