看了網上關於王曉東和傅新元討論和評論, 不由感觸良深。 在為王曉東道賀的同時, 也為傅新元鳴不平。 他們在生命科學中都做出了重大貢獻, 但遭遇卻大不一樣。 其中的一個不可忽視原因是他們和美國導師的關係。 這在很大程度上影響到他們是否在美國科學界被認可。
王曉東所做的工作,和他原來的導師 Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein) 沒有競爭關係, 故得到他們的大力推薦和支持,加上王曉東自己的努力,有了今天的 科學界的承認。 傅新元則始終和他原來的導師 James Darnell (Rockefeller University,who got Lasker Award and National Medal of Science 2002) 頭碰頭的競爭,其結果可想而知。雖然傅發現STAT的工作是在Darnell實驗室完成的, 92年他離開洛克菲勒大學後,先是在紐約西奈山醫學院,然後在耶魯大學,獨立開展工作,傅發表了大量的首創性的論文,對STAT細胞 信號通路的發現和功能性研究,貢獻巨大。但他越做得好,和Darnell 的衝突則越尖銳。這是一種利害衝突,想躲都躲不掉,除非傅放棄他這方面的研究。
這也是許多已進行獨立研究華裔科學家在美國所面臨的一個共同的問題。不僅僅要做好科學研究,而且要和美國科學界的權勢人物搞好關係。華裔學者往往做科學比他人強,但關係學遠不如美裔和猶太裔的學者,常常受人欺侮,好的工作也得不到應有的承認。經常啞巴吃黃連。一旦和有關權威搞壞關係,後果不堪設想。你和大多數華裔學者談談,他們都會告訴你不少他們切身的不公平的例子。
歷史上最典型的一個例子是1993年 諾貝爾獎 給了 Richard J Roberts 和Phillip A Sharp 卻忘了華人學者 LT Chow. Chow 的論文發表在1977年的 Cell (see below). 她當時已完全獨立工作,做了最重要的工作, 用電子顯微鏡發現 mRNA splicing。但是她的獨立工作卻不被承認。 另外的一個例子是有關大家熟知的吳瑞先生。眾所周知, 吳瑞先生對中國的生命科學的發展有重大影響。但很多人大概不知吳瑞先生在科學上的一個最重要的貢獻:建立第一個測定DNA序列的方法。但是DNA Sequencing 的諾貝爾獎1980 年授予了Walter Gilbert 和 Frederick Sanger, 隻字不提吳瑞先生的最早的貢獻。
造成這種情況的一個原因,是華裔學者仍缺乏影響力,沒有關鍵性的發言權。 James Watson 在他的給諾貝爾獎委員會的推薦信中,隻字不提 Chow 的對splicing 發現的獨立貢獻。 吳瑞先生的貢獻大概也被蓄意忽略。 再想想有多少華人學者能寫有影響力的綜述文章,能組織大型國際會議,進入所謂的 inner circle 呢?許多早期到美國留學,已或的初步成功的學者,有很多人會感到他們的貢獻沒有得到應有的承認,或在所在的美國學校里,被不公正的對待。華裔學者往往必須付出更多,更加小心,能委曲求全,能忍,才能生存下去。像傅新元敢和Darnell頭碰頭的競爭的人是很少數。
美國是一個可以做科學的地方,也可以施展你的科學抱負。同時我們必須認識到,華裔學者在美國科學界面臨一種不公開的的非公平競爭。
可悲的是,不明真相的部分華裔學者和學生,不知保護自己信譽的重要性,在知名華裔學者倍受打擊的情況下, 不僅誤信不實流言,反而加入冷嘲熱諷,十分令人遺憾。 什麼時候我們能知道自己的共同利益所在, 並積極地加以保衛呢?
1.
Chow LT, Gelinas RE, Broker TR, Roberts RJ An amazing sequence arrangement at the 5' ends of adenovirus 2 messenger RNA. Cell. 1977 Sep;12(1):1-8. .
The 5' terminal sequences of several adenovirus 2 (Ad2) mRNAs, isolated late in infection, are complementary to sequences within the Ad2 genome which are remote from the DNA from which the main coding sequence of each mRNA is transcribed. This has been observed by forming RNA displacement loops (R loops) between Ad2 DNA and unfractionated polysomal RNA from infected cells. The 5' terminal sequences of mRNAs in R loops, variously located between positions 36 and 92, form complex secondary hybrids with single-stranded DNA from restriction endonuclease fragments containing sequences to the left of position 36 on the Ad2 genome. The structures visualized in the electron microscope show that short sequences coded at map positions 16.6, 19.6 and 26.6 on the R strand are joined to form a leader sequence of 150-200 nucleotides at the 5' end of many late mRNAs. A late mRNA which maps to the left of position 16.6 shows a different pattern of second site hybridization. It contains sequences from 4.9-6.0 linked directly to those from 9.6-10.9. These findings imply a new mechanism for the biosynthesis of Ad2 mRNA in mammalian cells.
2.
Ernest Jay, Robert Bambara, R. Padmanabhan, and Ray WuDNA sequence analysis: a general, simple and rapid method for sequencing large oligodeoxyribonucleotide fragments by mapping* Nucleic Acids Res. 1974 March; 1 (3): 331–353Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
Several electrophoretic and chromatographic systems have been investigated and compared for sequence analysis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Three systems were found to be useful for the separation of a series of sequential degradation products resulting from a labeled oligonucleotide: (I) 2-D electrophoresis†; (II) 2-D PEI-cellulose; and (III) 2-D homochromatography. System (III) proved generally most informative regardless of base composition and sequence. Furthermore, only in this system will the omission of an oligonucleotide in a series of oligonucleotides be self-evident from the two-dimensional map. The sequence of up to fifteen nucleotides can be determined solely by the characteristic mobility shifts of its sequential degradation products distributed on the two-dimensional map. With this method, ten nucleotides from the double-stranded region adjacent to the left-hand 3′-terminus and seven from the right-hand 3′-terminus of bacteriophage λ DNA have been sequenced. Similarly, nine nucleotides from the double-stranded region adjacent to the left-hand 3′-terminus and five nucleotides from the right-hand terminus of bacteriophage φ80 DNA have also been sequenced. The advantages and disadvantages of each separation system with respect to sequence analysis are discussed.