| G. Warner:自由市場皇冠之珠智利追隨委內瑞拉毀滅之路 |
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2016年7月4日 牆外樓 Chile, jewel in the free market crown, follows Venezuela’s road to ruin 2015-11-02 譯者:沈沉(@你在何地-sxy) 校對:小冊子(@暱稱被搶的小冊子) 來源:CapX Latin America has raised its news profile as a consequence of two recent presidential election results. In Guatemala, Jimmy Morales, a former comedian, won the presidency with a landslide majority and in Argentina the centre-right opposition candidate Mauricio Macri, mayor of Buenos Aires, held Daniel Scioli, of the Peronist Front for Victory, anointed heir of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, to an unprecedented run-off vote in November. 最近兩次總統選舉的結果,提高了拉美的新聞曝光度。在危地馬拉,前笑星Jimmy Morales以壓倒性多數贏得總統職位;在阿根廷,中右的反對黨候選人、布宜諾斯艾利斯市市長Mauricio Macri得票出人意料地與“勝利陣線”候選人、克里斯蒂娜·費爾南德斯【譯註:阿根廷時任總統】的指定繼承人Daniel Scioli膠着,以至於要在11月舉行第二輪投票。【編註:Macri在第二輪投票中勝出,已就任阿根廷總統】 Both events show there is a stirring in favour of change in a region that, but for the scourges of corruption, state dependency and Marxist utopianism should be a powerhouse of wealth creation. 這兩個事件都表明,該地區出現了一種渴望變革的勢態;要不是由於腐敗橫行、國家依賴症和馬克思主義烏托邦幻想,這一地區本該是創造財富的動力之源。 But, with one notable exception – the historical experience of Chile in the second half of the 20th century – Latin America has never realised its economic potential. During the period 1970-2004 annual per capita GDP growth in Latin America averaged 0.51 per cent, compared with 2.95 per cent in Asia. In the most recent decade GDP per capita recorded impressive increases in some countries, only to fall back in the later years. Extreme volatility is the hallmark of Latin American economies, aggravated by factors such as the slowdown in China’s growth rate. 但是,除了一個顯著例外——20世紀下半葉的智利——整個拉美從未發揮過其經濟潛能。1970至2004年間,拉美的人均GDP年增長率平均只有0.51%,而亞洲有2.95%。過去十年間,某些國家出現了引人矚目的人均GDP增長,但後來又陷於停滯。波動極大是拉美經濟體的標誌性特徵,並因諸如中國增長率放緩等因素而更加惡化。 The systemic problem afflicting the Latin American economy, however, is political. It was perceptively analysed in 1996 in the book Guide to the Perfect Latin American Idiot, written by three free-market authors. The factors they identified as promoting backwardness in Latin America were an obsession with revolution, economic nationalism, hatred of the United States, trust in government as an agent of social justice and a passion for caudillismo – rule by a strongman. At the time the book was written these malignant forces appeared to be receding, but they were reborn with the advent of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela and Evo Morales in Bolivia. 然而,傷害拉美經濟的系統性麻煩來自政治方面。