古德根據諸多禪定現象，把禪定的修習經歷歸類，遂有四禪八定之說。四禪是禪定現象的主題，如圖12.0-8至5所示，亦作四根本禪。12.0-4至1是修習禪定所獲得的四種智慧，其境界被命名為四空定。此四種智慧在佛教中被譽為金剛智。

According to many meditation phenomena, Ancient Virtue classified the practice experiences of meditation, so here is the establishment of Four Meditations Eight Stillness (refer to illustration 12.0-8 to 1). 12.0-8 to 5 are four fundamental stages of meditation, are main theme for meditation. 12.0-4 to 1 are gained four Philosopher-stone Intelligences from meditation practices, are named as Four Empty Stillness.

下文摘自《佛學次第統編》，是一篇古老的經文。

Following is an excerpt from "Compendium of Buddhism ", which is an ancient scripture.

12.2.1 初禪 First Meditation

初禪者，行人先須趺坐調息，從粗住細住，階欲界定。次後身心泯然虛豁，行人失去欲界之身，坐中不見頭手，床敷猶若虛空。此為未到地定，能生初禪，即是初禪方便，亦名未來禪。得此相已，初勿驚恐，亦勿歡喜，驚喜皆能招魔。勿向人說，說則永失，不可復得，譬如種樹，不可露根。

First meditation, migrator necessarily sits with crossing legs, adjusts intents along breaths, intentionally dwells from rough to slim, and steps up from Desire Boundary’s (refer to illustration 12.0 and section 13.1) stillness. After that, Desire Boundary’s flesh body fades to vague, disappears. Migrator can’t feel head, hands. Bed or seat is like vague empty. This is called Non-arrival Stillness. The Non-arrival Stillness, alias Future Meditation, can give birth to First Meditation, is convenience of First meditation. After gain the phenomena, migrator shouldn’t be surprised or fearful, shouldn’t be joyful also, doesn’t tell others. Joyful delight and surprise can induce demons. Don’t tell other, if you speak out, you will loss the stillness forever, can’t be regained, like projecting a tree, shouldn’t leave roots exposed.

若於未到地中，行人入定漸深，身心虛寂，不見內外。或經一日，乃至七日，或一月乃至一年，定心不壞，守護增長，行人忽覺身心凝然，運運而動。當動之時，行人還覺漸漸有身，如雲如影動發，或從上發，或從下發，或從腰發，漸漸遍身。上發多退，下發多進。

If in Non-arrival Stillness, migrator enters the stillness deeper and deeper, body and heart are silent and vague, can’t see inside and outside. Or after one day, or even seven days, or one month or even a year, the still heart isn’t damaged, and is guarded to grow, migrator suddenly feels that body and heart are condensation like, surging and surging to move. When moves, migrator faintly feels like having body, like clouds and its shadows are forming. Or arousal from upside, or arousal from downside, or arousal from waist, little by little, it fulfills body prevailingly. If aroused from upside, likely the achievement is falling back; if aroused from downside, more likely the achievement is advancing.

動觸發時，功德無量，此略說十種善法眷屬，與動俱起：一定，二空，三明淨，四喜悅，五樂，六善心生，七知見明了，八無累解脫，九境界現前，十心調柔軟。如是十種勝妙功德莊嚴動法，此則略說初動觸相。如是，或經一日，或經十日，或一月四月，乃至一年，此事既過，復有餘觸，次第而發，然亦無定前後，故此禪名初禪。

When touches of movement are being aroused, innumerable virtuous merits are gained. Here, I simply speak of ten kinds of benevolent laws and their affiliations: 1. Stillness, 2. Empty, 3. Bright Immaculateness, 4. Delightful joy, 5. Laugh, 6. Benevolent heart, 7. Explicitly knows and views, 8. non-cumulative emancipation, 9. Manifestation of environmental boundaries, 10. Heart adjusted soft and docile. The ten kinds of victorious wonderful fortunes and virtues are abstractly talked of the phenomena of initial move touch. Thus, after one day, or ten days, or one month, four months, or even one year, after the event has passed, there will be more touches, which will occur successively, but there is no definite before and after, so this Meditation is called the First Meditation.

言余觸者，即前動觸為一，二癢，三涼，四暖，五輕，六重，七澀，八滑。復有八觸：一掉，二猗，三冷，四熱，五浮，六沉，七堅，八軟。此八與前八雖同，而細分別，不無小異。此十六觸，隨一發時，悉有十種善法功德眷屬。行人因未到地，發如是等諸觸功德善法，故名初禪初發。並是色界清淨四大種（參見11.2節），依欲界身中而發。

The said extra touches, front 10 movement touches are the first, 2. Itch, 3. Cool, 4. Warm, 5. Lightweight, 6. Heavy, 7. Astringent, 8. Smooth. And other eight kinds of touches: 1. Fall, 2. Ripple, 3. Cold, 4. Hot, 5. Floating, 6. Sinking, 7. Hard, 8. Soft. The eight are similar to front eight, but to discern attentively, there are differences. The 16 touches, randomly arouses, each has 10 kinds of benevolent juristic affiliations. Because of Non-arrival Stillness, migrator arouses thus touches’ fortunes virtues and benevolent laws, therefore, First Meditation Initial Arousal is named. Together, depending on desire boundary body, color boundary’s immaculate four great seeds (refers to section 11.2) are aroused also.

