古德根据诸多禅定现象，把禅定的修习经历归类，遂有四禅八定之说。四禅是禅定现象的主题，如图12.0-8至5所示，亦作四根本禅。12.0-4至1是修习禅定所获得的四种智慧，其境界被命名为四空定。此四种智慧在佛教中被誉为金刚智。

According to many meditation phenomena, Ancient Virtue classified the practice experiences of meditation, so here is the establishment of Four Meditations Eight Stillness (refer to illustration 12.0-8 to 1). 12.0-8 to 5 are four fundamental stages of meditation, are main theme for meditation. 12.0-4 to 1 are gained four Philosopher-stone Intelligences from meditation practices, are named as Four Empty Stillness.

下文摘自《佛学次第统编》，是一篇古老的经文。

Following is an excerpt from "Compendium of Buddhism ", which is an ancient scripture.

12.2.1 初禅 First Meditation

初禅者，行人先须趺坐调息，从粗住细住，阶欲界定。次后身心泯然虚豁，行人失去欲界之身，坐中不见头手，床敷犹若虚空。此为未到地定，能生初禅，即是初禅方便，亦名未来禅。得此相已，初勿惊恐，亦勿欢喜，惊喜皆能招魔。勿向人说，说则永失，不可复得，譬如种树，不可露根。

First meditation, migrator necessarily sits with crossing legs, adjusts intents along breaths, intentionally dwells from rough to slim, and steps up from Desire Boundary’s (refer to illustration 12.0 and section 13.1) stillness. After that, Desire Boundary’s flesh body fades to vague, disappears. Migrator can’t feel head, hands. Bed or seat is like vague empty. This is called Non-arrival Stillness. The Non-arrival Stillness, alias Future Meditation, can give birth to First Meditation, is convenience of First meditation. After gain the phenomena, migrator shouldn’t be surprised or fearful, shouldn’t be joyful also, doesn’t tell others. Joyful delight and surprise can induce demons. Don’t tell other, if you speak out, you will loss the stillness forever, can’t be regained, like projecting a tree, shouldn’t leave roots exposed.

若于未到地中，行人入定渐深，身心虚寂，不见内外。或经一日，乃至七日，或一月乃至一年，定心不坏，守护增长，行人忽觉身心凝然，运运而动。当动之时，行人还觉渐渐有身，如云如影动发，或从上发，或从下发，或从腰发，渐渐遍身。上发多退，下发多进。

If in Non-arrival Stillness, migrator enters the stillness deeper and deeper, body and heart are silent and vague, can’t see inside and outside. Or after one day, or even seven days, or one month or even a year, the still heart isn’t damaged, and is guarded to grow, migrator suddenly feels that body and heart are condensation like, surging and surging to move. When moves, migrator faintly feels like having body, like clouds and its shadows are forming. Or arousal from upside, or arousal from downside, or arousal from waist, little by little, it fulfills body prevailingly. If aroused from upside, likely the achievement is falling back; if aroused from downside, more likely the achievement is advancing.

动触发时，功德无量，此略说十种善法眷属，与动俱起：一定，二空，三明净，四喜悦，五乐，六善心生，七知见明了，八无累解脱，九境界现前，十心调柔软。如是十种胜妙功德庄严动法，此则略说初动触相。如是，或经一日，或经十日，或一月四月，乃至一年，此事既过，复有余触，次第而发，然亦无定前后，故此禅名初禅。

When touches of movement are being aroused, innumerable virtuous merits are gained. Here, I simply speak of ten kinds of benevolent laws and their affiliations: 1. Stillness, 2. Empty, 3. Bright Immaculateness, 4. Delightful joy, 5. Laugh, 6. Benevolent heart, 7. Explicitly knows and views, 8. non-cumulative emancipation, 9. Manifestation of environmental boundaries, 10. Heart adjusted soft and docile. The ten kinds of victorious wonderful fortunes and virtues are abstractly talked of the phenomena of initial move touch. Thus, after one day, or ten days, or one month, four months, or even one year, after the event has passed, there will be more touches, which will occur successively, but there is no definite before and after, so this Meditation is called the First Meditation.

言余触者，即前动触为一，二痒，三凉，四暖，五轻，六重，七涩，八滑。复有八触：一掉，二猗，三冷，四热，五浮，六沉，七坚，八软。此八与前八虽同，而细分别，不无小异。此十六触，随一发时，悉有十种善法功德眷属。行人因未到地，发如是等诸触功德善法，故名初禅初发。并是色界清净四大种（参见11.2节），依欲界身中而发。

The said extra touches, front 10 movement touches are the first, 2. Itch, 3. Cool, 4. Warm, 5. Lightweight, 6. Heavy, 7. Astringent, 8. Smooth. And other eight kinds of touches: 1. Fall, 2. Ripple, 3. Cold, 4. Hot, 5. Floating, 6. Sinking, 7. Hard, 8. Soft. The eight are similar to front eight, but to discern attentively, there are differences. The 16 touches, randomly arouses, each has 10 kinds of benevolent juristic affiliations. Because of Non-arrival Stillness, migrator arouses thus touches’ fortunes virtues and benevolent laws, therefore, First Meditation Initial Arousal is named. Together, depending on desire boundary body, color boundary’s immaculate four great seeds (refers to section 11.2) are aroused also.

