| 功能性半文盲200英语词汇量的新总统川普 |
| 送交者: Pascal 2017年01月22日08:14:23 于 [五 味 斋] 发送悄悄话 |
|
功能性半文盲、200个英语词汇量、思维散漫、表达混乱 不堪、跑题跑不停、不会使用从属句、语法不达小学六年 级水平的美国241年历史上少见的新式总统 —— 川普 Is Donald Trump dumbing down America? And is that even possible? November 6, 2016 5:12PM LL: Yeah. To dumb down is to take something difficult and make it easy. POLLS continue to climb for Donald Trump and, with the election just days away, his limited vocabulary is coming into question. Comedian Samantha Bee has unveiled a totally real and compelling theory that Donald Trump is functionally illiterate, and cannot read at all. 以下一概为谷歌一秒钟 自动英翻中： 喜剧演员萨曼莎蜜蜂公布了一个完全真实和令人信服的理论，唐纳德特朗普是功能性的文盲，没有阅读能力。 Of course, this is not the first time the reality television star has been criticised for his way with words. His former ghostwriter, Tony Schwartz, claimed last week that “Trump has the lowest vocabulary of any person who has ever run for any office of any kind, much less president.” Schwartz believes the billionaire candidate has a vocabulary of 200 words, a sentiment shared by at least one business associate of Trump that we met on the campaign trail. 他的前任受雇撰稿捉刀人托尼·施瓦茨（Tony Schwartz）上周宣称，“特朗普对任何曾经担任任何办公室的人来说都是具有最少量的词汇，更不用说总统。 Schwartz认为，亿万富翁候选人仅有200个词汇的词汇，这一说法由至少一个Trump的商业伙伴分享的，我们在竞选活动中遇到的情况。 Of course, on the face of it, this all seems absurd. The idea that Trump only uses 200 different words seems impossible, until actually you go to a Trump rally and hear the man speak. When something he is describing is good, for Trump it is “just great”, “tremendous” or more often than not “terrific”. Or if he’s really into something, it’s “really, really, really terrific”. And that’s about it. Put it this way, Rogets are not going to appoint him as an editor for their thesaurus anytime soon. And then, when something’s bad, it’s “terrible”, “the worst” or “just terrible”. And that’s about it. Of course, this would mean nothing if Donald Trump was still just a reality television star, but now that he’s entered national politics things are different. His impact on the English language has started to become noticeable especially at Trump rallies. His fans have started to mimic his way of speaking. To hear them speak, you’d think they were mini-Trumps. Suddenly everything Trump does is “terrific” or “really terrific”. Of course, proving that Donald Trump is actually leading a linguistic decline of the United States is harder said than done. So we conducted a totally valid and scientific poll of Trump supporters to see what words they’d use to describe their candidate. The results speak for themselves. Brian Hartman, studied at Rutgers University Written Aug 28 It's not his limited vocabulary that tells you about his intelligence. It's his inept use of what vocabulary he has, and his inability to express a well-reasoned thought. @Sam Harris (author) put it this way (paraphrasing): If you have a bottle, and you don't know what's in it, the first thing you might pull out could be some twigs, and the next could be the Hope Diamond. Items in a bottle are not necessarily connected. Thoughts don't work that way. They *are* connected. You can't constantly spout nonsense but secretly be a genius. 这不是他有限的词汇，告诉你他的智慧。 这是他没有使用他有什么词汇，他无法表达一个理智的思想。 @萨姆哈里斯（作者）这样说（改述）：如果你有一个瓶子，你不知道它是什么，你可以提出的第一件事可能是一些树枝，下一个可能是希望钻石 。 瓶子中的物品不一定连接。 想法不会这样工作。 他们*是*连接。 你不能经常吐出废话，而是秘密地成为一个天才。 Jon Hilderbrand, etymology is the Agatha Christie of language Written Jun 19, 2016 It’s not just his limited vocabulary; it’s this coupled with his petulant insistence that he “knows all the words, all the good words.” A person who has to keep reminding himself and others that he REALLY is smart…isn’t. On some level, he knows his vocabulary is very limited, that his grammar is poor, that his public speeches, memorable as they are to his devotees, are horrible works of oratory, memorable only for their vacuousness. Have you ever actually sat down and READ a transcript any of his unscripted speeches? They’re hard enough to follow on audio, but reading them gives you a truer sense of how…”challenged” he is. Here’s a couple of treats for you: 看一段好有趣味的唐纳德·川普总统早先的 rigmarole 演讲： rigmarole: ( confused, incoherent, foolish, or meaningless talk. ) n. 