《圣经》中的地狱
送交者: Kant 2006年1月13日13:51:17 于 [彩虹之约]http://www.bbsland.com
在wipipedia 上看到这一entry, 有谁懂希腊文?
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《圣经》中的地狱
按照《圣经》原文的意义，完全不含有死人受审受苦的含意。阴间/地狱只是指描述死亡的情况和坟墓，而不是烈火红红的地狱。而三个被译成中文词语的地狱的希腊文词语，希腊原文和意义分别是：
* 矶汉那（Geenna），指欣嫩子谷，是一个焚烧尸体及垃圾的地方。
* 海地司（Hades），指死人的地方，即坟墓。
* 塔塔鲁斯（Tartaroo），描述撒但及其反叛天使堕落的动词，意思是“扔到tartar里去”。
Another one: Gehenna 革赫拿
送交者: 诚之 2006年1月14日07:01:55 于 [彩虹之约]http://www.bbsland.com
回 答: 什么是地狱？(link) 由 诚之 于 2006年1月14日06:51:54:
Gehenna 革赫拿
(摘自当代神学辞典)
即欣嫩子谷，位于耶路撒冷南部。在以色列有君王的时代，是拜偶像之处，把儿童烧给摩洛的邪恶之地（王下二十二10；代下二十八3，三十三6；耶七31，三十二35）。
到了主前一世纪，这词成了象征名词，代表坏人受刑罚（Punishment）*的地方，有说是坏人死后立刻去到的地方，有说是接受最后审判之后受刑之处。
旧约很早期便论到恶人要受刑（如申三十二22；赛三十三14）；但清楚说到火湖、地狱、不死的虫等刑罚，则是迟至希腊罗马时代，才见于犹太人的宗教典籍（以诺书十八11～16，二十七1～3；以斯得拉二书七36；摩西升天记十10；IQS III.4.13; IQH III.29），很可能是受伊朗宗教的影响，因为按他们的看法，恶人要在溶化的金属中受刑（Yasna, 31.3; 51.9）。次经（Apocrypha）*中除了以斯得拉二书二39之外，从没有称地狱为革赫拿的；新约很可能是受了耶利米预言的影响（耶十九2～10），以革赫拿来称地狱的经文相当多（太五22、29～30，十28，十八9，二十三15、33；可九44、46、47；路十二5；雅三6）。
整体地说，革赫拿与「阴间」（Hades, Sheol）有点相近，都是没有神同在的地方，但阴间是死人的暂时居所，革赫拿却是受刑的地方。斐罗说革赫拿的刑罚是永恒的（Philo, On Cherubim, 1）；有些拉比却说革赫拿的刑罚只有十二个月长（Rabbi Akiba, M. 'Edu{yo^th 2. 10）；启二十14则说有一天，阴间要被扔进革赫拿（「火湖」）去。
把革赫拿当作表记（参象征，Symbol*）来用，是始自希罗时代，他们藉此表达旧约恶人的归宿。启十六16说哈米吉多顿是邪恶最后战败的地方；《以赛亚升天记》（伪经）则说，彼列（撒但）要在革赫拿受永刑（三13～四32）。这段演变过程，足以反映出犹太人是怎样借助别宗教的概念，来表达他们的信仰；到了新约时代，犹太化的过程完成了，新约作者就自由地用革赫拿在他们的末世论（Eschatology）*了。
另参︰死亡（Death）；
末世论（Eschatology）；
邪恶（Evil）；
地狱（Hell）；
刑罚（Punishment）。
参考书目parS. G. F. Brandon, The Judgement of the Dead: An Historical and Comparative Study of the Idea of a Post-Mortum Judgement in the Major Religions(1967); W. Eichrodt, 'The Underworld', Theology of the Old Testament, vol. II(1967), pp. 210～28 ; J. Jeremias, 'Gehenna', TDNT I, pp. 657f. ; J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Creeds(1972), pp. 378～88; L. I. J. Stadelmann, The Hebrew Conception of the World(1970); H. Vorgrimler, 'Christ's Descent into Hell: Is it Important ?', Concilium I, 2(1966), pp. 75～81.
