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综论 All four Dharmic religions,
送交者: a自由人 2022年11月25日08:44:35 于 [茗香茶语] 发送悄悄话


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism


Comparison with Buddhism and Hinduism[edit]

All four Dharmic religions, viz., Jainism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism, share concepts and doctrines such as karma and rebirth, with similar festivals and monastic traditions.[219][220][221] They do not believe in eternal heaven or hell or judgment day, and leave it up to individual discretion to choose whether or not to believe in gods, to disagree with core teachings, and to choose whether to participate in prayers, rituals and festivals. They all consider values such as non-violence to be important,[222]: p. 635 link suffering to craving, individual's actions, intents, and karma, and believe spirituality is a means to enlightened peace, bliss and eternal liberation (moksha).[223][224]

Jainism differs from both Buddhism and Hinduism in its ontological premises. All believe in impermanence, but Buddhism incorporates the premise of anatta ("no eternal self or soul"). Hinduism incorporates an eternal unchanging atman ("soul"), while Jainism incorporates an eternal but changing jiva ("soul").[225][226][227] In Jain thought, there are infinite eternal jivas, predominantly in cycles of rebirth, and a few siddhas (perfected ones).[228] Unlike Jainism, Hindu philosophies encompass nondualism where all souls are identical as Brahman and posited as interconnected one[229][230][231]

While both Hinduism and Jainism believe "soul exists" to be a self-evident truth, most Hindu systems consider it to be eternally present, infinite and constant (vibhu), but some Hindu scholars propose soul to be atomic. Hindu thought generally discusses Atman and Brahman through a monistic or dualistic framework. In contrast, Jain thought denies the Hindu metaphysical concept of Brahman, and Jain philosophy considers the soul to be ever changing and bound to the body or matter for each lifetime, thereby having a finite size that infuses the entire body of a living being.[232]

Jainism is similar to Buddhism in not recognizing the primacy of the Vedas and the Hindu Brahman. Jainism and Hinduism, however, both believe "soul exists" as a self-evident truth.[223][233] Jains and Hindus have frequently intermarried, particularly in northern, central and western regions of India.[234][235] Some early colonial scholars stated that Jainism like Buddhism was, in part, a rejection of the Hindu caste system,[236][237] but later scholars consider this a Western error.[238] A caste system not based on birth has been a historic part of Jain society, and Jainism focused on transforming the individual, not society.[234][239][240][241][h]

Monasticism is similar in all three traditions,[244][245] with similar rules, hierarchical structure, not traveling during the four-month monsoon season, and celibacy,[245] originating before the Buddha or the Mahāvīra.[244] Jain and Hindu monastic communities have traditionally been more mobile and had an itinerant lifestyle, while Buddhist monks have favored belonging to a sangha (monastery) and staying in its premises.[246] Buddhist monastic rules forbid a monk to go outside without wearing the sangha's distinctive ruddy robe, or to use wooden bowls.[244] In contrast, Jain monastic rules have either required nakedness (Digambara) or white clothes (Śvētāmbara), and they have disagreed on the legitimacy of the wooden or empty gourd as the begging bowl by Jain monks.[244]

Jains have similar views with Hindus that violence in self-defence can be justified,[248] and that a soldier who kills enemies in combat is performing a legitimate duty.[249] Jain communities accepted the use of military power for their defence; there were Jain monarchs, military commanders, and soldiers.[250] The Jain and Hindu communities have often been very close and mutually accepting. Some Hindu temples have included a Jain Tirthankara within its premises in a place of honour,[251][252] while temple complexes such as the Badami cave temples and Khajuraho feature both Hindu and Jain monuments.[253][254]


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  Buddha or Mahāvīra?用英文文献自己判断 - a自由人 11/25/22 (149)
        别跑题了。1. 你信的是阿三教;2.西藏的本土信仰是苯教  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (134)
          跑题的是您老人家,一错,再错,死不认错。终其一日,不知所云。  /无内容 - pifu01 11/25/22 (85)
          阿三教对苯教(原生态道教)、羌藏汉本土信仰进行过信仰种族灭绝  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (139)
            当然后来佛教又遭到过伊斯兰回回和新印度教的攻击和屠杀。  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (135)
              强调一下,我们古羌人后裔、羌藏汉本土信仰是万物有灵、天人合一  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (140)
                这是你我争论的焦点--中华道统。  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (150)
                  中华本身就是一个莫须有的名词。道统更是不知所云。石头有灵吗? - pifu01 11/25/22 (90)
                    中华、三千年礼教传统维系的种族文化共同体现实存在。你可以无视  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (150)
                      道生一、一生二、二生三、三生万物。中华版万物有灵,异于古希腊  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (154)
                        礼记/郊特牲篇:万物本乎天。子曰:畏天命。获罪于天 无所祷也  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (127)
                          周人的信仰,就是藏人苯教典籍中 记载的所谓 汉地苯教。  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (141)
                            西周春秋时代礼服尚黑;雍仲苯教士 披长发、着黑色礼服。  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (168)
            所以,3.结论: 你的前世不是藏人, 而是个强盗阿三!  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (139)
              当然当然,胡乱指一通,说不过了就攻击人呗。这一套玩得纯熟。人 - pifu01 11/25/22 (85)
                你我的争论,起于你自称信佛、(所以)前世是藏人。纠正一下  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (132)
                  藏人的本土信仰,是原生态道教,不是阿三教!  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (138)
                    你信佛教没有一点问题,但是不能误导、违背事实。  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (136)
                      误导、美化强盗,美化外来的、宗教信仰文化种族灭绝者。  /无内容 - a自由人 11/25/22 (148)
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