鬼话，冗长的废话，无聊的；冗长的文章。 adj. 乱七八糟的，条理不清的；无聊的。 “Look, having nuclear—my uncle was a great professor and scientist and engineer, Dr. John Trump at MIT; good genes, very good genes, OK, very smart, the Wharton School of Finance, very good, very smart—you know, if you’re a conservative Republican, if I were a liberal, if, like, OK, if I ran as a liberal Democrat, they would say I'm one of the smartest people anywhere in the world—it’s true!—but when you're a conservative Republican they try—oh, do they do a number—that’s why I always start off: Went to Wharton, was a good student, went there, went there, did this, built a fortune—you know I have to give my like credentials all the time, because we’re a little disadvantaged—but you look at the nuclear deal, the thing that really bothers me—it would have been so easy, and it’s not as important as these lives are (nuclear is powerful; my uncle explained that to me many, many years ago, the power and that was 35 years ago; he would explain the power of what's going to happen and he was right—who would have thought?), but when you look at what's going on with the four prisoners—now it used to be three, now it’s four—but when it was three and even now, I would have said it's all in the messenger; fellas, and it is fellas because, you know, they don't, they haven’t figured that the women are smarter right now than the men, so, you know, it’s gonna take them about another 150 years—but the Persians are great negotiators, the Iranians are great negotiators, so, and they, they just killed, they just killed us.” Help Us Diagram This Sentence by Donald Trump! This is probably the world’s longest run-on sentence ever! Nineteen lines and the man didn’t even say anything! “看，有核 - 我的叔叔是一位伟大的教授和科学家和工程师，麻省理工学院的约翰·特朗普博士;好的基因，非常好的基因，OK，非常聪明，沃顿商学院的金融，非常好，非常聪明，你知道，如果你是一个保守的共和党人，如果我是一个自由主义者，如果，喜欢，OK，如果我跑作为一个自由民主党人，他们会说我是世界上最聪明的人之一 - 这是真的 - 但是当你是一个保守的共和党人，他们试图 - 哦，他们做一个数字 - 这就是为什么我总是开始：去沃顿，是一个好学生，去那里，去那里，做这个，建立一个财富 - 你知道我必须给我的所有的时间，因为我们的凭据，因为我们有点不利，但你看看核交易，这真的打扰我的事情 - 这本来是那么容易，它不像这些生活那么重要（核能是强大的;我的叔叔向我解释说，许多，许多年前，权力，这是35年前;他会解释发生的事情的力量，他是对的 - 谁会想的？），但是当你看看四个囚犯发生了什么 - 现在它是三个，现在是四个 - 但是当它是三个，甚至现在，我会说，这一切都在使者;因为，你知道，他们没有，他们没有想到现在的女人比男人更聪明，所以，你知道，它将带他们大约另一个150年 - 但波斯人伟大的谈判者，伊朗人是伟大的谈判者，所以，他们，他们刚刚杀了，他们只是杀了我们。 帮助我们图解一下唐纳德·特朗普的这段话！这可能是世界上最长的连续句子 —— 十九行！但这位，其实什么都没说！ How Donald Trump Answers A Question 看看唐纳德·川普是如何回答一个问题 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_aFo_BV-UzI Trump's grammar in speeches ‘just below 6th grade level,’ study finds 研究发现，川普演讲词中的英语语法不够小学六年级水平
Schwartz was the ghostwriter for Trump’s 1987 best-selling The Art of the Deal, and has said he wrote “every word” despite being listed as a co-author. Schwartz has said he worries that the book helped create a falsely positive impression of Trump, so the writer started speaking out against the candidate as his campaign picked up steam. Schwartz said Trump’s vocabulary is tiny ― evidenced by how he ad-libs his speeches with phrases like “believe me.” “It’s a 200-word vocabulary, so as soon he gets beyond that, you know that he’s reading someone else’s words,” Schwartz said. He theorized that Trump probably doesn’t familiarize himself with prepared remarks before delivering them because of his “incredibly short attention span.” While most candidates speak at a sixth- to eighth-grade level, Trump “lags behind others” when it comes to vocabulary and grammar, according to a March analysis by Carnegie Mellon University. Abraham Lincoln’s grammar sets the bar with an 11th-grade level, while former President George W. Bush’s fifth-grade grammar ranked even lower than Trump’s (although Bush’s vocabulary rates much higher). Schwartz, who spent 18 months working closely with Trump in the 1980s, noted that the GOP nominee’s limited vocabulary is reflected by his policy positions: The candidate began his run with populist rhetoric, but his current agenda favors the ultra-wealthy. “I don’t think he knows the word ‘irony,’” Schwartz said. “Irony, nuance, subtlety ... those aren’t part of that small vocabulary.” Schwartz是特朗普1987年畅销的“交易艺术”（The Art of the Deal）的编剧，他说他尽管被列为合作作者，其实，“每一个字”都是他写的。 