行人从此舍离欲界五欲、五盖，得初禅五支功德：觉，观，喜，乐，一心。五欲者，色欲、声欲、香欲、味欲，触欲是也。五盖者，贪欲盖、嗔恚盖、惛沉睡眠盖、掉举恶作盖、疑盖是也。

From then on, migrators leave desire boundary’s five desires, five covers, and obtain the first meditation five branches of virtuous merits: perception, view, delight, laugh, and one heart. The five desires are color desire, sound desire, smell desire, taste desire, and bodily touch desires. Five covers are greedily desire, irritation & indignity, sleep, frustration & regret, suspicion.

一、觉支，初心在缘名觉。谓行人依未到地发初禅，色界清净色法，触欲界身根，心大惊悟，尔时即生身识，觉此色触，未曾有功德利益，故名觉支。

1. Perception Branch, initial heart on objective is named as perception. From Nonarrival Stillness to initial arousal of first meditation, color boundary’s immaculate color laws touched desire boundary’s body roots, migrator was shocked enlightened greatly. At that time, body-senses were born simultaneously, and perceived color touch, migrator gained never-have acquisitions of fortunate virtues and benefits, therefore the perception branch is named.

二、观支，细心分别名观。谓行人既证初禅功德，即以细心分别此禅定中色法诸妙功德境界分明，无诸盖覆，如是等功德，欲界之所未有，故名观支。

2. View Branch, to deliberately discern is named as view. It is said that after meditator has proved first meditation’s fortunes and virtues, he attentively discerns thus color laws’ fortunes and virtues, where environment and boundaries are clear, without concealments of five covers. Those equal fortunes and virtues don’t exist in desire boundary; therefore, the view branch is named.

三、喜支，欣庆之心名喜。谓行人初发禅时，乃有喜生，但分别未了，故喜心未成。若观心分别，所舍欲界之乐甚少，今护得初禅，利益甚多，如是思惟已，则欢喜无量，故名喜支。

3. Delight Branch, delighted celebrating heart is named as delight. When first meditation initially arose, migrator had delight born, but discernments haven’t been done yet, so the delight heart wasn’t fully composed. Thus, migrator has discerned the differentiations of heart, the abandonment of desire boundary’s amusement was little. Now being guarded and gained the first meditation, benefits are more. Thinking in this way, delighted joy and felicity are boundless, therefore the Delight Branch is named.

四、乐支，怡悦之心名乐。谓行人发初禅时，乃即有乐，但分别喜，动涌心息，则恬然静虑，受于乐触怡悦之快，故名乐支。

4. Laugh Branch, harmoniously pleasant, agreeably pleasure is named as laugh. When migrator initially aroused first meditation, he or she immediately had laugh, but after surging heart extinguished, delight of discernment arouses, migrator is enjoying laugh touches, therefore the Laugh Branch is named.

五、一心支，心与定一，名为一心。谓行人初证禅时，乃即着定，而心犹依觉观喜乐之心，故有微细之散，若喜乐息，自然心与定一，故名一心支。

5. One Heart Branch, heart and stillness are one, what one heart is named. When migrator was proving first meditation, it was an immediate landing in stillness; his or her heart still mixed with perception view delight and laugh, therefore, it has delicate looseness. When delight and laugh ceased, naturally heart merges with stillness, therefore, the One Heart Branch is named.

若在人中坐禅，得此根本初禅，不失不退，则命终已，随初禅力深浅，必生于神众等天（如图12.0-8），是为初禅天因也。

If this migrator is meditating among human interests (refers to section 13.1.5), gains the fundamental first meditation, reserves it without retreatment or loss, according to the meditational power’s shallow or deep, his or her next life is reborn among Godly Crowd Sky, Godly Assistant Sky, or Big God Sky (refers to illustration 12.0-8, and section 13.2.1). The first meditation is reason for the three skies of first meditation.

12.2.2 二禅 Second Meditation

二禅者，若于初禅定中，行人厌离觉观，入中间禅，从未到地，专心不止。于后其心豁然，明净皎洁；定心与喜俱发，具足四支功德：内净、喜、乐，一心。

Second Meditation, if first meditation migrator is bored with and leaves with perception and view, he enters middle meditation, from Nonarrival stillness, concentrates, none stops. Eventually, migrator’s heart opens suddenly in shiny and bright. Still heart and delight surge up concurrently, migrator has fully possessed the four branches of fortunes and virtues: inner immaculateness, delight, laugh, and one heart.

