我們的基督信仰是早期教會信徒們前仆後繼,一代又一代傳講下來的,此所謂“承前”。
初代教會傳講上帝是獨一的真神,很多時候他們依據的是七十士希臘文本的舊約聖經;同時他們又傳講耶穌是上帝的兒子,是與上帝同質(homoousia,ομοουσία),是上帝的本體。然而這樣的宣講卻有很大的麻煩,究竟初代教會傳講的是一位神呢?還是二位神?如果是二位神,那麼初代教會的信徒便是信奉多神的,與聖經相矛盾;如果只有一位神(即耶穌與上帝完全相同),耶穌便沒有獨立性,這就是所謂的“神格唯一論(Monarchianism)”。針對這個錯誤的觀念,初代教會的領袖(教父)們,花了三百多年的時間,才從聖經啟示中,總結出了極其重要的“三位一體”的教義。
在較近代的改教歷史中,以馬丁路德,還有加爾文等人為代表的新教各宗派,基本上都傳承了早期教會的這個正統觀念,就是在一神格內,有三位格並存,而且有所分別。
在初代的東方教會中,卡巴多奇亞(加帕多家)三教父曾對三一神論的“位格”觀念有過重要的建樹;現摘錄一段有關的評論,謹供參考:
The essential thing about a person lies precisely in his being a revelation of truth, not as “substance” or “nature” but as a “mode of existence.” This profound perception of the Cappadocian Fathers shows that true knowledge is not a knowledge of the essence or the nature of things, but of how they are connected within the communion-event. We saw above the theme of ekstasis was a key idea in the Greek patristic concept of truth, but in its application to the idea of “person” it needs to be completed by another theme, that of hypostasis. While ekstasis signifies that a person is a revelation of truth by the fact of being in communion, hypostasis signifies that in and through his communion a person affirms his own identity and his particularity; he “supports his own nature” in a particular and unique way. The person is the horizon within which the truth of existence is revealed, not as simple nature subject to individualization and recombination but as a unique image of the whole and the “catholicity” of a being.
關於位格者最基本的不在於彰顯其“本體”或“本質”,乃是其“存在的形態”。加帕多家教父在這方面的深度透視表明了真知識並非對事物的基礎本質的了解,而是他們如何在相交的事件中連結。前述討論中我們看到 ekstasis 的主題是希臘教父們對真理的認知的關鍵觀念,但當應用到“位格”時便需要另一主題 hypostasis 來補充。ekstasis 說明位格者在相交中顯明真理,hypostasis 則說明在他的相交中,也是透過這相交,位格者確立其身分與特質;可以說他是以特別而獨有的方式“支撐着他自身的〔存在〕本質”。位格者就是其“存在”這真理〔事實〕所彰顯的境域,他不是可分為個體或重新組合的簡單存在物,而是整體中的獨特主體,也同時是有“大公性”的存有個體。
[ 註:以上選自 John D. Zizioulas 所著的《Being as Communion:Studies in Personhood and the Church》,St Vladimirs Seminary Press,1997,p.106。引用的中文則是由宣道會李錦倫所翻譯。謹供參考。 ]