The PLA’s keen interest is reflected in strategic writings and research that argue that advances in biology are contributing to changing the form or character of conflict.

中共国的解放军对这一领域的浓厚兴趣也反映在其主导的一些战略著作和研究中，这些研究认为生物学的进步正在促进改变冲突的形式或特征。

For example:

这些战略著作和研究举例如下：

In 2010’s War for Biological Dominance , Guo Jiwei , a professor with the Third Military Medical University, emphasizes the impact of biology on future warfare.

中共第三军医大学教授郭继卫在其2010年撰写的《制生权战争》一书中强调了生物学对未来战争的影响。

In 2015, then-president of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences He Fuchu argued that biotechnology will become the new “strategic commanding heights” of national defense, from biomaterials to “brain control” weapons. Maj. Gen. He has since become the vice president of the Academy of Military Sciences, which leads China’s military science enterprise.

2015年，时任军事医学科学院院长的贺福初指出，从生物材料到“脑部控制”武器，生物技术将成为国防科技的新的“战略制高点”。从那以后，他就担任了引领中国军事科学事业的中国军事科学院的副院长。

Biology is among seven “new domains of warfare” discussed in a 2017 book by Zhang Shibo (张仕波), a retired general and former president of the National Defense University, who concludes: “Modern biotechnology development is gradually showing strong signs characteristic of an offensive capability,” including the possibility that “specific ethnic genetic attacks” could be employed.

退休前任中国国防大学校长的张仕波，在其2017年出版的一本书中写到：生物学是未来战争的七个“新战争领域”之一。他得出的结论是：“现代生物技术的发展正逐渐显示出拥有强烈的进攻性特征的迹象，包括采用“特定种族基因攻击”的可能性。

The 2017 edition of Science of Military Strategy , a textbook published by the PLA’s National Defense University that is considered to be relatively authoritative, debuted a section about biology as a domain of military struggle, similarly mentioning the potential for new kinds of biological warfare to include “specific ethnic genetic attacks.”

2017年版的《战略学》一书，是中国人民解放军国防大学出版的一本教科书，被认为相对权威。该书首次介绍了生物学作为军事斗争领域的内容，同样提到了将“生物战”-包括“特定的种族基因攻击”做为新型军事手段的潜力。

These are just a few examples of an extensive and evolving literature by Chinese military scholars and scientists who are exploring new directions in military innovation.

以上提到的这些，只是从中国军事学家和科学家在探索军事创新方面的广泛而且不断深入的文章中挑出的几个例子。

Following these lines of thinking, the PLA is pursuing military applications for biology and looking into promising intersections with other disciplines, including brain science, supercomputing, and artificial intelligence. Since 2016, the Central Military Commission has funded projects on military brain science, advanced biomimetic systems, biological and biomimetic materials, human performance enhancement, and “new concept” biotechnology.

按照他们的这些思路，中共国的解放军正在寻求生物学的军事应用，并寻求与包括脑科学、超级计算和人工智能在内的其他学科的有效的交叉。自2016年以来，中共国的中央军事委员会资助了以下项目：脑科学在军事方面的应用，先进的仿生系统，生物和仿生材料，提高人类绩效以及“新概念”生物技术。

Gene Editing 基因编辑

Meanwhile, China has been leading the world in the number of trials of the CRISPR gene-editing technology in humans. Over a dozen clinical trials are known to have been undertaken, and some of these activities have provoked global controversy. It’s not clear whether Chinese scientist He Jiankui, may have received approval or even funding from the government for editing embryos that became the world’s first genetically modified humans. The news provoked serious concerns and backlash around the world and in China, where new legislation has been introduced to increase oversight over such research. However, there are reasons to be skeptical that China will overcome its history and track record of activities that are at best ethically questionable, or at worst cruel and unusual, in healthcare and medical sciences.

同时，中共国在人类CRISPR基因编辑技术的试验数量上一直处于世界领先地位。 已知的是：他们已经进行了十几项临床试验，其中一些甚至引起了全球的争议。目前尚不清楚中共国科学家贺建奎在成功编辑世界上第一个转基因人类的胚胎之前是否获得政府批准，甚至获得政府资助。这一消息在世界范围内以及在中共国内部都引起了严重关注和强烈反对。目前在中共国，为了加强对此类研究领域的监督，已经有了新的法规出台。 但是，我们有理由怀疑，中共国有可能会故意篡改这些相关医疗活动的历史和记录，而这些医疗活动往好的方面说在伦理上可能是有问题的，往最糟糕的方面说有可能是在极其残酷和不寻常的情况下完成的。

But it is striking how many of China’s CRISPR trials are taking place at the PLA General Hospital, including to fight cancer. Indeed, the PLA’s medical institutions have emerged as major centers for research in gene editing and other new frontiers of military medicine and biotechnology. The PLA’s Academy of Military Medical Sciences, or AMMS, which China touts as its “cradle of training for military medical talent,” was recently placed directly under the purview of the Academy of Military Science, which itself has been transformed to concentrate on scientific and technological innovation. This change could indicate a closer integration of medical science with military research.