一、内净支，心无觉观之浑浊，故名内净。欲离初禅时，行人种种诃责觉观。觉观既灭，则心内静。心与静色法相应，豁尔明静，故名内净支。

1. Inner Immaculateness Branch, heart without turbidity and opacity of perceptive views is named as Inner Immaculateness. When wanted to leave the first meditation, migrator did kinds of denouncing reprimanding to perceptive views, perceptive views faded, then heart became quiet, without any disquietudes. Heart matches with quiet color laws, is in broadly silent brightness, therefore the Inner Immaculateness Branch is set up.

二、喜支，欣庆之心名喜。谓行人初得内静时，即与喜俱发，而喜心未成，次心自庆得免觉观之患，获得胜定内净之喜，欢喜无量，故名喜支。

2. Delight Branch, delightfully celebrating heart is named as delight. When meditator just gained inner immaculateness, concurrently delight surged up, but the celebrating heart wasn’t fully composed, beside heart was celebrating for relief on faults and blots of perceptive views. Obtaining the delight of inner immaculateness from the victorious stillness, delight is boundless, therefore the Delight branch is named.

三、乐支，怡悦之心名乐。谓行人喜涌之情既息，则怡然静虑，受于内净喜中之悦乐，故名乐支。

3. Laugh Branch, cheerfully agreeable pleasant is named as laugh. After migrator’s surging delight ceases, enjoying inner immaculateness is named as Laugh Branch.

四、一心支，心与定一，谓之一心。谓行人喜乐心息，则心与定一，澄渟不动，故名一心支。

4. One Heart Branch, heart merges with stillness into one, subject and object mutually turning accordingly is named as One heart. When delight and laugh heart ceases, clear and unmoving, hence the name One Heart Branch.

此名为根本二禅，若人坐禅得此，随其浅深，命终必生少光天、无量光天、或光音天（参见插图12.0-7和第13.2.2节）中。二禅是二禅三重天之因。

This is named Fundamental Second Meditation. If a human gains this in meditation, according to its shallow and deep, after he or she dies, will be reborn in Less Light Sky, Immeasurable Light Sky, or Light Sound Sky (refers to illustration 12.0-7 and section 13.2.2). Second Meditation is reason of three Second Meditation skies.

12.2.3 三禅 Third Meditation

若于二禅，行人厌离喜相，入中间禅，从未到地，行人澄静其心，泯然入定，不依内外，与乐俱发，具足五支功德：舍，念，慧，乐，一心。

If in second meditation, migrator is satiated with delightful phenomena, leaves, enters middle meditation. In nonarrival meditation, migrator pacifies his heart, doesn’t depend on inner and outer, concurrently stillness with laugh surge up together. He or she gains five branches of fortunes and virtues: renunciation, spell, gnosis, laugh, and one heart.

一、舍支，离喜不悔名舍。

行人欲离二禅时，种种诃责二禅之喜，喜既灭谢，三禅即发。若证三禅之乐，则舍二禅之喜，不生悔心，故名为舍，亦名三禅乐。初生时，是乐三界第一，能生心着，心着则禅坏，故须行舍。

1. Renunciation Branch, relinquishing delight without regret is named as renunciation. When migrator had desires to leave second meditation, he did kinds of reprimanding to delight of second meditation, then delight faded away, and third meditation aroused succeedingly. For the testament of third meditation, meditator has abandoned delight in second meditation, without regret, therefore the Renunciation Branch is named, alias Third Meditation Laugh. When it was just born, the laugh is No. 1 in three boundaries (refers to illustration 12.0), which can induce heart to cling. If heart bears attachment, third meditation collapses, therefore migrator necessarily performs renunciation. 

二、念支，念名爱念。谓行人既发三禅之乐，乐从内起，应须爱念将养，则乐得增长，乃至遍身，如慈母念子，爱念将养，故名念支。

2. Spell Branch, spell is name for mumbles of love. Migrator has aroused laugh of third meditation. Laugh originates from inner, and it is necessary to nurture, to feed it, to have it grown to prevail whole body. Like motherly affective mumbles to her children, love spells to nurture, hence the name of Spell Branch.

三、慧支，解知之心名慧。行人既发三禅之乐，此乐微妙，难得增长，若非善巧解慧，则不能方便长养此乐得遍身也。

3. Gnosis Branch, heart of explanation on know is named as gnosis. Migrator has aroused laugh of third meditation, which is delicate and wonderful, and hard to have it grown up. If not having benevolent smart interpreting gnosis, migrator can’t expediently adopt and raise it long enough to fulfill whole body. 

