投资中要学会自我保护

      金融投资中如何自我保护，是一门很需要技巧的艺术。           

下面这篇文章介绍了七种办法。实际上还有不少的办法，我在以前的文章中介绍了一些，今后有时间时再多写一点供大家参考。

很多可能大家都知道，但是，即使如此，好好琢磨一下，或者时不时回味一下，也没有坏处。

在股市上涨有点过头的时候，你至少有七种办法来做点自我保护：

其一，卖掉一些股份，增加自己的现金持有量，等待股价回跌。很多共同基金也这么做，而且还是自动这么做，通过电脑程序来实现。

其二，调整自己的投资结构。也就是卖掉一些长得过头的行业和公司的股票，买那些相对而言比较便宜（滞后）一些的部门股票。等待补涨。这实际上就是以价值为上。

其三，购买那些Beta值比较低的股票和基金，减少市场波动带来的损失。也就是说，适当买一些波动比较小的公司的股票，这可能是写红利比较高但成长速度不是很快的公司。也可能是市场一时不太感兴趣的公司，互联网泡沫时代的金融股就是这样。

其四，投资那些能够帮助你对冲风险的对冲基金。有些对冲基金采用了一下技术手段在对冲市场的波动风险，而且，这样的对冲基金已经可以接受普通的投资者了。

其五，投资那些和市场走向对着干的ETF。有些ETF只能在市场下跌时让你赚钱。

其六，卖空，也就是你不仅不拥有那家公司的股票，而且，你还在市场上借他人的股票卖掉，其后，期待在股价下跌时可以再买回来还给对方。如果股价太高，其后下跌的话，你就赚钱了。如果继续走高，你就有麻烦。“裸体”卖空风险很大。

其七，买看跌期权PUT。这样做的好处是你的风险有限，但是，你得支付一定的时间价值。如果股票本身下跌有限，你所付出的Premium可能还要高于你获得的跌幅收益。这时候，你就得计算好了。而且，对于波动大的股票，你所付出的代价也大。世界上没有免费午餐就是了。

具体的方法很多，这里只是一个引子。  

【附录】7 ways to shield your market gains

Mutual Funds12/4/2009

By Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine

Feeling queasy? After soaring for more than six months, stocks have started to wobble lately. Despite the recent indigestion, stocks remain way above their March 9 lows. The Dow industrials ($INDU) this week were more than 60% above their nadir, while the Standard & Poor's 500 Index ($INX) and the technology-happy Nasdaq Composite Index ($COMPX) were up about 70%.  

Clearly, stocks could not continue to rise indefinitely at their earlier pace, and some would argue that a correction is not only inevitable but also healthy. So maybe the Dow will drop a few hundred more points and then resume its ascent.

But what if things get worse first?

What if the recovery proves to be shallow or stalls? Worse still, what if the economy falls back into recession? What if another major financial company fails? Stocks could quickly lose 25% of their value, as they did in the first 10 weeks of 2009.

Are you prepared? Here are seven ways to protect your recent investment gains from a sudden reversal in fortune. We list them in order of increasing complexity.

Strategy No. 1: Raise cash  

Boosting your cash holdings is one obvious way to make your portfolio less vulnerable to a market collapse. Of course, you can arbitrarily decide that you'll sell, say, 30% of your stock holdings and move the proceeds into cash (money market funds, checking accounts, Treasury bills and the like). But there's no need to make such a drastic move.

There are a lot of ways to increase cash without incurring unnecessary costs or missing out on opportunities. Here are three:

If you're rebalancing (see Strategy No. 2), sell some of your winners but keep some of the money in cash rather than buy laggards.

If you make regular contributions from your paycheck to a 401k or other retirement plan, continue to do so but direct the new contributions to a cash account rather than to stock or bond funds.

If you own dividend-paying stocks, direct the payouts to your cash account rather than having them reinvested in new shares. The same goes for distributions from stock funds.

Strategy No. 2: Rebalance  

If you own a lot of stocks and funds that have notched big gains this year, chances are you no longer have the mix of assets you once thought was ideal. Now would be a good time to sell some of your big gainers and put the money into assets that haven't done as well.

You should rebalance your portfolio in this manner at least once a year -- more often if big market gains or losses leave your portfolio far from your desired mix. Rebalancing forces you to sell high and buy low (or at least to sell outperformers and buy laggards) -- an ideal way to preserve investment gains and set up your portfolio for further success.

Strategy No. 3: Buy low-beta stocks and funds  

Beta is a term that describes a stock's tendency to move in tandem with a particular market index, which by definition has a beta of 1. If the index gains 1% during a given period, a high-beta stock would gain more, on average, and a low-beta stock would gain less.

High-beta stocks such as Apple (AAPL, news, msgs), which has a beta of 1.49 relative to the S&P 500 Index, have done particularly well during the recent rally. Low-beta stocks are likely to hold up better if the market heads south.