但令人震惊的是，中国人民解放军总医院正在进行多项CRISPR试验，这其中包括抗击癌症的试验。事实上，解放军的医疗机构已经成为基因编辑研究以及其他新前沿领域的军事医学和生物技术的主要研究中心。在中国被称为“军事医学人才培养的摇篮”的中国人民解放军军事医学科学院或AMMS，最近被直接置于军事科学院的管理之下，而军事科学院本身已转变为专注于军事科学和技术的创新方面了。这一变化可能表明目前在中国，医学与军事研究正在的更加紧密的结合。

In 2016, an AMMS doctoral researcher published a dissertation, “Research on the Evaluation of Human Performance Enhancement Technology,” which characterized CRISPR-Cas as one of three primary technologies that might boost troops’ combat effectiveness. The supporting research looked at the effectiveness of the drug Modafinil, which has applications in cognitive enhancement; and at transcranial magnetic stimulation, a type of brain stimulation, while also contending that the “great potential” of CRISPR-Cas as a “military deterrence technology in which China should “grasp the initiative” in development.

2016年，AMMS的博士研究人员发表了一篇论文，题目是“人类绩效增强技术的评估研究”，该研究将CRISPR-Cas视为可能增强部队战斗力的三项主要技术之一。其支持性研究着眼于莫达非尼药物的有效性，该药物可用于认知增强。在经颅磁刺激下，一种对大脑的刺激，这篇论文同时还认为CRISPR-Cas在“军事威慑技术”方面具有巨大潜力，中国应在发展中“掌握主动权”。

AI + Biotech 人工智能+生物技术

The intersection of biotechnology and artificial intelligence promises unique synergies. The vastness of the human genome — among the biggest of big data — all but requires AI and machine learning to point the way for CRISPR-related advances in therapeutics or enhancement.

生物技术和人工智能的融合有望带来独特的协同作用。人类基因组的庞大（其中包括大数据中的最大数据）几乎全部需要AI和机器学习来为CRISPR相关的治疗或增强效绩方面的进展指明道路。

In 2016, the potential strategic value of genetic information led the Chinese government to launch the National Genebank , which intends to become the world’s largest repository of such data. It aims to “develop and utilize China’s valuable genetic resources, safeguard national security in bioinformatics, and enhance China’s capability to seize the strategic commanding heights” in the domain of biotechnology.

2016年，由于遗传信息的潜在战略价值，中共国政府启动了国家基因库，该数据库打算成为世界上最大的此类数据的存储库。它旨在“开发和利用中国宝贵的遗传资源，维护生物信息学中的国家安全，并增强中共国在生物技术领域中占据战略制高点的能力”。

The effort is administered by BGI, formerly known as Beijing Genomics Inc., which is Beijing’s de facto national champion in the field. BGI has established an edge in cheap gene sequencing, concentrating on amassing massive amounts of data from a diverse array of sources. The company has a global presence, including laboratories in California and Australia.

这项工作由华大基因公司管理，其前身是北京基因组有限公司，这家公司是北京在该领域事实上的佼佼者。华大基因已在廉价的基因测序领域确立了优势，专注于从各种来源收集大量数据。 该公司的业务遍及全球，包括在加利福尼亚和澳大利亚都有自己的实验室。

U.S. policymakers have been concerned, if not troubled, by the company’s access to the genetic information of Americans. BGIhas been pursuing a range of partnerships, including with the University of California and with the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia on human genome sequencing. BGI’s research and partnerships in Xinjiang also raise questions about its linkage to human rights abuses, including the forced collectionof genetic information from Uighurs in Xinjiang.

美国的政策制定者一直担心该公司窥探到美国人的遗传信息，虽然到目前还没有遇到什么麻烦。华大基因公司一直在寻求和美国的一些学校和医院达成合作伙伴关系，这其中包括与加州大学和费城儿童医院在人类基因组测序方面的合作。最近，华大基因公司在新疆的研究和合作伙伴关系也引发了对其与侵犯人权行为相联系的质疑，其中包括强迫从新疆维吾尔族收集遗传信息。

There also appear to be links between BGI’s research and military research activities, particularly with the PLA’s National University of Defense Technology. BGI’s bioinformatics research has used Tianhe supercomputers to process genetic information for biomedical applications, while BGI and NUDT researchers have collaborated on several publications, including the design of tools for the use of CRISPR.

华大基因公司的研究与军事研究活动之间似乎也存在联系，特别是与解放军的国防科技大学。华大基因公司的生物信息学研究使用了天河超级计算机来处理生物医学应用中的遗传信息，而华大基因公司和国防科技大学的研究人员也已经合作发表了多个出版物，包括CRISPR使用工具的设计。

Biotech’s Expansive Frontier 生物技术的广阔前沿

It will be increasingly important to keep tabs on the Chinese military’s interest in biology as an emerging domain of warfare, guided by strategists who talk about potential “genetic weapons” and the possibility of a “bloodless victory.” Although the use of CRISPR to edit genes remains novel and nascent, these tools and techniques are rapidly advancing, and what is within the realm of the possible for military applications may continue to shift as well. In the process, the lack of transparency and uncertainty of ethical considerations in China’s research initiatives raise the risks of technological surprise.

密切关注中国军方对生物学作为新兴战争领域的兴趣对于我们来说应该越来越重要了。他们的这些战略家都在讨论潜在的“遗传武器”和“无血胜利”的可能性。尽管使用CRISPR编辑基因仍然是创新和初期的，但是这些工具和技术正在迅速的发展，在可能范围内的军事应用也在持续发生变化，而在此过程中，中国的研究计划由于缺乏透明度和道德考量上的不确定性，增加了技术意外的风险。

相关播客：

艾尔莎·卡尼亚（Elsa Kania）是乔治敦（Georgetown）安全和新兴技术中心的研究员，也是新美国安全中心的技术和国家安全计划的兼职高级研究员。 她的文章的观点是属于她自己的。

威尔逊·沃恩·迪克（威尔逊·沃恩·迪克）为杜可（Duco）和雷恩（Rane）提供有关国家安全，新兴技术和中国的咨询。

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