我们的基督信仰是早期教会信徒们前仆后继,一代又一代传讲下来的,此所谓“承前”。
初代教会传讲上帝是独一的真神,很多时候他们依据的是七十士希腊文本的旧约圣经;同时他们又传讲耶稣是上帝的儿子,是与上帝同质(homoousia,ομοουσία),是上帝的本体。然而这样的宣讲却有很大的麻烦,究竟初代教会传讲的是一位神呢?还是二位神?如果是二位神,那么初代教会的信徒便是信奉多神的,与圣经相矛盾;如果只有一位神(即耶稣与上帝完全相同),耶稣便没有独立性,这就是所谓的“神格唯一论(Monarchianism)”。针对这个错误的观念,初代教会的领袖(教父)们,花了三百多年的时间,才从圣经启示中,总结出了极其重要的“三位一体”的教义。
在较近代的改教历史中,以马丁路德,还有加尔文等人为代表的新教各宗派,基本上都传承了早期教会的这个正统观念,就是在一神格内,有三位格并存,而且有所分别。
在初代的东方教会中,卡巴多奇亚(加帕多家)三教父曾对三一神论的“位格”观念有过重要的建树;现摘录一段有关的评论,谨供参考:
The essential thing about a person lies precisely in his being a revelation of truth, not as “substance” or “nature” but as a “mode of existence.” This profound perception of the Cappadocian Fathers shows that true knowledge is not a knowledge of the essence or the nature of things, but of how they are connected within the communion-event. We saw above the theme of ekstasis was a key idea in the Greek patristic concept of truth, but in its application to the idea of “person” it needs to be completed by another theme, that of hypostasis. While ekstasis signifies that a person is a revelation of truth by the fact of being in communion, hypostasis signifies that in and through his communion a person affirms his own identity and his particularity; he “supports his own nature” in a particular and unique way. The person is the horizon within which the truth of existence is revealed, not as simple nature subject to individualization and recombination but as a unique image of the whole and the “catholicity” of a being.
关于位格者最基本的不在于彰显其“本体”或“本质”,乃是其“存在的形态”。加帕多家教父在这方面的深度透视表明了真知识并非对事物的基础本质的了解,而是他们如何在相交的事件中连结。前述讨论中我们看到 ekstasis 的主题是希腊教父们对真理的认知的关键观念,但当应用到“位格”时便需要另一主题 hypostasis 来补充。ekstasis 说明位格者在相交中显明真理,hypostasis 则说明在他的相交中,也是透过这相交,位格者确立其身分与特质;可以说他是以特别而独有的方式“支撑着他自身的〔存在〕本质”。位格者就是其“存在”这真理〔事实〕所彰显的境域,他不是可分为个体或重新组合的简单存在物,而是整体中的独特主体,也同时是有“大公性”的存有个体。
[ 注:以上选自 John D. Zizioulas 所著的《Being as Communion:Studies in Personhood and the Church》,St Vladimirs Seminary Press,1997,p.106。引用的中文则是由宣道会李锦伦所翻译。谨供参考。 ]