Schwartz说他担心这本书帮助创造了一个对Trump的假阳性印象，所以作家开始对候选人说话，因为他的运动得到了蒸汽。 施瓦茨说特朗普的词汇很小 - 这是他如何用“相信我”这样的短语来表达自己的演讲。 “这是一个200字的词汇，所以，只要他超越了，你知道，他正在读别人的话，”施瓦茨说。他认为特朗普可能不会熟悉自己准备的言论，然后交付他们，因为他的“令人难以置信的超短注意力。 虽然大多数候选人在六年级到八年级水平，特朗普“落后于其他人”的词汇和语法，根据卡内基梅隆大学3月分析。 亚伯拉罕·林肯的语法将酒吧设置为11级，而前总统布什的五年级语法排名甚至低于特朗普（虽然布什的词汇率高得多）。 Schwartz在20世纪80年代花了18个月与特朗普密切合作，他指出，共和党提名人的有限词汇表现在他的政策立场：候选人开始了他的民粹主义言论，但他目前的议程有利于超富裕。 “我不认为他知道这个词”讽刺“，”Schwartz说。 “反讽，细微，微妙......这些不是那个小词汇的一部分。 Dictionary calls out Donald Trump for saying braggadocious in debate braggadocious 爱说大话的，好吹牛X的 /ˌbræɡəˈdəʊʃəs/ adjective 1. (US, informal) boastful http://ew.com/article/2016/09/26/donald-trump-braggadocious-dictionary-debate/ Lexical facts May 29th 2013, 16:02 BY R.L.G. | NEW YORK SEVERAL years ago we mentioned TestYourVocab.com here on the blog. Not long ago, the site reached its two millionth test result, and so the researchers have put together some data: Most adult native test-takers range from 20,000–35,000 words Average native test-takers of age 8 already know 10,000 words Average native test-takers of age 4 already know 5,000 words Adult native test-takers learn almost 1 new word a day until middle age Adult test-taker vocabulary growth basically stops at middle age The most common vocabulary size for foreign test-takers is 4,500 words Foreign test-takers tend to reach over 10,000 words by living abroad Foreign test-takers learn 2.5 new words a day while living in an English-speaking country 大多数母语成年人的测试者从20,000-35,000字 8岁的平均母语测试者已经知道10,000个单词 4岁的平均母语测试者已经知道5000单词 成年的本土测试者每天学习近一个新词，直到中年 成人测试者词汇增长基本上停止在中年 外国测试者最常见的词汇量为4,500字 住在国外的外国考生通常达到10,000多个词 外国考试者每天在英语国家学习2.5个新词 If you thought you had a big vocabulary, think again. The average English-speaker knows between 25,000 and 40,000 words, Oxford English Dictionary Chief Editor Michael Proffitt told CNN’s Christiane Amanpour on Thursday. Test your vocab: hard words Puzzled by the hardest words in the test? Here are the rarest words we included, in order of increasing difficulty. They each occur in English less than 3 times per hundred million words, but they do occur. Click on any word to open its definition in a new tab/window. captious - bibulous - malapropism - tricorn - tenebrous - braggadocio - bruit - embonpoint - pabulum - parlay - pother - valetudinarian - cenacle - hypermnesia - legerdemain - vibrissae - cantle - estivation - myrmidon - regnant - terpsichorean - clerisy - deracinate - fuliginous - oneiromancy - tatterdemalion - williwaw - caitiff - funambulist - hypnopompic - opsimath - pule - sparge - uxoricide Donald Trump’s strange speaking style, explained by linguists 听听语言学家怎么解说唐纳德·川普奇特的语言风格 Updated by Tara Golshan Jan 11, 2017, 12:50pm EST President-elect Donald Trump’s much-anticipated, much-delayed press conference on his private business dealings — and the recent unverified reports about Russia’s alleged blackmail of Trump — reminded the nation of his unique speaking style and how it is received by the press. Consider the opening lines of his press conference. Despite this being Trump’s first press conference since winning the election, he declared, “It's very familiar territory, news conferences, because we used to give them on an almost daily basis. I think we probably maybe won the nomination because of news conferences.” Over the next few minutes, Trump jumped from news in the auto industry to bidding procedures in the drug industry, pharma lobbyists, and his involvement with