In my school, we have professors specializes in Moral Theology.

Some basic points in western civilianization:

In Catechism of Catholic Church
1777 Moral conscience, present at the heart of the person, enjoins him at the appropriate moment to do good and to avoid evil. It also judges particular choices, approving those that are good and denouncing those that are evil. It bears witness to the authority of truth in reference to the supreme Good to which the human person is drawn, and it welcomes the commandments. When he listens to his conscience, the prudent man can hear God speaking.
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1783 Conscience must be informed and moral judgment enlightened. A well-formed conscience is upright and truthful. It formulates its judgments according to reason, in conformity with the true good willed by the wisdom of the Creator. The education of conscience is indispensable for human beings who are subjected to negative influences and tempted by sin to prefer their own judgment and to reject authoritative teachings.
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We have a whole chapter cover this topic.
My Theology.
It’s just like the conscience of 5 years old boy is not as well developed as a 30 yrs old man. For human society, the human development help to formulate better-formed conscience.

There are thousands of years wisdom on moral inside Church. If you are interested, check out my link. You can do a PhD in Moral Theology in Most Catholic Universities.