| To Yuehanmiao:我简单计算过了,有记载的有10万以上 |
| 送交者: duu6 2006年10月23日10:54:22 于 [彩虹之约] 发送悄悄话 |
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在纯真年代,也就是中世纪,在欧洲的基督教国家,基督徒的比例是接近100%的。这不是我们现代的华人基督徒所向往的吗? 在纯真年代,也就是中世纪,在欧洲的基督教国家,基督徒基于信仰,基于圣经,基于法律,杀死/烧死女巫,何错之有? 我相信:在纯真年代,也就是中世纪,在欧洲的基督教国家,杀死/烧死女巫时,无论是行刑者,还是围观者,他们都在天堂。因为他们是真正的基督徒。 基于当代的法律,基督徒不可以再杀死/烧死女巫。但是,基督徒基于信仰,基于圣经,还是想要杀死/烧死女巫,但是不敢。因为他们已不是真正的基督徒,因为他们把法律凌驾于信仰之上。 我把以下的纪录简单计算过了,有10万以上,还不包括许多case只说many witches burned/????uted. 没有记录的恐怕更多。所以几十万是可信的,一百万也是有可能的。 错误:内容太长,限制: 30000 bytes。 Chronology of Events Relating to the Burning Times 672-735- Bede wrote Ecclesiastical History of the English People (a history of Christianity in England). His book is referred to in the Malleus Maleficarum. 900- The Canon Episcopi was written. 1184- Episcopal or Medi???? Inquisition begins 1233- The first Papal ordinance directly dealing with witchcraft was by Pope Gregory IX to Conrad of Marburg, bidding him to proceed against the Luciferians. In mid year, Conrad of Marburg was found murdered in pursuit of his duties. 1234 (May27)- 8000 "Stedingers" killed 1239 (May 29)- 180 burned for witchcraft at Montwimer, France 1258- Pope Alexander IV to the Franciscan Inquisitors refrain from judging any cases of Witchcraft unless there was some very strong reason to suppose that heretical practice could also be amply proved. 1275- Angela de la Barthe burned at Toulouse, France 1307 (October)- 36 Knights Templar died under torture in France 1310- 54 Knights Templar burned in France. Peter of Albano died in prison 1312- Burning of Jacques De Molay, Grand Master of the Templars 1314- Burning of 39 Knights Templar in France 1315- Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged in France 1317- Hughes Geraud is burned in France 1320-50- Witchcraft added to the list of Inquisitional heresies. Over 200 people were burned at Carcassonne, France 1323- Some "witches" were burned at Kilkenny, Ireland 1324- Petronilla de Meath burned as a witch, the first such burning in Ireland, A man dies in prison in England 1330- Barthelemy Andrius, Jean Andrius, Phillippe Andrius & burned at Carcassonne, France 1335- 63 burned at Toulouse, France, 5 burned at Carcassonne, France 1352- 8 burned at Carcassonne, France 1357- 31 burned at Carcassonne, France 1387-1400- 67 burned at Carcassonne, France 1399- 1 burned at Berlin, Germany 1400- Many "witches" burned at Simmenthal, Switzerland 1423- Many "witches" burned at Carcassonne, France 1428-1434- Over 200 people ????uted in the Valais, France 1428-1447- 167 ????uted in l'Isere, France 1431-Joan d'Arc burned at RouenFrance 1432-1432- 24 ????uted in Toulouse, France 1437- 150 ????uted in Briancon, France 1438- Pierre Vallin, Jean Greland & 10 others are ????uted in France 1439- Hanchemand de Mazelier is arrested in Germany 1440- ????ution of Gilles de Rais, on charges of witchcraft 1441- Roger Bolingbroke is hanged, drawn and quartered in England, Margery Jordemaine burned in England 1446-1447- 3 burned in Savory 1453- 7 killed at Marmande, France 1455- 1 burned at Locarno, Italy 1459- Several people were burned in Arras, France (This is also the times during Vlad the Impaler had his reign) 1460- A person was burned at Cambrai, France 1470- 2 burned in Burgundy, France 1472- 3 burned at Forno-Rivara, Italy 1474- 2 burned at Levone, in Italy 1475- 5 burned at Forno, Italy 1478-1834 Spanish Inquisition 1479- Several People burned at Edinburgh 1482- 4 burned at Metz, Germany 1482-1486- 48 burned at Constance 1484- Pope Innocent VIII sets severe penalties against German witches and magicians, 2 burned at Toulouse, France. The Pope also decreeing Inquisitors Sprenger and Kramer, (authors of the Malleus Maleficarum), the rights to: "be empowered to proceed to the just correction, imprisonment, and punishment of any persons, without let or hindrance, in every way as if the provinces, townships, dioceses, districts, territories, yea, even the persons and their crimes in this kind were named and particularly designated in Our letters." 