行人從此舍離欲界五欲、五蓋，得初禪五支功德：覺，觀，喜，樂，一心。五欲者，色慾、聲欲、香欲、味欲，觸欲是也。五蓋者，貪慾蓋、嗔恚蓋、惛沉睡眠蓋、掉舉惡作蓋、疑蓋是也。

From then on, migrators leave desire boundary’s five desires, five covers, and obtain the first meditation five branches of virtuous merits: perception, view, delight, laugh, and one heart. The five desires are color desire, sound desire, smell desire, taste desire, and bodily touch desires. Five covers are greedily desire, irritation & indignity, sleep, frustration & regret, suspicion.

一、覺支，初心在緣名覺。謂行人依未到地發初禪，色界清淨色法，觸欲界身根，心大驚悟，爾時即生身識，覺此色觸，未曾有功德利益，故名覺支。

1. Perception Branch, initial heart on objective is named as perception. From Nonarrival Stillness to initial arousal of first meditation, color boundary’s immaculate color laws touched desire boundary’s body roots, migrator was shocked enlightened greatly. At that time, body-senses were born simultaneously, and perceived color touch, migrator gained never-have acquisitions of fortunate virtues and benefits, therefore the perception branch is named.

二、觀支，細心分別名觀。謂行人既證初禪功德，即以細心分別此禪定中色法諸妙功德境界分明，無諸蓋覆，如是等功德，欲界之所未有，故名觀支。

2. View Branch, to deliberately discern is named as view. It is said that after meditator has proved first meditation’s fortunes and virtues, he attentively discerns thus color laws’ fortunes and virtues, where environment and boundaries are clear, without concealments of five covers. Those equal fortunes and virtues don’t exist in desire boundary; therefore, the view branch is named.

三、喜支，欣慶之心名喜。謂行人初發禪時，乃有喜生，但分別未了，故喜心未成。若觀心分別，所舍欲界之樂甚少，今護得初禪，利益甚多，如是思惟已，則歡喜無量，故名喜支。

3. Delight Branch, delighted celebrating heart is named as delight. When first meditation initially arose, migrator had delight born, but discernments haven’t been done yet, so the delight heart wasn’t fully composed. Thus, migrator has discerned the differentiations of heart, the abandonment of desire boundary’s amusement was little. Now being guarded and gained the first meditation, benefits are more. Thinking in this way, delighted joy and felicity are boundless, therefore the Delight Branch is named.

四、樂支，怡悅之心名樂。謂行人發初禪時，乃即有樂，但分別喜，動涌心息，則恬然靜慮，受於樂觸怡悅之快，故名樂支。

4. Laugh Branch, harmoniously pleasant, agreeably pleasure is named as laugh. When migrator initially aroused first meditation, he or she immediately had laugh, but after surging heart extinguished, delight of discernment arouses, migrator is enjoying laugh touches, therefore the Laugh Branch is named.

五、一心支，心與定一，名為一心。謂行人初證禪時，乃即着定，而心猶依覺觀喜樂之心，故有微細之散，若喜樂息，自然心與定一，故名一心支。

5. One Heart Branch, heart and stillness are one, what one heart is named. When migrator was proving first meditation, it was an immediate landing in stillness; his or her heart still mixed with perception view delight and laugh, therefore, it has delicate looseness. When delight and laugh ceased, naturally heart merges with stillness, therefore, the One Heart Branch is named.

若在人中坐禪，得此根本初禪，不失不退，則命終已，隨初禪力深淺，必生於神眾等天（如圖12.0-8），是為初禪天因也。

If this migrator is meditating among human interests (refers to section 13.1.5), gains the fundamental first meditation, reserves it without retreatment or loss, according to the meditational power’s shallow or deep, his or her next life is reborn among Godly Crowd Sky, Godly Assistant Sky, or Big God Sky (refers to illustration 12.0-8, and section 13.2.1). The first meditation is reason for the three skies of first meditation.

12.2.2 二禪 Second Meditation

二禪者，若於初禪定中，行人厭離覺觀，入中間禪，從未到地，專心不止。於後其心豁然，明淨皎潔；定心與喜俱發，具足四支功德：內淨、喜、樂，一心。

Second Meditation, if first meditation migrator is bored with and leaves with perception and view, he enters middle meditation, from Nonarrival stillness, concentrates, none stops. Eventually, migrator’s heart opens suddenly in shiny and bright. Still heart and delight surge up concurrently, migrator has fully possessed the four branches of fortunes and virtues: inner immaculateness, delight, laugh, and one heart.