在1996年《寫給拉美純種白痴的指南》一書中,三位主張自由市場的作者對這個問題有過敏銳深入的分析。他們認為,導致拉美發展緩慢的因素包括對革命的痴迷、經濟民族主義、對美國的仇恨、對政府實施社會正義的信任,以及對考迪羅主義——即強人統治——的酷愛。在該書寫作的年代,這些有害力量似乎都在消退,但是,隨着烏戈·查韋斯降臨委內瑞拉,以及埃沃·莫拉萊斯降臨玻利維亞,它們又復活了。 But the prophets of the free market have a concrete template in Chile’s bold experiment with capitalism under Augusto Pinochet, from 1973 to 1990 – what Milton Friedman called the “Miracle of Chile”. Free marketeers are often hesitant about invoking that success story because of its association with the military dictatorship that overthrew “democratically elected” president Salvador Allende. He was indeed democratically elected in Congress, with the help of Christian Democrat votes. There the democracy ended. 但是自由市場的先知們有一個具體的樣板,那就是奧古斯托·皮諾切特治下的智利在1973至1990年間所進行的資本主義大膽實驗——即米爾頓·弗里德曼所稱的“智利奇蹟”。自由市場主義者通常不太願意提起這一成功故事,因為它跟軍事獨裁牽連在一起,後者推翻了“經由民主選舉的”薩爾瓦多·阿連德總統。阿連德確實是由國會民主選舉的,靠的是來自基督教民主黨的選票。但民主到此為止就結束了。 Three years later Congress declared him guilty of 20 violations of the Constitution and national laws, including support of the North Korean-trained militia quaintly known as the Groups of Personal Friends, illegal arrests, torture, press censorship and confiscation of private property. When Allende’s supporters plotted a violent coup to eliminate the leadership of the armed forces and complete the Marxist reconfiguration of the country, Pinochet launched a pre-emptive strike. His seizure of power was subsequently legitimised at a referendum in 1980 by a 67 per cent majority vote. 三年後,國會宣布阿連德犯下了20項違反憲法和國家法律的罪狀,包括向雅號為 “私友團”、由朝鮮訓練的民兵組織提供支持,非法逮捕,施用酷刑,新聞審查和沒收私人財產。當阿連德的支持者策劃暴力政變,試圖推翻軍方領導,完成對國家的馬克思主義改造時,皮諾切特先發制人發動了攻擊。他的奪權隨後在1980年的一次全民公決中獲得67%的多數票從而得以合法化。 But the economic background to these events remains the enduring lesson. By 1973, Allende’s rule had produced an inflation rate of 605 per cent, a GDP growth of –4.3, a fiscal deficit of 30.5 per cent of GDP and, while public sector salaries had risen by 48 per cent, a 38 per cent drop in wages, in real terms. More than 150 industries had been nationalised, with 70 per cent of firms confiscated by the state. 但這些事件背後的經濟脈絡仍是不滅的教益。到1973年,阿連德的統治已然導致了605%的通脹率,GDP增長率為-4.3%,財政赤字占到GDP的30.5%,公共部門薪水上漲了48%,實際工資則下跌了38%。超過150個行業被國有化,70%的企業被國家充公。 Under Pinochet, Chilean free-market economists known as “The Chicago Boys”, under the tutelage of Milton Friedman and Arnold Harberger, set about reforming the economy. After just two years the fiscal deficit was reduced to 2.9 per cent. From 1975, public spending was cut by 50 per cent. The closed economy was opened up to foreign investors. Between 1985 and 1988 a total of 30 state companies was privatised. There were mistakes – the pegging of the peso to the US dollar was the most egregious – and state mechanisms were employed more than was desirable, but the miracle was real and enduring. 