We screened for stocks with betas of 0.6 or less relative to the S&P 500 and turned up a number of safe, dividend-paying giants, such as Monsanto (MON, news, msgs), Novartis (NVS, news, msgs) and Procter & Gamble (PG, news, msgs). You can find low-beta funds, too.

A screen at Morningstar for diversified domestic-stock funds with betas of less than 0.8 turned up, among others, Vanguard Dividend Growth (VDIGX) and Forester Value (FVALX).

But if you want to buy a fund because of its low beta, make sure you first check out its holdings in the latest shareholder report or on the fund sponsor's Web site. A low beta can indicate that a fund is holding a lot of cash or owns many stocks that aren't in the S&P 500.

Strategy No. 4: Buy a hedged fund  

Some low-cost mutual funds have adopted strategies long used by hedge funds without charging hedge funds' exorbitant fees. These mutual funds use a variety of techniques to make themselves less vulnerable to the market's declines while still capturing at least some of its gains. If done correctly, these techniques, which can include the use of options, futures and short-selling, can be carried out with relatively low levels of risk.

Among our favorites: Hussman Strategic Growth (HSGFX), a growth stock fund that uses options and futures to hedge its market exposure during times of uncertainty; Arbitrage Fund (ARBFX), which specializes in buying shares of companies targeted for acquisition by other companies; and TFS Market Neutral (TFSMX), which holds a combination of long and short stock positions designed to neutralize most of its exposure to the market's day-to-day movements.

Strategy No. 5: Buy an inverse ETF  

Preserving gains from each individual stock in a large portfolio can be expensive and time-consuming. A better bet is to buy an inverse exchange-traded fund, which can cushion losses from a broad market downturn.

For example, ProShares Short S&P500 (SH) provides the inverse daily return of the S&P 500. That is, if the S&P loses 1% on a particular day, the ETF will gain 1%. Conversely, if the index rises 1%, the ETF's shares will fall by the same amount.

Inverse ETFs are available for many broad-market and sector indexes, and some will provide a double or triple inverse return (a 2% or 3% gain if the index loses 1%, for example). They're less risky than shorting an index ETF because you can't lose more than the amount you've invested.

But here's the catch: These ETFs provide the inverse of an index's daily return. Because of the mathematical complexities of compounding, their returns won't necessarily be an exact mirror image of the index's returns. For example, ProShares Short S&P500 fund fell 23% for the year that ended Oct. 29, while the index gained 20%. That divergence often becomes more dramatic with leveraged inverse funds. Inverse ETFs, therefore, are just for short-term hedging. Even then, keep a close eye on them and avoid the leveraged variety.

Strategy No. 6: Go short  

Short-selling, which can be used to speculate on a security falling in value, can also provide protection for your gains. It's an especially useful strategy if you're trying to avoid realizing gains that you would have to share with Uncle Sam.

Say you own 100 shares of Apple, which soared 142% year-to-date through Oct. 30, to $189.50. You borrow additional Apple shares from your broker and sell them. Stash the proceeds in a cash account where they'll earn interest. Buy the shares back later when they are cheaper. If your $189 Apple shares fall to $179.50, you can close out your short position with a $10-per-share gain (your interest earnings can reduce some of the commission costs). The short-selling gain will offset the loss in your "long" holdings of Apple.

What could go wrong? If Apple shares rise instead of fall, you'll owe those gains to your broker. A related strategy is to short an index ETF or buy an inverse index ETF. That will protect you from a broad market sell-off, although you will still have to absorb losses in your individual stock holdings.

Strategy No. 7: Buy puts  

A put is an option that gives you the right to sell a stock or exchange-traded fund at a preset price, known as a strike price. If your shares fall below the strike price, the value of your put rises to offset the loss. Think of it as an insurance policy. As with selling short, buying a put is a good move if you have a gain but don't want to sell your shares right away -- for example, if by holding a stock for a few more months you could convert a short-term gain, taxed at your marginal tax rate, into a long-term gain, taxed at favorable capital-gains rates.

In the case of Apple, you could get long-term protection for your gains with a put contract that shields you through January 2011 if the stock were to fall below $185. Cost: $30.80 for each Apple share, or $3,080 plus commission for a 100-share contract. (Prices change rapidly. Look online for more-recent price quotes.) That's not cheap, but options generally cost more for volatile stocks such as Apple.

There are ways to lower the price: Insure yourself for a shorter period (Apple $185 puts expiring in April 2010 recently cost just $17.85, or $1,785 for a contract covering 100 shares), or absorb more losses by accepting a lower strike price (at a $165 strike, the January 2011 put costs $21.90 per share).

Better yet, buy a combination of options known as a collar. This involves selling a call option, which obligates you to give up some potential gains. Then use the proceeds to reduce or offset the cost of the puts. You can bone up on options strategies at the Chicago Board Options Exchange Web site.