1485- 2 burned in Chaucy, France 1488- 29 "witches" died in Germany 1493-1541- Paracelsus, a Physician claimed that everything he learned came from "an old witch". 1486- Maximilian I, Emperor of Germany and King of the Romans signs papers in Brussels giving permission to Sprenger and Kramer (authors of the Malleus Maleficarum) to carry out their duties, and commanding cooperation with them. Malleus Maleficarum was published. 1500- 1 ????uted in France, 30 burned in Calahorra, Spain 1510- 1 burned in Saxony, Germany and 60 burned in Northern Italy 1515- Over 500 people were burned in Geneva, Switzerland 1515-1588-Johan Weyer born in Brabant (Belgium), a German physician. Believed most witches were disturbed old women, incapable of harm. Felt that the belief in witchcraft was caused by the devil. In 1563, he wrote De Praestigiis Daemonum. Was forced out of Netherlands by the Catholic Governor, Duke of Alba. 1518-21- 64 burned in Val Camonica, Italy, 4 are burned in Waldsee, Germany 1521- 2 burned in Besancon, France 1523- 100 burned in Como, Italy 1524- Over 1000 ????uted in Como Italy 1528- Ursula Wachin is burned at Waldsee, Germany mid 1500s- Over 900 people ????uted by Nicolas Remy, Mark Antony Bragadini is beheaded in Italy, Madeline Amalaric is burned in France, Margaret Dunhome is burned in Scotland, William Barton is ????uted in Scotland, Hans Deineris burned in Germany. A deaf male is killed by a mob at Sible Hedingham, Marie Balcoin is burned in the reign of Henry IV of France 1529-1596 or 1530-1590- Jean Bodin (a French Judge) In 1580, he wrote De la Demonomanie des Sorciers. He Claimed that those who denied the existence of witches were themselves witches. (The date of his death is somewhere between 150 to 1596) 1530-1616- Time of Nicholas Remy (French Lawyer) fought against witches. In 1595 he wrote Demonaltry and sites 128 cases of Witchcraft as his sources. 1531- Elsbet Mullerin is burned at Waldsee, Germany 1536- Many people were ????uted at Saragossa, Spain 1536-1774- Portuguese Inquisition 1540- 2 are burned at Rouen 1542-1834 (?)- Roman Inquisition 1545- Barbara Echtinger is imprisoned for life at Waldsee, Germany 1546- Burning of Anne Askew 1549- 8 people burned in France 1555- 3 burned in Germany 1556- 1 burned in France 1557- Janet Douglas burned in Scotland & Joachim Hezensohn is beheaded in Germany 1561- 5 burned in France 1563-1603- Over 17,000 killed in Scotland 1564- 1 burned in Scotland 1565- 1 person is hung in Dorset, England 1566- The Chelmesford witches. King James VI of Scotland (James I of England) was born (as in the King James version of the Bible) During his reign 20 people were ????uted. He died in 1625. 1569- 2 people are hanged at St. Andrews, Scotland 1571- Many people burned in France 1572- 2 burned in Scotland 1573- Mary le Fief, of Samur, France, accused of witchcraft, Over 70,000 are ????uted in England 1574- Gilles Garnier burned as a werewolf in Dole, France, Several are ????uted in Paris. a man is hanged in England 1576- Marguerite Pajot was ????uted at Tonnerre, France & Bessie Dunlop is burned at Castle Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland 1577- Catherine Doree is ????uted at Courveres, France 1578- 3 ????uted in England, 36 in Ireland & Jeanne Harvilliers in France 1581- 9 were burned in Waldsee, Germany 1582- 19 killed in England 1583- Jean Bonnet in France & Several in Italy are burned alive 1584- Publication of The Discoverie of Witchcraft by Reginald Scot, suggesting that maybe witches didn't really exist. 1585- 7 are burned in Waldsee, Germany & Margaret Hacket is ????uted at Tyburn, England 1586- 15 were burned in Waldsee, Germany & 2 people are burned in Paris, France 1587-1593- 368 persons killed for witchcraft in the diocese of Treves 1587- 2 were burned in Waldsee, Germany 1588- Alison Pearson is burned in Scotland. 