在皮諾切特治下,智利那些被稱為“芝加哥小子們”的自由市場經濟學家,在米爾頓·弗里德曼和阿諾德·哈伯格的指導下,着手開始經濟改革。僅僅兩年,財政赤字就被削減到2.9%。1975年之後,公共開支被砍掉50%。封閉經濟得以對外國投資者開放。自1985至1988年,共有30家國有企業實現私有化。錯誤也有——將比索與美元掛鈎就是其中最惡劣的——而且對國家機器的使用超出適度範圍,但奇蹟真實且持久。 Long after Pinochet voluntarily relinquished power and restored democracy after losing a second referendum in 1988, Chile prospered in its new free-market identity. By 2006 it had doubled its GDP. That year marked the return of the left to government under Michelle Bachelet, but not yet to the extravagances of Allende. A combination of parliamentary arithmetic and awareness that any party that tinkered with a market system that had made Chile the richest nation in Latin America would suffer a severe backlash restrained socialist ideologues. 在1988年第二次全民公決失利後,皮諾切特自願放棄權力並恢復民主制。經過一段時間以後,智利因其自由市場新定位而持續繁榮。到2006年,GDP已經翻了一倍。在這一年,左派回歸Michelle Bachelet領導下的政府,但還沒有到阿連德的那種嚴重程度。人們意識到,任何政黨,如果瞎擺弄那已令智利成為拉美最富裕國家的市場體系,必將遭受劇烈反對,這一認識與議會政治的算術相結合,對社會主義空想家構成了限制。 In 2013, however, Bachelet returned to power with an outright majority and has now succumbed to the temptation to resurrect the failed Marxist prescriptions of the past. Chile is turning into a high tax economy, with the government imposing an increase in corporate taxes aimed at generating an extra $8.3bn in revenue, equivalent to 3 per cent of GDP. The budget for 2015 envisaged a 9.8 per cent increase in spending, including a 27.5 per cent rise in public sector investment, relying on creaming off $2.3bn from the tax hike. 然而, Bachelet在2013年獲得絕對多數支持,重新掌權。這次他禁不住誘惑,再度祭出了過去曾遭遇失敗的馬克思主義藥方。如今智利正在轉變為一個高稅收經濟體,政府提高企業所得稅率,意在獲得83億的額外收入,而這相當於GDP的3%。2015年財政預算支出將提高9.8%,包括公共部門投資增長27.5%,而這需要從增加的稅收所得中分走23億。 But this programme caused investors to close their wallets, while a slump in copper and gold prices combined with the threat of US interest rate rises are creating a perfect storm to halt Chilean growth. There could be no worse time for the grandstanding Bachelet agenda to be imposed. The president’s priority is education, but her “reforms” are a return to socialism. 但這一計劃導致投資者捂緊錢包,與此同時,銅價和金價下跌,再加上美國提高利率的風險,這些因素正在共同製造一場完美風暴,拖住智利的增長步伐。要實施譁眾取寵的Bachelet計劃,現在的時機是再糟糕不過了。智利總統首先要關注的是教育,但她的“改革”卻是對社會主義的回歸。 