四、乐支，怡悦之心名乐。行人发三禅乐已，若能善用舍念慧，将护此乐，乐既无过，则增长遍身，怡悦安快。三禅为最乐，若离三禅，则余地更无遍身之乐也。

4. Laugh Branch, agreeably pleasure is named as laugh. After migrator has aroused laugh of third meditation, if good at using renunciative gnostic spells to nurture it, then the laugh wouldn’t pass by, it grows to fulfill body, suitably felicity. Third meditation is the most bliss; after third meditation, there isn’t pervasively bodily laugh anymore in further to go.

五、一心支，心与定一，名曰一心。行人受乐心息，则心自与定法为一，澄渟不动也。

5. One Heart Branch, heart and stillness are one, hence One heart. When migrator enjoying laughs ends, heart and still law combines into one naturally, stays in translucent tranquility, doesn’t move.

此名为根本三禅，若人坐禅得此，随其浅深，命终必生少净等天中（参见13.2.3节），是为三禅天因也。

This is named Fundamental Third Meditation. If migrator gains this in sitting meditation, according to its shallow and deep, when dies, will be reborn in Maculate Sky, Immaculate Sky, or Universally Immaculate Sky (refers to illustration 12.0-6, and section 13.2.3). This is reason for those three skies of third meditation.

12.2.4 四禅 Fourth Meditation

四禅者，若于第三禅定，行人厌离乐法，深见过患，入中间禅。心无散动，得未到地定。于后其心豁然开发，定心安隐，行人出入呼吸断，具足四支功德：不苦不乐，舍，念清净，一心。

Fourth Meditation, if in third meditation, migrator was satiated bored with laugh laws, deeply views its faults, enters middle meditation. heart doesn’t move loosely, gains Nonarrival Stillness. Later, his or her heart surges up suddenly, and opens, still heart easily fades away. Inhaling exhaling breath ceases, migrator fully accomplishes the four branches of fortunes and virtues: neither bitter nor laugh, renunciation, spelling immaculateness, and one heart.

一、不苦不乐支，不苦不乐，中庸之心也。行人欲离三禅时，种种因缘，诃责于乐。乐既谢灭，则不动之定，与舍俱发，故行人内心湛然，不苦不乐也。

1. Neither Bitter Nor Laugh Branch, it is undifferentiated, neutral heart. When migrator desired to leave third meditation, for kinds of reason factors, he reprimanded those laughs. Laughs faded; hence the Immovability Stillness is surging up concurrently with renunciation, therefore migrator’s inner heart is bright tranquility, is neither bitter nor laugh.

二、舍支，离乐不悔名舍。行人既得第四禅，不动真定，则舍三禅难舍之乐，不生悔心，故名舍支。亦云：证四禅不动定时，不应取定起动念心，若心行舍，则无动念之乖也。

2. Renunciation Branch, leaving laugh without regret is named as renunciation. For gain the fourth meditation, immovable true stillness, migrator doesn’t bear regret; therefore, the Renunciation Branch is named. Also have the saying, testament of fourth meditation, meditator shouldn’t arouse spelling heart, if heart moves on renunciation, then there isn’t convenience of casting spells.

三、念清净支，念即爱念。谓行人既得四禅真定，当念下地之过，复念自己功德，方便将养，令不退失，进入胜品，故名为念。亦云：是四禅中，有不动照了，正念分明，故名念支。

3. Spell Immaculateness Branch, spells are affective mumblings. It is said that when meditator testifies fourth meditation true stillness, should murmur faults of lower stages, spell one’s own merits and virtues, conveniently feed and nurture it, having it not to retreat, to enter victorious stage; therefore, Spell Immaculateness Branch is named. Also have the saying, among fourth meditation, there is immovable finalizing illumination, correct spellings are lucidly clear, therefore name of Spell Branch.

四、一心支，心与定一，名一心支。谓行人既得四禅之定，复用舍念将护，则心无所依，泯然凝寂，一心在定，犹如明镜不动，净水无波，湛然而照，万象皆现。

4. One Heart Branch, heart and stillness are fused as oneness, what One Heart is. After migrator gained fourth meditation, again uses renunciative spells to guard it, then his or her heart has nothing to rely on, is crystallizing silence. One heart is in stillness, like a bright immovable mirror, brilliantly reflections, all phenomena are present.

此名为根本四禅，若人坐禅得此，随其浅深，命终必生无云等天中（参见13.2.4节），此定为四禅天因。

This is fundamental Fourth Meditation. If a human sits for meditation, gains this, according to the stillness’ shallow or deep, life ends, is reborn in No Cloud Sky, Fortune Birth Sky, and Gigantic Fruit Sky etc.; the fourth meditation is reason for skies of Fourth Meditation.

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