從四福音書中最重要的副詞anōthen(約3:3,7)談重生 我們注意到在約翰福音3:3,7這兩節經文中的希臘文副詞anōthen英文譯作born again。在英文世界裡,常常聽到一些基督徒稱自己是“born again Christian”。不過anōthen這個字被Abbott, E. A. 這位Johannine Grammar的作者稱為四福音書中最重要的副詞。在字典里,這個字的意思可以是“again”或“from above”。那麼這個字在約3:3,7這兩處經文到底是應該譯作“born again”呢?還是“born from above”呢?要我們看看這個字在新約聖經中其它地方是如何使用的,讓我們先從約翰的作品開始。 anōthen這個字在新約中一共出現13次,約翰用過5次(約 3:3,7; 3:31; 19:11, 23);其餘8次分別見於太 27:51, 徒 26:5, 路1:3;可15:38; 加 4:9;雅1:17; 3:15, 17。 1, 耶穌回答說,我實實在在地告訴你,人若不重生,就不能見神的國。(約3:3)
ESV: Jesus answered him, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God.” 2, 我說,你們必須重生,你不要以為希奇。(約3:7) ESV: Do not marvel that I said to you, ‘You must be born again.’ 3, 從天上來的,是在萬有之上。從地上來的,是屬乎地,他所說的,也是屬乎地從天上來的,是在萬有之上。(約3:31) He who comes from above is above all. He who is of the earth belongs to the earth and speaks in an earthly way. He who comes from heaven (ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ)is above all。 4, 耶穌回答說,若不是從上頭賜給你的,你就毫無權柄辦我。所以把我交給你的那人,罪更重了。(約19:11) ESV: Jesus answered him, “You would have no authority over me at all unless it had been given you from above. Therefore he who delivered me over to you has the greater sin.” 5, 兵丁既然將耶穌釘在十字架上,就拿他的衣服分為四分,每兵一分。又拿他的裡衣。這件裡衣,原來沒有縫兒,是上下一片織成的。(約19:23) ESV:When the soldiers had crucified Jesus, they took his garments and divided them into four parts, one part for each soldier; also his tunic. But the tunic was seamless, woven in one piecefrom top to bottom 從約翰的其它3次用法不難看出,他在用anōthen這個字的時候意思都是“from above”。 6, 忽然殿裡的幔子,從上到下裂為兩半。地也震動。磐石也崩裂。(太17:53) ESV: And behold, the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. And the earth shook, and the rocks were split. 7, 殿裡的幔子,從上到下裂為兩半。(可15:38) And the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. 8, 他們若肯作見證,就曉得我從起初,是按着我們教中最嚴緊的教門,作了法利賽人。(徒26:5) KJV:Which knew me from the beginning, if they would testify, that after the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee. 9, 這些事我既從起頭都詳細考察了,就定意要按着次序寫給你(路1:3) KJV: It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus, 10, 各樣美善的恩賜,和各樣全備的賞賜,都是從上頭來的。從眾光之父那裡降下來的。在他並沒有改變,也沒有轉動的影兒。(雅1:17) KJV: Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning. 11, 這樣的智慧,不是從上頭來的,乃是屬地的,屬情慾的,屬鬼魔的。(雅3:15) KJV: This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish. 12, 惟獨從上頭來的智慧,先是清潔,後是和平,溫良柔順,滿有憐憫,多結善果,沒有偏見,沒有假冒。(雅3:17) KJV: But the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, and easy to be intreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy. 13, 現在你們既然認識神,更可說是被神所認識的,怎麼還要歸回那懦弱無用的小學,情願再(πάλιν ἄνωθεν)給它作奴僕呢?(加4:9) KJV: But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage? 從上面列出含有anōthen的經文不難看出,無論是約翰還是新約其他作者,都是使用這個字的兩種意思“from above”和“from the beginning”,除了保羅在加拉太書4:9將之與 palin合用時,才有“again”的含義。尼哥底母顯然誤解了耶穌的意思,將之聽作“a second time”,也就是和合本譯作的:“尼哥底母說,人已經老了,如何能重生呢?豈能再進母腹生出來嗎?”和合本這裡的“重生”在希臘文原文並沒有“重”字,而只是後面“再a second time”進母腹。耶穌的意思是要告訴尼哥底母,“人若不從上而生,就不能見神的國”(約3:3);“我說,你們必須從上而生,你不要以為希奇”(約3:7),因為在約3:5耶穌說,“我實實在在地告訴你,人若不是從水和聖靈生的,就不能進神的國”,這裡的“水”乃指“神的道”,和“聖靈”一樣,當然都是“從上而來”的。而從約翰在約翰福音3:31對anōthen的用法不難看出,“from above”意思是“from heaven”。因為儘管可以譯作“again”,但只是跟palin合用時才有這種意義,指的是就是重複某個動作;但當anōthen單用時,也是重複某個動作,卻還有更多的含義。提示那種新生是超自然的和源於神的。此外,palin和anōthen在字義上還有精細的分別,儘管兩者都由重複某個動作的意思,palin所指的重複不一定是來自於原本的來源;而anōthen則是指由原本的來源的重複。因此,這裡的新生必須是有原生一樣的來源,也就是尼哥底母只能由神帶給他屬靈的生命。這種字義上的精細區別將我們帶回創世記:“耶和華神用地上的塵土造人、將生氣吹在他鼻孔里、他就成了有靈的活人、名叫亞當”(創2:7)。亞當犯罪失去了從神而來的生命,先是失去屬靈的生命,後是肉身的生命。因此,耶穌告訴尼哥底母他需要象亞當的出生一樣重生一次。神是生命的本源,因此,尼哥底母需要原本賜給亞當生命的那位神,再賜給他一個全新的屬靈生命——一個新造的人。
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