杨牧谷
one good information:
http://67.15.48.205/articleReader.php?idx=74459
地狱,在圣经中4个答案:a,b,c,d
送交者: jael 2006年1月13日14:46:34 于 [彩虹之约]http://www.bbsland.com
回 答: 《圣经》中的地狱 由 Kant 于 2006年1月13日13:51:17:
ZT from
http://www.lookup.org/hell.htm
我还没看完,不知道有没有类似的翻译,
A.
HADES
NASB Concord. # 86- adhV, ou hadˆs; perh. from 1 (as a neg. pref.) and 7054 (1491a) (3708);Hades, the abode of departed spirits :-- Hades(10).
The Greek word "Hades" is translated into English as "Hades" 10 times in the New American Standard (NASB) and that is the ONLY way it is translated.
Matt 11:23 (NASB) "And you, Capernaum, will not be exalted to heaven, will you? You shall descend to Hades; for if the miracles had occurred in Sodom which occurred in you, it would have remained to this day.
Matt 16:18 "And I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades shall not overpower it.
Luke 10:15 "And you, Capernaum, will not be exalted to heaven, will you? You will be brought down to Hades!
Luke 16:22 "Now it came about that the poor man died and he was carried away by the angels to Abraham's bosom; and the rich man also died and was buried. 23 "And in Hades he lifted up his eyes, being in torment, and saw Abraham far away, and Lazarus in his bosom. 24 "And he cried out and said, 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool off my tongue; for I am in agony in this flame.' 25 "But Abraham said, 'Child, remember that during your life you received your good things, and likewise Lazarus bad things; but now he is being comforted here, and you are in agony. 26 'And besides all this, between us and you there is a great chasm fixed, in order that those who wish to come over from here to you may not be able, and [that] none may cross over from there to us.'
Acts 2:27 Because Thou wilt not abandon my soul to Hades, Nor allow Thy Holy One to undergo decay.
Acts 2:31 he looked ahead and spoke of the resurrection of the Christ, that He was neither abandoned to Hades, nor did His flesh suffer decay.
Reve 1:18 and the living One; and I was dead, and behold, I am alive forevermore, and I have the keys of death and of Hades.
Reve 6:8 And I looked, and behold, an ashen horse; and he who sat on it had the name Death; and Hades was following with him. And authority was given to them over a fourth of the earth, to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by the wild beasts of the earth.
Reve 20:13 And the sea gave up the dead which were in it, and death and Hades gave up the dead which were in them; and they were judged, every one [of them] according to their deeds.
14 And death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire.
From this little study of the Greek word, Hades, we learn this:
Hades is down (Luke 10:15)
Those in Hades are being tormented (Luke 16:23) in flames (vs 24.)
All dead do not go to Hades. Some go to "Abraham's Bosom."
(Luke 16:22, 25)
Once you are dead, there is nothing you can do about about your whereabouts. (Luke 16:26)
The soul (the conscious part of us) is what goes to Hades. (Acts 2:27.)
Jesus (who was dead but is now alive forever) has the keys of Hades. (Rev 1:18.)
The dead who are in Hades, will one day come out to be judged. (Rev 20:13)
Hades will be thrown into the lake of fire (Rev 20:14.)
B.
LAKE OF FIRE
So what is this "lake of fire"? It is spoken of 5 times. Read those verses below.
NASB Concord. # 3041- limnh, hV limnˆ; from leib“ (to pour); a lake :-- lake(11).
NASB Concord. # 4442 - pur, oV pur; a prim. word; fire :-- burning(2), fiery(2), fire(69).
Reve 19:20 (NASB) And the beast was seized, and with him the false prophet who performed the signs in his presence, by which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image; these two were thrown alive into the lake of fire which burns with brimstone.
