《聖經》中的地獄
送交者: Kant 2006年1月13日13:51:17 於 [彩虹之約]http://www.bbsland.com
在wipipedia 上看到這一entry, 有誰懂希臘文?
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《聖經》中的地獄
按照《聖經》原文的意義，完全不含有死人受審受苦的含意。陰間/地獄只是指描述死亡的情況和墳墓，而不是烈火紅紅的地獄。而三個被譯成中文詞語的地獄的希臘文詞語，希臘原文和意義分別是：
* 磯漢那（Geenna），指欣嫩子谷，是一個焚燒屍體及垃圾的地方。
* 海地司（Hades），指死人的地方，即墳墓。
* 塔塔魯斯（Tartaroo），描述撒但及其反叛天使墮落的動詞，意思是“扔到tartar里去”。
Another one: Gehenna 革赫拿
送交者: 誠之 2006年1月14日07:01:55 於 [彩虹之約]http://www.bbsland.com
回 答: 什麼是地獄？(link) 由 誠之 於 2006年1月14日06:51:54:
Gehenna 革赫拿
(摘自當代神學辭典)
即欣嫩子谷，位於耶路撒冷南部。在以色列有君王的時代，是拜偶像之處，把兒童燒給摩洛的邪惡之地（王下二十二10；代下二十八3，三十三6；耶七31，三十二35）。
到了主前一世紀，這詞成了象徵名詞，代表壞人受刑罰（Punishment）*的地方，有說是壞人死後立刻去到的地方，有說是接受最後審判之後受刑之處。
舊約很早期便論到惡人要受刑（如申三十二22；賽三十三14）；但清楚說到火湖、地獄、不死的蟲等刑罰，則是遲至希臘羅馬時代，才見於猶太人的宗教典籍（以諾書十八11～16，二十七1～3；以斯得拉二書七36；摩西升天記十10；IQS III.4.13; IQH III.29），很可能是受伊朗宗教的影響，因為按他們的看法，惡人要在溶化的金屬中受刑（Yasna, 31.3; 51.9）。次經（Apocrypha）*中除了以斯得拉二書二39之外，從沒有稱地獄為革赫拿的；新約很可能是受了耶利米預言的影響（耶十九2～10），以革赫拿來稱地獄的經文相當多（太五22、29～30，十28，十八9，二十三15、33；可九44、46、47；路十二5；雅三6）。
整體地說，革赫拿與「陰間」（Hades, Sheol）有點相近，都是沒有神同在的地方，但陰間是死人的暫時居所，革赫拿卻是受刑的地方。斐羅說革赫拿的刑罰是永恆的（Philo, On Cherubim, 1）；有些拉比卻說革赫拿的刑罰只有十二個月長（Rabbi Akiba, M. 'Edu{yo^th 2. 10）；啟二十14則說有一天，陰間要被扔進革赫拿（「火湖」）去。
把革赫拿當作表記（參象徵，Symbol*）來用，是始自希羅時代，他們藉此表達舊約惡人的歸宿。啟十六16說哈米吉多頓是邪惡最後戰敗的地方；《以賽亞升天記》（偽經）則說，彼列（撒但）要在革赫拿受永刑（三13～四32）。這段演變過程，足以反映出猶太人是怎樣藉助別宗教的概念，來表達他們的信仰；到了新約時代，猶太化的過程完成了，新約作者就自由地用革赫拿在他們的末世論（Eschatology）*了。
另參︰死亡（Death）；
末世論（Eschatology）；
邪惡（Evil）；
地獄（Hell）；
刑罰（Punishment）。
參考書目parS. G. F. Brandon, The Judgement of the Dead: An Historical and Comparative Study of the Idea of a Post-Mortum Judgement in the Major Religions(1967); W. Eichrodt, 'The Underworld', Theology of the Old Testament, vol. II(1967), pp. 210～28 ; J. Jeremias, 'Gehenna', TDNT I, pp. 657f. ; J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Creeds(1972), pp. 378～88; L. I. J. Stadelmann, The Hebrew Conception of the World(1970); H. Vorgrimler, 'Christ's Descent into Hell: Is it Important ?', Concilium I, 2(1966), pp. 75～81.
