根據“真實話語”的帖子,中國刑法第20條的規定:“為了使國家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、財產和其他權利免受正在進行的不法侵害,而採取的制止不法侵害的行為,對不法侵害人造成損害的,屬於正當防衛,不負刑事責任。
正當防衛明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害的,應當負刑事責任,但是應當減輕或者免除處罰。
對正在進行 行兇、殺人、搶劫、強姦、綁架以及其他嚴重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪,採取防衛行為,造成不法侵害人傷亡的,不屬於防衛過當,不負刑事責任。”
本人不是專業搞法律的,但看完了該法律還是吃了一驚。想不到中國的法律如此草率,缺乏邏輯及可操作性,且沒有“度”的具體規定。
具體的說有如下問題:
規定“防衛行為”(特指致人於死的)適用於“行兇、殺人、搶劫、強姦、綁架”具體罪行的,是最荒唐的地方。
一、在操作層面上,受害者用暴力對抗的是暴力,在現場犯罪正在進行時,受害人如何判斷施暴者人的目的是行兇、殺人、搶劫、強姦、還是綁架?難道要問過施暴者才能決定?
二、在事後斷案時,受害者的暴力反抗是否屬正當防衛,豈不要取決於施暴者犯罪的定性或判決。如何來判決罪犯的未遂罪呢?而且所謂正當防衛,顧名思義,施暴者已死,如何為自己辯護?審起來,結果未出,從程序上說,已造成了對施暴者的不公,違背法律面前人人平等的根本原則,這是第一;第二,法律上說,去審一個死者的未遂案,又有違人類對死者罪責一筆勾銷的原則。
中國這條法律豈不徒然增添這許多困擾,導致對法律的不嚴肅,又增加法庭的負擔和案件的不確定性?
三、因為該法律只規定何種具體罪行,卻未詳細規定施暴者的具體行為,及在那個具體時刻可以以正當防衛致施暴者於死地。審案時毫無操作性。舉個例子說,如果施暴者說,我要行兇,反抗者可不可以立下殺手呢,還是必須先設法逃走(如范同學逃離地震現場一樣)呢,還是必須大聲叫救命,嚇退施暴者呢?開始進行暴力反抗了,是否有義務適可而止呢?
這些都不清楚。都不知道中國是怎麼審案子的。起訴方如何問罪,律師如何辯護。我實在看不出有任何操作性。看來中國法庭的案子是很難用邏輯推理去辯的。
再加上中國是法官定案,個人因素自然極大。再加上如此荒唐的法律,公正性確實只能靠法官大人的天才了。
鄧女一案最後的結果確實是什麼可能都有。原因不見得是貪官不貪官的,而是中國法律的草率和不科學。
美國對致人死地的正當防衛的法律則只規定適用於當事人面臨會致人於死地、或重大傷害的暴力,並不管施暴者的動機,或最終的罪行是什麼。且對反抗的度有具體的規定,極具操作性。
另外,相比之下,美國的該法律對施暴者也有適當保護。更體現法律面前人人平等的原則。
附美國有關法律:
Self-defense, lethal force:
The general criminal law allows for the use of deadly force anytime a faultless victim reasonably believes that unlawful force which will cause death or grievous bodily harm is about to be used on him.
The faultlessness requirement does not mean that the victim must be pure of heart and without sin. It does mean that the right of self-defense will not be available to one who has substantially encouraged or provoked an attack. The general rule is that words alone are not enough to be considered a provocation under this standard, but there are exceptions. For example, saying ‘I am about to shoot you’ might well constitute sufficient provocation.
One of the circumstances which helps to determine the level of threat encountered by the victim is the nature of the assailant’s weapon (if any). As a general rule, anything which might be used to kill a person, no matter how odd, is considered a deadly weapon. Thus, a chair, a lamp or a screwdriver may all be considered deadly weapons. In some instances, the law will treat a trained fighter’s hands as a deadly weapon, but in order to trigger the right to self-defense using lethal force against such a person, the victim must, of course, know of the attacker’s special training.
Even an initial aggressor may be given the right to self-defense under certain circumstances. If the initial aggressor withdraws from the confrontation, and communicates this withdrawal to the other party, he regains the right to self-defense. Also, if the victim of relatively minor aggression ‘suddenly escalates’ the confrontation to one involving deadly force, without providing adequate space for withdrawal, the initial aggressor may still invoke the right to self-defense.
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