Reve 20:10 And the devil who deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are also; and they will be tormented day and night forever and ever.
Reve 20:14 And death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire. 15 And if anyone's name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire.
Rev 21:8 "But for the cowardly and unbelieving and abominable and murderers and immoral persons and sorcerers and idolaters and all liars, their part [will be] in the lake that burns with fire and brimstone, which is the second death."
From these we learn:
The "lake of fire" burns with brimstone (sulfur.) (Rev 19:20)
It is a place of torment "day and night forever"(Rev 20:10)
Going there is "the second death" (Rev 20:14)
Anyone whose name is not written in the Book of Life goes there!!!! (Rev 20:15)
Those who commit bad sins go there, but then so do the cowardly and unbelieving! (Rev 21:8)
eternal...
Another passage sheds a little more light on the subject.
Matt 25:41 "Then He will also say to those on His left, 'Depart from Me, accursed ones, into the eternal fire which has been prepared for the devil and his angels ; 42 for I was hungry, and you gave Me [nothing] to eat; I was thirsty, and you gave Me nothing to drink; 43 I was a stranger, and you did not invite Me in; naked, and you did not clothe Me; sick, and in prison, and you did not visit Me.' 44 "Then they themselves also will answer, saying, 'Lord, when did we see You hungry, or thirsty, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, and did not take care of You?' 45 "Then He will answer them, saying, 'Truly I say to you, to the extent that you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to Me.' 46 " And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life."
The fire is "eternal." (Mt 25:41)
It was not prepared for man. It was prepared for the devil and his angels (demons.) (Mt 25:41)
The punishment is "eternal" (vs 46)
unquenchable...
Need more proof?
Mark 9:41 "For whoever gives you a cup of water to drink because of your name as [followers] of Christ, truly I say to you, he shall not lose his reward. 42 "And whoever causes one of these little ones who believe to stumble, it would be better for him if, with a heavy millstone hung around his neck, he had been cast into the sea. 43 "And if your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off; it is better for you to enter life crippled, than having your two hands, to go into hell, into the unquenchable fire, 44 [where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched.] 45 "And if your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off; it is better for you to enter life lame, than having your two feet, to be cast into hell, 46 [where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched.] 47 "And if your eye causes you to stumble, cast it out; it is better for you to enter the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes, to be cast into hell, 48 where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched.
The fire never stops, it is "unquenchable". (Mk 9:43,46,48)
There are also worms (maggots) which are involved in the torment, and they never stop either! (Mk 9:44,46,48) Yukkkk!!!
maggots...
Does the Old Testament describe this? You bet it does!!!
Isa 11 'Your pomp [and] the music of your harps Have been brought down to Sheol; Maggots are spread out [as your bed] beneath you, And worms are your covering.'
Isa 66:22 "For just as the new heavens and the new earth Which I make will endure before Me," declares the Lord, "So your offspring and your name will endure. 23 "And it shall be from new moon to new moon And from sabbath to sabbath, All mankind will come to bow down before Me," says the Lord. 24 "Then they shall go forth and look On the corpses of the men Who have transgressed against Me. For their worm shall not die, And their fire shall not be quenched; And they shall be an abhorrence to all mankind."
C.
HELL
And what do you think about "hell" (Gehenna)? You know that the term came from a garbage dump where refuse was constantly burning. I think the idea conveyed is the constant burning (and maybe the stench). Read each time that Greek word is used in the ????ures and decide for yourself.
NASB Concord. # 1067 geenna, hV geenna; of Heb. origin 01516 and 02011 ; Gehenna, a valley W. and S. of Jer., also a symbolic name for the final place of punishment of the ungodly :-- hell(12).
The only 12 uses of gehenna are these:
Matt 5:22 (NASB) "But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother shall be guilty before the court; and whoever shall say to his brother, 'Raca,' shall be guilty before the supreme court; and whoever shall say, 'You fool,' shall be guilty [enough to go] into the fiery hell.