一、內淨支，心無覺觀之渾濁，故名內淨。欲離初禪時，行人種種訶責覺觀。覺觀既滅，則心內靜。心與靜色法相應，豁爾明靜，故名內淨支。

1. Inner Immaculateness Branch, heart without turbidity and opacity of perceptive views is named as Inner Immaculateness. When wanted to leave the first meditation, migrator did kinds of denouncing reprimanding to perceptive views, perceptive views faded, then heart became quiet, without any disquietudes. Heart matches with quiet color laws, is in broadly silent brightness, therefore the Inner Immaculateness Branch is set up.

二、喜支，欣慶之心名喜。謂行人初得內靜時，即與喜俱發，而喜心未成，次心自慶得免覺觀之患，獲得勝定內淨之喜，歡喜無量，故名喜支。

2. Delight Branch, delightfully celebrating heart is named as delight. When meditator just gained inner immaculateness, concurrently delight surged up, but the celebrating heart wasn’t fully composed, beside heart was celebrating for relief on faults and blots of perceptive views. Obtaining the delight of inner immaculateness from the victorious stillness, delight is boundless, therefore the Delight branch is named.

三、樂支，怡悅之心名樂。謂行人喜涌之情既息，則怡然靜慮，受於內淨喜中之悅樂，故名樂支。

3. Laugh Branch, cheerfully agreeable pleasant is named as laugh. After migrator’s surging delight ceases, enjoying inner immaculateness is named as Laugh Branch.

四、一心支，心與定一，謂之一心。謂行人喜樂心息，則心與定一，澄渟不動，故名一心支。

4. One Heart Branch, heart merges with stillness into one, subject and object mutually turning accordingly is named as One heart. When delight and laugh heart ceases, clear and unmoving, hence the name One Heart Branch.

此名為根本二禪，若人坐禪得此，隨其淺深，命終必生少光天、無量光天、或光音天（參見插圖12.0-7和第13.2.2節）中。二禪是二禪三重天之因。

This is named Fundamental Second Meditation. If a human gains this in meditation, according to its shallow and deep, after he or she dies, will be reborn in Less Light Sky, Immeasurable Light Sky, or Light Sound Sky (refers to illustration 12.0-7 and section 13.2.2). Second Meditation is reason of three Second Meditation skies.

12.2.3 三禪 Third Meditation

若於二禪，行人厭離喜相，入中間禪，從未到地，行人澄靜其心，泯然入定，不依內外，與樂俱發，具足五支功德：舍，念，慧，樂，一心。

If in second meditation, migrator is satiated with delightful phenomena, leaves, enters middle meditation. In nonarrival meditation, migrator pacifies his heart, doesn’t depend on inner and outer, concurrently stillness with laugh surge up together. He or she gains five branches of fortunes and virtues: renunciation, spell, gnosis, laugh, and one heart.

一、舍支，離喜不悔名舍。

行人慾離二禪時，種種訶責二禪之喜，喜既滅謝，三禪即發。若證三禪之樂，則舍二禪之喜，不生悔心，故名為舍，亦名三禪樂。初生時，是樂三界第一，能生心着，心着則禪壞，故須行舍。

1. Renunciation Branch, relinquishing delight without regret is named as renunciation. When migrator had desires to leave second meditation, he did kinds of reprimanding to delight of second meditation, then delight faded away, and third meditation aroused succeedingly. For the testament of third meditation, meditator has abandoned delight in second meditation, without regret, therefore the Renunciation Branch is named, alias Third Meditation Laugh. When it was just born, the laugh is No. 1 in three boundaries (refers to illustration 12.0), which can induce heart to cling. If heart bears attachment, third meditation collapses, therefore migrator necessarily performs renunciation. 

二、念支，念名愛念。謂行人既發三禪之樂，樂從內起，應須愛念將養，則樂得增長，乃至遍身，如慈母念子，愛念將養，故名念支。

2. Spell Branch, spell is name for mumbles of love. Migrator has aroused laugh of third meditation. Laugh originates from inner, and it is necessary to nurture, to feed it, to have it grown to prevail whole body. Like motherly affective mumbles to her children, love spells to nurture, hence the name of Spell Branch.

三、慧支，解知之心名慧。行人既發三禪之樂，此樂微妙，難得增長，若非善巧解慧，則不能方便長養此樂得遍身也。

3. Gnosis Branch, heart of explanation on know is named as gnosis. Migrator has aroused laugh of third meditation, which is delicate and wonderful, and hard to have it grown up. If not having benevolent smart interpreting gnosis, migrator can’t expediently adopt and raise it long enough to fulfill whole body. 