1 burned in France 1589- 133 persons burned in one day at Quedlinburg, Germany, 48 burned in Wurttemberg, Germany, 2 burned at Cologne, Germany, 3 hung in Chelsford, England, 3 were burned in Waldsee, Germany. Peter Stubb is ????uted as a werewolf near Cologne, Germany 1590- 54 burned in Franconia 1590-1600- In Brunswick average of 10 people a day were burned, Over 300 burned in Switzerland. The North Berwick Witches were put on trial. The trial concluded in 1591. 1591- Euphemia Macalzean burned alive in Scotland for witchcraft. Agnes Sampsoune tried, strangled, burnt & 3 are hanged 1 is burned as a witch in Scotland, 1 burned in Holland 1592- Abel de la Rue, of Coulommiers, France, accused of witchcraft 1593- Condemnation for witchcraft of three members of the Samuels family in Warboys, England. One "Rosseau and his daughter", of France, accused of witchcraft 1594- 2 are burned at Waldsee, Germany & Alison Balfour is burned at Edinburgh, Scotland 1595- 9 ????uted in Toulouse, France, 3 ????uted in England 1596- Isabel Cockie burnt as a witch, at a cost of 105 s. 4 p. The Sieur de Beaumont accused of witchcraft & 2 people are ????uted in Scotland 1597- The Dean of Guild, William Dun, granted 47 pounds, three shillings, and 4 pence for "the great number of witches burnt this year", 3 people were burned in France, Jacques Roulet is burned alive for being a werewolf, at Angiers, France, & Alse Goodridgeis ????uted at Darbie, England 1598- 1 burned in Holland, 24 burned in Scotland, Pierre Aupetit is burned at Bordeaux, France 1599- 77 burned in Switzerland, 2 were ????uted in Germany, & Anne Kerke is ????uted at Tyburn, England 1600-1680- 40,000 ????uted in England 1603-1605- 205 burned at the Abbey of Fulda, Germany 1603- Mary Pannel ????uted in Yorkshire, England 1604- The blood secret of Countess Erzsebet Bathori (Elizabeth Bathory) of Hungary, who believed that by bathing in the blood of virgin girls she would stay eternally youthful. She was denounced as a witch and ????uted in 1611. 1606- Joanna Harrisson and her daughter were ????uted in Hertford, England 1607- Many "witches" ????uted in Derbyshire, England, 24 burned + 3 suicides in Hagenau, Alsace. Isobel Grierson burned in Scotland 1608- Publication of Compendium Maleficarum , by Francesco Maria Guazzo, 1 burned alive by a mob in France, Beigis Tod & several women burned in Scotland 1610-1840- Over 22,000 ????uted in Bamberg, Germany, Mr. & Mrs. Dorlady were burned alive in France 1611- The Basque Trials. These were trials where the traditional burning was halted by a Spanish Inquisitor named Antonio Salazar de Frias who, after much deliberation and methodical research into the stories of witchcraft, decided that the men and women charged were under a form of mass hysteria and were protecting each other, that "witches" were not harmful, merely delusional, and needed help, not condemnation. ????ution of Louis Gaufiedi, for witchcraft. The King James version of the Bible was published. 1612- ????ution of the 10 in Lancashire 5 in Northhampton 1 in Lancaster & 1 in York "Witches" 1613- 2 people ????uted in Bedford, England 1615- One "Leclerc" is condemned for witchcraft, in France & Joan Hunt was hanged in Middlesex, England 1616- A man named Leger condemned for witchcraft in France, 12 hanged in England, 18 killed at Orleans, France 1617- Leonora Galigai beheaded in France> 1618- 8 hanged in France 1619- Etienne Audibert condemned for witchcraft in France, 5 were ????uted in England one died while in prison 1619- Several witches condemned in Nerac, France, Over 200 ????uted in Labourt, France 1620- 2 burned in France 1621- Bessie Harlow, Bessie Chalmers, Beatrice Mundie, Christiane Hamyltoun, Margaret Kent, and Marioun Chatto tried for witchcraft in Inverkiething, Scotland, Elizabeth Sawyer was hanged at Tyburn, England 1622- 13 burned alive in Scotland, Anne de Chantraine burned as a witch in France 1624- 2 ????uted in England 1626- George Haan his wife, son and daughter were burned alive in Germany 1626-1631- 900 ????utions at Bamberg, Germany, 79 burned at Offenburg, Austria, 85 burned in Dieburg, Germany, 168 ????utions in Miltenberg, Germany, 8 ????utions in Prozelten and Amorbach, Germany, 40 ????utions at Berndit, Buttan, Ebenheit, Wenchdorf and Heinbach, Germany, 77 ????utions in Burgstadt, Germany, 56 ????utions in Mainz, Germany 1627- Catherine Hennot burned alive in Germany 1628- ????ution of Johannes Junius of Bamberg, as a witch, another person was burned in France, before his death he wrote his daughter a letter. 