Matt 5:29 "And if your right eye makes you stumble, tear it out, and throw it from you; for it is better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to be thrown into hell. 30 "And if your right hand makes you stumble, cut it off, and throw it from you; for it is better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to go into hell.
Matt 10:28 "And do not fear those who kill the body, but are unable to kill the soul; but rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.
Matt 18:8 "And if your hand or your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off and throw it from you; it is better for you to enter life crippled or lame, than having two hands or two feet, to be cast into the eternal fire. 9 "And if your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out, and throw it from you. It is better for you to enter life with one eye, than having two eyes, to be cast into the fiery hell.
Matt 23:15 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, because you travel about on sea and land to make one proselyte; and when he becomes one, you make him twice as much a son of hell as yourselves.
Matt 23:33 "You serpents, you brood of vipers, how shall you escape the sentence of hell?
Mark 9:43 "And if your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off; it is better for you to enter life crippled, than having your two hands, to go into hell, into the unquenchable fire,
Mark 9:45 "And if your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off; it is better for you to enter life lame, than having your two feet, to be cast into hell...47 "And if your eye causes you to stumble, cast it out; it is better for you to enter the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes, to be cast into hell,
Luke 12:4 "And I say to you, My friends, do not be afraid of those who kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do. 5 "But I will warn you whom to fear: fear the One who after He has killed has authority to cast into hell; yes, I tell you, fear Him!
James 3:6 And the tongue is a fire, the [very] world of iniquity; the tongue is set among our members as that which defiles the entire body, and sets on fire the course of [our] life, and is set on fire by hell.
Hell is fiery (Mt 5:22)
The fire is "eternal" and it is "hell". It is so bad that it would be better to cut off a part of your body to avoid going there. (Mt 5:29-30; 18:8-9; Mk 9:43-48) Does that sound like "the grave" to you?
Hell is for the soul as well as the body. (Mt 10:28)
Some people are sentenced to hell (Mt 23:33)
They are then cast into hell. (Mk 9:45,47)
Those who only kill the body do not cast anyone into hell; they merely cast someone into their grave. Only the Lord has the authority to cast a person into hell. (Luke 12:4)
D.
ABYSS
There is another place called the abyss. It is also called the bottomless pit. It seems to be a location inside the earth, or something, and may possibly be the same as hades, but it is definitely different from the lake of fire. If you are interested, look up these references to the abyss: Luke 8:31; Romans 10:7; Rev 9:1,11;11:7;17:8;20:1
You will find out...
Demons don't want to go there. (Lk 8:31)
Presumably, no one can go there, or perhaps no one can go there and get back out on his own accord. (Rom 10:7)
It is down, and Jesus was there. (Rom 10:7)
It is in the earth, and is locked with a key which an angel has. (Rev 9:1)
It has smoke (and where there's smoke...) (Rev 9:2)
It has a King (Rev 9:11) and locust-like demons (see vs 3-10)
A beast comes out of it to kill the two witnesses. (Rev 11:7)
Then he (he is identified as Antichrist here) goes to destruction (Rev 17:8)
Satan is chained up here for 1000 years (Rev 20:1-3)
In looking over all of these ????ures, I'm sure you can see why most teach that some people are being tormented in Hades even as we speak, but other people are in Paradise or Abraham's bosom. However, there is no one in the Lake of Fire yet. People will go there after their judgment, and we will all be judged. "For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, that each one may be recompensed for his deeds in the body, according to what he has done, whether good or bad." 2 Cor 5:10
The truth is, none of us are "good enough" to stand before a Holy God. No matter how "good" we are, no matter how hard we try, "all our righteous deeds are like a filthy garment" Isa 64:6. That is why the sinless Lamb of God, Jesus, had to be sacrificed, in our place, so that we would have a means to escape the fate of hell, which was originally intended only for the devil and his demons.
"For if the word spoken through angels proved unalterable, and every transgression and disobedience received a just recompense, how shall we escape if we neglect so great a salvation?"
Heb 2:2-3.