楊牧谷
one good information:
http://67.15.48.205/articleReader.php?idx=74459
地獄,在聖經中4個答案:a,b,c,d
送交者: jael 2006年1月13日14:46:34 於 [彩虹之約]http://www.bbsland.com
回 答: 《聖經》中的地獄 由 Kant 於 2006年1月13日13:51:17:
ZT from
http://www.lookup.org/hell.htm
我還沒看完,不知道有沒有類似的翻譯,
A.
HADES
NASB Concord. # 86- adhV, ou hadˆs; perh. from 1 (as a neg. pref.) and 7054 (1491a) (3708);Hades, the abode of departed spirits :-- Hades(10).
The Greek word "Hades" is translated into English as "Hades" 10 times in the New American Standard (NASB) and that is the ONLY way it is translated.
Matt 11:23 (NASB) "And you, Capernaum, will not be exalted to heaven, will you? You shall descend to Hades; for if the miracles had occurred in Sodom which occurred in you, it would have remained to this day.
Matt 16:18 "And I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades shall not overpower it.
Luke 10:15 "And you, Capernaum, will not be exalted to heaven, will you? You will be brought down to Hades!
Luke 16:22 "Now it came about that the poor man died and he was carried away by the angels to Abraham's bosom; and the rich man also died and was buried. 23 "And in Hades he lifted up his eyes, being in torment, and saw Abraham far away, and Lazarus in his bosom. 24 "And he cried out and said, 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool off my tongue; for I am in agony in this flame.' 25 "But Abraham said, 'Child, remember that during your life you received your good things, and likewise Lazarus bad things; but now he is being comforted here, and you are in agony. 26 'And besides all this, between us and you there is a great chasm fixed, in order that those who wish to come over from here to you may not be able, and [that] none may cross over from there to us.'
Acts 2:27 Because Thou wilt not abandon my soul to Hades, Nor allow Thy Holy One to undergo decay.
Acts 2:31 he looked ahead and spoke of the resurrection of the Christ, that He was neither abandoned to Hades, nor did His flesh suffer decay.
Reve 1:18 and the living One; and I was dead, and behold, I am alive forevermore, and I have the keys of death and of Hades.
Reve 6:8 And I looked, and behold, an ashen horse; and he who sat on it had the name Death; and Hades was following with him. And authority was given to them over a fourth of the earth, to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by the wild beasts of the earth.
Reve 20:13 And the sea gave up the dead which were in it, and death and Hades gave up the dead which were in them; and they were judged, every one [of them] according to their deeds.
14 And death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire.
From this little study of the Greek word, Hades, we learn this:
Hades is down (Luke 10:15)
Those in Hades are being tormented (Luke 16:23) in flames (vs 24.)
All dead do not go to Hades. Some go to "Abraham's Bosom."
(Luke 16:22, 25)
Once you are dead, there is nothing you can do about about your whereabouts. (Luke 16:26)
The soul (the conscious part of us) is what goes to Hades. (Acts 2:27.)
Jesus (who was dead but is now alive forever) has the keys of Hades. (Rev 1:18.)
The dead who are in Hades, will one day come out to be judged. (Rev 20:13)
Hades will be thrown into the lake of fire (Rev 20:14.)
B.
LAKE OF FIRE
So what is this "lake of fire"? It is spoken of 5 times. Read those verses below.
NASB Concord. # 3041- limnh, hV limnˆ; from leib“ (to pour); a lake :-- lake(11).
NASB Concord. # 4442 - pur, oV pur; a prim. word; fire :-- burning(2), fiery(2), fire(69).
Reve 19:20 (NASB) And the beast was seized, and with him the false prophet who performed the signs in his presence, by which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image; these two were thrown alive into the lake of fire which burns with brimstone.