1628-1629- 1 person hung himself in prison, 3 people were burned alive, 73 people (including children) behead in Wurzburg, Germany 1629- Salem Mass is settled, 274 ????uted in Germany, Alexander Hunter burned at Edinburgh, Scotland 1630- 1 hanged in England, 1 strangled in Germany, 124 ????uted by the Teutonic Order in Germany 1631- 3 ????uted in Germany, 1 in France and 1 in England 1633- Anna Pomp is ????uted in Germany 1634- Urbain Grandier burned in France 1640-1651- 30 burned in Germany, 900 killed in France, 30,000 (approx) burned by the Inquisition (not all may have been witches), 3-4000 killed during Cromwell's tenure in England 1640- a man was stoned to death by a mob at St. Paul's Cross, England 1641- English law makes witchcraft a capital crime. 1643- 7 people burned in Scotland 1644- Archibald and Thomas Wanderson ordered to pay one hundred marks fine for court expenses to try their wives as witches. The wives were ????uted in England 1645- 150 killed. 29 condemned & 20 ????uted, on the evidence of Matthew Hopkins in England, 2 others were ????uted in England. Beginning of the The New England witch trials, including that of Margaret Jones. These trails officially ended in 1692. 1646- a person was ????uted in Suffolk, England 1647- 5 people were beheaded and burned in Italy, Thomas Boulle was burned alive in France & Alse Younge was hanged in Connecticut, North America 1648- Margaret Jones was ????uted in Charlestown, North America 1648-1650- Over 220 killed in England & Scotland, on evidence of a Scottish Witch finder 1648- 2 ????uted in England 1649- 17 hanged in England. Torture of accused witches outlawed in Scotland. 1650- A letter was sent to the Berwickshire (Scotland) Naturalists' Club inviting them to attend the judging and burning of some witches, 2 killed by a mob in France, Joan Allen was hanged in England 1652- 10 people are hanged in England. Torture of accused witches outlawed for the first time in England. 1653- 2 women are hanged in England 1654- 102 burned in Germany. Torture of accused witches outlawed in Brandenburg. 1655- A mother and daughter were hung in England 1656- Anne Hibbins was hanged in Boston, Massachusetts 1657-Jennette Huart-March and others strangled and burned as witches in Sugny, Belgium. 1658- 8 burned in Scotland, 3 ????uted in England 1660- Elizabeth Brose was tortured to death in the castle of Gommern, Germany 1661- Jonet Allen burned in Scotland 1662- The trial of Amy Denny and Rose Cullender of Lowestoft, who were tried as witches and ????uted at Bury St Edmunds in that March. Also, torture was outlawed in England for the second time. A person was hanged in Hartford, New England. 1663- Cotton Mather was born. He defended the trials and ????utions in New England. He died in 1728. Julian Cox ????uted in England, a person was burned in Germany. 1664- Elizabeth Style dies in prison in England, 2 women ????uted in England 1670- 3 burned in Scotland 1670- 85 ????uted Sweden 1674- Anne Foster is hanged in England 1674-1677- 71 beheaded or burned in Sweden 1678- 90 burned in Austria, 11 burned in Scotland 1680- 36 ????uted France, 6 burned in Scotland, Emerenziana Pichler & her 2 sons (12 and 14 yr old) burned in Germany 1682- Torture of accused witches outlawed in France. 3 are hung in Bideford, England 1683-1684- Salem Jail is built, 1684- England declares that the colonies may not self-govern. 