In 1981 the Pinochet government introduced education vouchers, which proved an outstanding success. By combining vouchers with parental contributions children from modest backgrounds can attend private schools which practise academic selection. It is the path to self-fulfilment for millions: today 1.9 million Chilean pupils attend private schools via the voucher system. But Bachelet’s new education law prohibits selection, bans use of vouchers to attend for-profit schools and outlaws parental contributions in schools that receive government subsidies. 1981年,皮諾切特政府引入了教育券,後被證明為一項傑出的成功之舉。教育券與家長資助相結合,使得普通家庭背景的孩子也能上得起實行擇優錄取的私立學校。它是數百萬人的自我實現之路:今天有190萬智利學生通過教育券制度進入私立學校。但Bachelet的新教育法禁止擇優,禁止使用教育券入讀營利性學校,並禁止獲得政府補助的學校接受家長資助。 It beggars belief that, with the example of basket-case Venezuela before them, any Latin American politicians should be so perverse as to take the socialist path to assured beggary. But that is what is happening to Chile. Already GDP growth has slumped from 4.2 per cent in 2013 to 1.9 per cent last year; inflation rose from1.8 per cent to 4.4 per cent; and Chile’s external debt increased from 47.2 per cent of GDP to 56.5 per cent. Subverting the free market is an act of madness. What will it take to make the Latin American leftist idiots confront reality? 有委內瑞拉陷於癱瘓的先例在前,我們難以想象任何拉美政客還會如此自甘墮落,走上通向絕境的社會主義道路。但這就是智利正在發生的事情。GDP增長已經從2013年的4.2%掉落到去年的1.9%;通脹率已經從1.8%上升到4.4%;外債已經從占GDP的47.2%增加到56.5%【編註:2015年已升至64.3%】。顛覆自由市場乃精神錯亂之舉。到底要怎樣才能讓拉美的左派白痴們面對現實? ———————— 評論 匿名 2016年7月4日18:38 世上一切都有得救,愚蠢例外。 不民主不統一 2016年7月4日10:50 不認為GDP說明一切,尊重智利人民的選擇,有選擇權就有糾正的機會。 Mobile Guest 2016年7月4日11:30 社會主義到底是什麼玩意?看看中國大陸!看看朝鮮!看看伊斯蘭國,你就知道社會主義是什麼玩意!馬克思和真主!共產黨和伊斯蘭教!兄弟啊!! 匿名 2016年7月4日19:39 其實推崇智利還真不如推崇日本,當年毛澤東在1961年10月剛剛吹牛逼大躍進取得決定性勝利時,其實是餓死了不少人,在國慶過後接待日本訪華團時,發表了熱情洋溢的演講《日本人民的前途是光明的》。其實縱觀毛的一生,他都推崇日本,從他小時接受一位日本老師的教育開始就對日本印象特別好,還尤其日本侵華給了他壯大機會。其實也是這樣,日本比任何拉美國家都強,儘管現在暫時經濟不振,但仍是“前途是光明的”。 匿名 2016年7月4日22:45 社會主義真是邪路啊,誰走它誰就倒霉,通向毀滅的邪路啊 匿名 2016年7月4日23:17 《通往奴役之路》(The Road to Serfdom)是1974年諾貝爾經濟學獎得主弗里德里希·哈耶克的知名著作。 哈耶克在書中闡述道,所有的集體主義社會,從希特勒的國家社會主義到斯大林的共產主義,都無可避免地會邁向專制極權。 哈耶克進一步主張,社會大眾會感覺計畫的失敗是因為國家權力不夠、無法有效推行目標所造成的,這樣的感覺會使大眾開始投票支持中央集權,並會支持那些看似「可以讓計畫付諸實現」的「強人」攫取政治權力。哈耶克主張,在經過這一連串的惡化後,一個國家將會無可避免地轉變為極權主義。對哈耶克而言,「通往奴役之路」代表了國家進行中央計畫的開端,隨著自由市場制度的瓦解,所有個人的經濟自由和人身自由都將化為烏有。 哈耶克主張蘇聯和納粹德國這樣的國家早已經在「通往奴役之路」上了,而當時許多民主國家也正在重蹈覆轍。哈耶克寫道:「為達目的而不擇手段在個人主義倫理學看來是對於所有道德的否定。但那在集體主義的倫理學裡卻成為了最高的原則。」 不過,哈耶克在書中也提及了:「對於那樣的計畫經濟的批評,是不能與完全教條式的自由放任態度混為一談的。」哈耶克在《通往奴役之路》一書中的確支持政府對於郵政、道路、污染、和工廠噪音等的管制。 Mobile Guest 2016年7月5日00:56 哈耶克支持政府實行管制的對象都是最基本而且不應該作為盈利手段的範疇。 匿名 2016年7月5日09:21 不用冷嘲熱諷,左派能夠獲得多數支持上台本身就說明了他們的理念其實是民主的選擇。 牆外樓摘錄的文章本質上都是替權貴說話的,而且總是打着民主的旗號反對民主。底褲早就暴露了 任何稍有常識的人都知道朝鮮不過是掛着共產主義外衣的君主世襲制,和沙特沒什麼區別,甚至從世俗化來講,朝鮮比沙特好得多。但是這些人就故意選擇性忽視,借着朝鮮的傻逼來噴左派。沒有左派,你們連8小時工作制都實現不了 如果你本身是權貴,我敬你是條漢子,因為你敢於為自己的利益說話,如果你也是個屌絲還這麼喜歡噴左派,對這樣的傻逼我表示同情。怒罵只能顯示自己的low ———————— 相關日誌 |
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