Reve 20:10 And the devil who deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are also; and they will be tormented day and night forever and ever.
Reve 20:14 And death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire. 15 And if anyone's name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire.
Rev 21:8 "But for the cowardly and unbelieving and abominable and murderers and immoral persons and sorcerers and idolaters and all liars, their part [will be] in the lake that burns with fire and brimstone, which is the second death."
From these we learn:
The "lake of fire" burns with brimstone (sulfur.) (Rev 19:20)
It is a place of torment "day and night forever"(Rev 20:10)
Going there is "the second death" (Rev 20:14)
Anyone whose name is not written in the Book of Life goes there!!!! (Rev 20:15)
Those who commit bad sins go there, but then so do the cowardly and unbelieving! (Rev 21:8)
eternal...
Another passage sheds a little more light on the subject.
Matt 25:41 "Then He will also say to those on His left, 'Depart from Me, accursed ones, into the eternal fire which has been prepared for the devil and his angels ; 42 for I was hungry, and you gave Me [nothing] to eat; I was thirsty, and you gave Me nothing to drink; 43 I was a stranger, and you did not invite Me in; naked, and you did not clothe Me; sick, and in prison, and you did not visit Me.' 44 "Then they themselves also will answer, saying, 'Lord, when did we see You hungry, or thirsty, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, and did not take care of You?' 45 "Then He will answer them, saying, 'Truly I say to you, to the extent that you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to Me.' 46 " And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life."
The fire is "eternal." (Mt 25:41)
It was not prepared for man. It was prepared for the devil and his angels (demons.) (Mt 25:41)
The punishment is "eternal" (vs 46)
unquenchable...
Need more proof?
Mark 9:41 "For whoever gives you a cup of water to drink because of your name as [followers] of Christ, truly I say to you, he shall not lose his reward. 42 "And whoever causes one of these little ones who believe to stumble, it would be better for him if, with a heavy millstone hung around his neck, he had been cast into the sea. 43 "And if your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off; it is better for you to enter life crippled, than having your two hands, to go into hell, into the unquenchable fire, 44 [where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched.] 45 "And if your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off; it is better for you to enter life lame, than having your two feet, to be cast into hell, 46 [where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched.] 47 "And if your eye causes you to stumble, cast it out; it is better for you to enter the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes, to be cast into hell, 48 where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched.
The fire never stops, it is "unquenchable". (Mk 9:43,46,48)
There are also worms (maggots) which are involved in the torment, and they never stop either! (Mk 9:44,46,48) Yukkkk!!!
maggots...
Does the Old Testament describe this? You bet it does!!!
Isa 11 'Your pomp [and] the music of your harps Have been brought down to Sheol; Maggots are spread out [as your bed] beneath you, And worms are your covering.'
Isa 66:22 "For just as the new heavens and the new earth Which I make will endure before Me," declares the Lord, "So your offspring and your name will endure. 23 "And it shall be from new moon to new moon And from sabbath to sabbath, All mankind will come to bow down before Me," says the Lord. 24 "Then they shall go forth and look On the corpses of the men Who have transgressed against Me. For their worm shall not die, And their fire shall not be quenched; And they shall be an abhorrence to all mankind."
C.
HELL
And what do you think about "hell" (Gehenna)? You know that the term came from a garbage dump where refuse was constantly burning. I think the idea conveyed is the constant burning (and maybe the stench). Read each time that Greek word is used in the ????ures and decide for yourself.
NASB Concord. # 1067 geenna, hV geenna; of Heb. origin 01516 and 02011 ; Gehenna, a valley W. and S. of Jer., also a symbolic name for the final place of punishment of the ungodly :-- hell(12).
The only 12 uses of gehenna are these:
Matt 5:22 (NASB) "But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother shall be guilty before the court; and whoever shall say to his brother, 'Raca,' shall be guilty before the supreme court; and whoever shall say, 'You fool,' shall be guilty [enough to go] into the fiery hell.