1684-1685- Several people are burned in France 1687- Suzanna, Isle & Catherine (sir names unknown) ????uted in Germany 1688- Following an argument with laundress Goody Glover; Martha Goodwin begin exhibiting bizarre behavior. Days later her younger brother and two sisters exhibited similar behavior. Glover was arrested and tried for bewitching the Goodwin children. Reverend Cotton Mather meets twice with Glover following her arrest in an attempt to persuade her to repent her witchcraft. Glover is hanged. Mather takes Martha Goodwin into his house. Her bizarre behavior continues and worsens. 1688- Cotton Mather publishes Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions 1689 (November)- Samuel Parris is named the new minister of Salem. Parris moves to Salem from Boston. 1690-1694- 36 burned in Germany October 16, 1691- Villagers vow to drive Parris out of Salem and stop contributing to his salary. January 20, 1692- Nine-year-old Elizabeth Parris and eleven-year-old Abigail Williams began to exhibit strange behavior, such as blasphemous screaming, convulsive seizures, trance-like states and mysterious spells. Within a short time, Ann Putnam Jr. & several other Salem girls began to demonstrate similar behavior. Mid-February, 1692- Doctor Griggs, who attends to the "afflicted" girls, suggests that witchcraft may be the cause of their strange behavior or that the girls were under the influence of Satan. February 25, 1692- Tituba, at the request of neighbor Mary Sibley, bakes a "witch cake" and feeds it to a dog. According to an English folk remedy, feeding a dog this kind of cake, which contained the urine of the afflicted, would counteract the spell put on Elizabeth and Abigail. The reason the cake is fed to a dog is because the dog is believed a "familiar" of the Devil. Late-February, 1692- Prayer services and community fasting were conducted by Reverend Samuel Parris in hopes of relieving the evil forces that plagued them. In an effort to expose the "witches", John Indian baked a witch cake made with rye meal and the afflicted girls' urine. This counter-magic was meant to reveal the identities of the "witches" to the afflicted girls. Pressured to identify the source of their affliction, the girls named three women, including Tituba, Parris' Caribbean Indian slave, as witches. February 29, 1692- Arrest warrants are issued for Tituba, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne. Although Osborne and Good maintained innocence, Tituba confessed to seeing the devil who appeared to her "sometimes like a hog and sometimes like a great dog". What's more, Tituba testified that there was a conspiracy of witches at work in Salem. March 1, 1692- Magistrates John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin examine Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne for "witches teats." at the meeting house in Salem Village. Tituba confesses to practicing witchcraft and confirms Good and Osborne are her co- conspirators. March 11, 1692- Ann Putnam Jr. shows symptoms of affliction by witchcraft. Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, and Mary Warren later allege affliction as well. March 12, 1692- Ann Putnam Jr. accuses Martha Cory of witchcraft. March 19. 1692- Abigail Williams denounces Rebecca Nurse as a witch. March 21, 1692- Magistrates Hathorne and Corwin examine Martha Cory. March 23, 1692- Salem Marshal Deputy Samuel Brabrook arrests four-year-old Dorcas Good. March 24, 1692- Corwin and Hathorne examine Rebecca Nurse. March 26, 1692- Hathorne and Corwin interrogate Dorcas. March 28, 1692- Elizabeth Proctor is accused of witchcraft. April 3, 1692- Sarah Cloyce, after defending her sister, Rebecca Nurse, is accused of witchcraft. April 11, 1692- Hathorne, Corwin, Deputy Governor Thomas Danforth, and Captain Samuel Sewall examine Sarah Cloyce and Elizabeth Proctor. On the same day Elizabeth's husband, John Proctor, who protested the examination of his wife, becomes the first man accused of witchcraft and is incarcerated. http://www.the-night.net/witches/chronology.htm |
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