四、樂支，怡悅之心名樂。行人發三禪樂已，若能善用舍念慧，將護此樂，樂既無過，則增長遍身，怡悅安快。三禪為最樂，若離三禪，則餘地更無遍身之樂也。

4. Laugh Branch, agreeably pleasure is named as laugh. After migrator has aroused laugh of third meditation, if good at using renunciative gnostic spells to nurture it, then the laugh wouldn’t pass by, it grows to fulfill body, suitably felicity. Third meditation is the most bliss; after third meditation, there isn’t pervasively bodily laugh anymore in further to go.

五、一心支，心與定一，名曰一心。行人受樂心息，則心自與定法為一，澄渟不動也。

5. One Heart Branch, heart and stillness are one, hence One heart. When migrator enjoying laughs ends, heart and still law combines into one naturally, stays in translucent tranquility, doesn’t move.

此名為根本三禪，若人坐禪得此，隨其淺深，命終必生少淨等天中（參見13.2.3節），是為三禪天因也。

This is named Fundamental Third Meditation. If migrator gains this in sitting meditation, according to its shallow and deep, when dies, will be reborn in Maculate Sky, Immaculate Sky, or Universally Immaculate Sky (refers to illustration 12.0-6, and section 13.2.3). This is reason for those three skies of third meditation.

12.2.4 四禪 Fourth Meditation

四禪者，若於第三禪定，行人厭離樂法，深見過患，入中間禪。心無散動，得未到地定。於後其心豁然開發，定心安隱，行人出入呼吸斷，具足四支功德：不苦不樂，舍，念清淨，一心。

Fourth Meditation, if in third meditation, migrator was satiated bored with laugh laws, deeply views its faults, enters middle meditation. heart doesn’t move loosely, gains Nonarrival Stillness. Later, his or her heart surges up suddenly, and opens, still heart easily fades away. Inhaling exhaling breath ceases, migrator fully accomplishes the four branches of fortunes and virtues: neither bitter nor laugh, renunciation, spelling immaculateness, and one heart.

一、不苦不樂支，不苦不樂，中庸之心也。行人慾離三禪時，種種因緣，訶責於樂。樂既謝滅，則不動之定，與舍俱發，故行人內心湛然，不苦不樂也。

1. Neither Bitter Nor Laugh Branch, it is undifferentiated, neutral heart. When migrator desired to leave third meditation, for kinds of reason factors, he reprimanded those laughs. Laughs faded; hence the Immovability Stillness is surging up concurrently with renunciation, therefore migrator’s inner heart is bright tranquility, is neither bitter nor laugh.

二、舍支，離樂不悔名舍。行人既得第四禪，不動真定，則舍三禪難捨之樂，不生悔心，故名舍支。亦云：證四禪不動定時，不應取定起動念心，若心行舍，則無動念之乖也。

2. Renunciation Branch, leaving laugh without regret is named as renunciation. For gain the fourth meditation, immovable true stillness, migrator doesn’t bear regret; therefore, the Renunciation Branch is named. Also have the saying, testament of fourth meditation, meditator shouldn’t arouse spelling heart, if heart moves on renunciation, then there isn’t convenience of casting spells.

三、念清淨支，念即愛念。謂行人既得四禪真定，當念下地之過，復念自己功德，方便將養，令不退失，進入勝品，故名為念。亦云：是四禪中，有不動照了，正念分明，故名念支。

3. Spell Immaculateness Branch, spells are affective mumblings. It is said that when meditator testifies fourth meditation true stillness, should murmur faults of lower stages, spell one’s own merits and virtues, conveniently feed and nurture it, having it not to retreat, to enter victorious stage; therefore, Spell Immaculateness Branch is named. Also have the saying, among fourth meditation, there is immovable finalizing illumination, correct spellings are lucidly clear, therefore name of Spell Branch.

四、一心支，心與定一，名一心支。謂行人既得四禪之定，復用舍念將護，則心無所依，泯然凝寂，一心在定，猶如明鏡不動，淨水無波，湛然而照，萬象皆現。

4. One Heart Branch, heart and stillness are fused as oneness, what One Heart is. After migrator gained fourth meditation, again uses renunciative spells to guard it, then his or her heart has nothing to rely on, is crystallizing silence. One heart is in stillness, like a bright immovable mirror, brilliantly reflections, all phenomena are present.

此名為根本四禪，若人坐禪得此，隨其淺深，命終必生無雲等天中（參見13.2.4節），此定為四禪天因。

This is fundamental Fourth Meditation. If a human sits for meditation, gains this, according to the stillness’ shallow or deep, life ends, is reborn in No Cloud Sky, Fortune Birth Sky, and Gigantic Fruit Sky etc.; the fourth meditation is reason for skies of Fourth Meditation.

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