Matt 5:29 "And if your right eye makes you stumble, tear it out, and throw it from you; for it is better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to be thrown into hell. 30 "And if your right hand makes you stumble, cut it off, and throw it from you; for it is better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to go into hell.
Matt 10:28 "And do not fear those who kill the body, but are unable to kill the soul; but rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.
Matt 18:8 "And if your hand or your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off and throw it from you; it is better for you to enter life crippled or lame, than having two hands or two feet, to be cast into the eternal fire. 9 "And if your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out, and throw it from you. It is better for you to enter life with one eye, than having two eyes, to be cast into the fiery hell.
Matt 23:15 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, because you travel about on sea and land to make one proselyte; and when he becomes one, you make him twice as much a son of hell as yourselves.
Matt 23:33 "You serpents, you brood of vipers, how shall you escape the sentence of hell?
Mark 9:43 "And if your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off; it is better for you to enter life crippled, than having your two hands, to go into hell, into the unquenchable fire,
Mark 9:45 "And if your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off; it is better for you to enter life lame, than having your two feet, to be cast into hell...47 "And if your eye causes you to stumble, cast it out; it is better for you to enter the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes, to be cast into hell,
Luke 12:4 "And I say to you, My friends, do not be afraid of those who kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do. 5 "But I will warn you whom to fear: fear the One who after He has killed has authority to cast into hell; yes, I tell you, fear Him!
James 3:6 And the tongue is a fire, the [very] world of iniquity; the tongue is set among our members as that which defiles the entire body, and sets on fire the course of [our] life, and is set on fire by hell.
Hell is fiery (Mt 5:22)
The fire is "eternal" and it is "hell". It is so bad that it would be better to cut off a part of your body to avoid going there. (Mt 5:29-30; 18:8-9; Mk 9:43-48) Does that sound like "the grave" to you?
Hell is for the soul as well as the body. (Mt 10:28)
Some people are sentenced to hell (Mt 23:33)
They are then cast into hell. (Mk 9:45,47)
Those who only kill the body do not cast anyone into hell; they merely cast someone into their grave. Only the Lord has the authority to cast a person into hell. (Luke 12:4)
D.
ABYSS
There is another place called the abyss. It is also called the bottomless pit. It seems to be a location inside the earth, or something, and may possibly be the same as hades, but it is definitely different from the lake of fire. If you are interested, look up these references to the abyss: Luke 8:31; Romans 10:7; Rev 9:1,11;11:7;17:8;20:1
You will find out...
Demons don't want to go there. (Lk 8:31)
Presumably, no one can go there, or perhaps no one can go there and get back out on his own accord. (Rom 10:7)
It is down, and Jesus was there. (Rom 10:7)
It is in the earth, and is locked with a key which an angel has. (Rev 9:1)
It has smoke (and where there's smoke...) (Rev 9:2)
It has a King (Rev 9:11) and locust-like demons (see vs 3-10)
A beast comes out of it to kill the two witnesses. (Rev 11:7)
Then he (he is identified as Antichrist here) goes to destruction (Rev 17:8)
Satan is chained up here for 1000 years (Rev 20:1-3)
In looking over all of these ????ures, I'm sure you can see why most teach that some people are being tormented in Hades even as we speak, but other people are in Paradise or Abraham's bosom. However, there is no one in the Lake of Fire yet. People will go there after their judgment, and we will all be judged. "For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, that each one may be recompensed for his deeds in the body, according to what he has done, whether good or bad." 2 Cor 5:10
The truth is, none of us are "good enough" to stand before a Holy God. No matter how "good" we are, no matter how hard we try, "all our righteous deeds are like a filthy garment" Isa 64:6. That is why the sinless Lamb of God, Jesus, had to be sacrificed, in our place, so that we would have a means to escape the fate of hell, which was originally intended only for the devil and his demons.
"For if the word spoken through angels proved unalterable, and every transgression and disobedience received a just recompense, how shall we escape if we neglect so great a salvation?"
Heb 2:2-3.
