从四福音书中最重要的副词anōthen(约3:3,7)谈重生 我们注意到在约翰福音3:3,7这两节经文中的希腊文副词anōthen英文译作born again。在英文世界里,常常听到一些基督徒称自己是“born again Christian”。不过anōthen这个字被Abbott, E. A. 这位Johannine Grammar的作者称为四福音书中最重要的副词。在字典里,这个字的意思可以是“again”或“from above”。那么这个字在约3:3,7这两处经文到底是应该译作“born again”呢?还是“born from above”呢?要我们看看这个字在新约圣经中其它地方是如何使用的,让我们先从约翰的作品开始。 anōthen这个字在新约中一共出现13次,约翰用过5次(约 3:3,7; 3:31; 19:11, 23);其余8次分别见于太 27:51, 徒 26:5, 路1:3;可15:38; 加 4:9;雅1:17; 3:15, 17。 1, 耶稣回答说,我实实在在地告诉你,人若不重生,就不能见神的国。(约3:3)
ESV: Jesus answered him, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God.” 2, 我说,你们必须重生,你不要以为希奇。(约3:7) ESV: Do not marvel that I said to you, ‘You must be born again.’ 3, 从天上来的,是在万有之上。从地上来的,是属乎地,他所说的,也是属乎地从天上来的,是在万有之上。(约3:31) He who comes from above is above all. He who is of the earth belongs to the earth and speaks in an earthly way. He who comes from heaven (ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ)is above all。 4, 耶稣回答说,若不是从上头赐给你的,你就毫无权柄办我。所以把我交给你的那人,罪更重了。(约19:11) ESV: Jesus answered him, “You would have no authority over me at all unless it had been given you from above. Therefore he who delivered me over to you has the greater sin.” 5, 兵丁既然将耶稣钉在十字架上,就拿他的衣服分为四分,每兵一分。又拿他的里衣。这件里衣,原来没有缝儿,是上下一片织成的。(约19:23) ESV:When the soldiers had crucified Jesus, they took his garments and divided them into four parts, one part for each soldier; also his tunic. But the tunic was seamless, woven in one piecefrom top to bottom 从约翰的其它3次用法不难看出,他在用anōthen这个字的时候意思都是“from above”。 6, 忽然殿里的幔子,从上到下裂为两半。地也震动。磐石也崩裂。(太17:53) ESV: And behold, the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. And the earth shook, and the rocks were split. 7, 殿里的幔子,从上到下裂为两半。(可15:38) And the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. 8, 他们若肯作见证,就晓得我从起初,是按着我们教中最严紧的教门,作了法利赛人。(徒26:5) KJV:Which knew me from the beginning, if they would testify, that after the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee. 9, 这些事我既从起头都详细考察了,就定意要按着次序写给你(路1:3) KJV: It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus, 10, 各样美善的恩赐,和各样全备的赏赐,都是从上头来的。从众光之父那里降下来的。在他并没有改变,也没有转动的影儿。(雅1:17) KJV: Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning. 11, 这样的智慧,不是从上头来的,乃是属地的,属情欲的,属鬼魔的。(雅3:15) KJV: This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish. 12, 惟独从上头来的智慧,先是清洁,后是和平,温良柔顺,满有怜悯,多结善果,没有偏见,没有假冒。(雅3:17) KJV: But the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, and easy to be intreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy. 13, 现在你们既然认识神,更可说是被神所认识的,怎么还要归回那懦弱无用的小学,情愿再(πάλιν ἄνωθεν)给它作奴仆呢?(加4:9) KJV: But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage? 从上面列出含有anōthen的经文不难看出,无论是约翰还是新约其他作者,都是使用这个字的两种意思“from above”和“from the beginning”,除了保罗在加拉太书4:9将之与 palin合用时,才有“again”的含义。尼哥底母显然误解了耶稣的意思,将之听作“a second time”,也就是和合本译作的:“尼哥底母说,人已经老了,如何能重生呢?岂能再进母腹生出来吗?”和合本这里的“重生”在希腊文原文并没有“重”字,而只是后面“再a second time”进母腹。耶稣的意思是要告诉尼哥底母,“人若不从上而生,就不能见神的国”(约3:3);“我说,你们必须从上而生,你不要以为希奇”(约3:7),因为在约3:5耶稣说,“我实实在在地告诉你,人若不是从水和圣灵生的,就不能进神的国”,这里的“水”乃指“神的道”,和“圣灵”一样,当然都是“从上而来”的。而从约翰在约翰福音3:31对anōthen的用法不难看出,“from above”意思是“from heaven”。因为尽管可以译作“again”,但只是跟palin合用时才有这种意义,指的是就是重复某个动作;但当anōthen单用时,也是重复某个动作,却还有更多的含义。提示那种新生是超自然的和源于神的。此外,palin和anōthen在字义上还有精细的分别,尽管两者都由重复某个动作的意思,palin所指的重复不一定是来自于原本的来源;而anōthen则是指由原本的来源的重复。因此,这里的新生必须是有原生一样的来源,也就是尼哥底母只能由神带给他属灵的生命。这种字义上的精细区别将我们带回创世记:“耶和华神用地上的尘土造人、将生气吹在他鼻孔里、他就成了有灵的活人、名叫亚当”(创2:7)。亚当犯罪失去了从神而来的生命,先是失去属灵的生命,后是肉身的生命。因此,耶稣告诉尼哥底母他需要象亚当的出生一样重生一次。神是生命的本源,因此,尼哥底母需要原本赐给亚当生命的那位神,再赐给他一个全新的属灵生命——一个新造的人。
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