generals and admirals on the F-35 program and “perhaps the F-18” program, declared himself the “greatest jobs producer that God ever created,” and then discussed plans for the inauguration ceremony’s musical performances. Somewhere in there, he also announced his pick for Veterans Affairs secretary. For those who covered and followed Trump during this campaign, his style has become familiar — and transcribing him off script continues to be a challenge (I can attest to this). He often jumps to an entirely new thought before finishing his previous one. When Donald Trump goes off script, transcribing him can be a challenge. As someone covering him during this campaign, I can attest to this. When he’s speaking off the cuff, his rambling remarks can be full of digressions and hard-to-follow tangents. He often jumps to an entirely new thought before finishing his previous one. 在接下来的几分钟内，特朗普从汽车行业的新闻中跳出了药物行业的招标程序，制药游说，他参与F-35计划和“F-18”计划的通用和上将，宣布自己“上帝创造的最伟大的工作生产者”，然后讨论了就职典礼的音乐表演的计划。在那里的某个地方，他还宣布他的退伍军人事务秘书的选择。 对于那些在这次运动中覆盖和跟随特朗普的人来说，他的风格已经变得熟悉了 - 并且把他抄过脚本继续是一个挑战（我可以证明这一点）。他经常跳到一个全新的思想，完成他的前一个。 当唐纳德·特朗普走下脚本，抄写他可以是一个挑战。作为在这个运动期间覆盖他的人，我可以证明这一点。当他说话的袖口，他的漫步的话可以充满分歧和难以跟随的切线。他经常跳到一个全新的思想，完成他的前一个。 Recall Trump’s comment on the Iran nuclear deal during a campaign rally in South Carolina on July 21, 2015: His simple message — "the Iran deal is bad for the United States" — was interrupted by musings on his uncle’s education, his own education, the power of nuclear energy, prisoners, the intelligence of women, and the negotiating prowess of Iranians. Slate even called on the public to help diagram it. Trump is aware of his unique style; he explained it to a crowd in West Allis, Wisconsin, at one of his victory tour rallies in December: During the campaign, I was curious if professional linguists and historians could help us figure out what makes Trump’s speaking style unique. There were lots of disagreements on this front, but one thing stood out: Trump’s speeches aren’t meant to be read or used for sound bites, which is probably why Trump is so frustrated with how he comes off in the media. Rather, his seeming incoherence stems from the big difference between written and spoken language. Trump’s style of speaking has its roots in oral culture. He rallies people through impassioned, targeted conversation — even if it doesn’t always follow a clear arc. Why Trump’s speeches are incomprehensible to some — and make perfect sense to othersOnly a few of Trump’s big speeches have been scripted. At many of his rallies, he speaks off the cuff. We get a lot of fractured, unfinished sentences, moving quickly from thought to thought — what Trump calls a “beautiful flowing sentence.” "His speeches are full of non sequiturs," says Kristin Kobes Du Mez, a Calvin College historian who did a comparative study of Trump and Clinton’s speaking styles. It’s a completely different style from nearly any other politician you normally hear. To some, this style is completely incoherent. But clearly not everyone feels this way. Many others havewalked away from Trump’s rallies having understood — and believed — what he said. The difference can be observed in reading Trump’s remarks versus listening to them in real time, University of Pennsylvania linguist Mark Liberman explained: 特朗普知道他独特的风格;他在威斯康星州西艾利斯的一个人群中解释说，他在12月的一次胜利之旅集会上： 对于上个月，我决定不做面试，因为他们接受采访，他们切断你的句子，把他们短。你会有这个美丽的流畅的句子，句子的后面回到前面，他们切断了句子的后面，我说我从来没有说过。所以，我说，你知道什么，我不打算处理他们。他们是非常不诚实的人，我说。 在竞选期间，我很好奇，如果专业语言学家和历史学家可以帮助我们弄清楚什么使特朗普的说话风格独特。在这一面上有很多分歧，但有一件事情突出了：特朗普的演讲不是为了读或用于声音叮咬，这可能是为什么特朗普如此沮丧，他在媒体上脱颖而出。 相反，他表面上的不一致源自于书面语言和口语之间的巨大差异。特朗普的说话风格源于口头文化。他通过慷慨激昂，有针对性的对话召集人 - 即使它不总是遵循一个明确的弧。 为什么特朗普的演讲对某些人来说是不可理解的 - 而且对他人来说是完美的只有少数特朗普的大演讲是脚本。在他的许多集会上，他说出袖口。我们得到了很多断裂，未完成的句子，从思想到思想的迅速移动 - 特朗普称之为“美丽的流动句子”。 卡尔文学院的历史学家克里斯汀·科贝斯·杜梅斯说：“他的演讲充满了非穷人，”他对特朗普和克林顿的演讲风格进行了比较研究。这是一个完全不同的风格，几乎任何其他政客，你通常听到。 对一些人来说，这种风格是完全不连贯的。但显然不是每个人都这样认为。许多其他人远离特朗普的集会，理解并相信他说的话。 这种差异可以在阅读特朗普的话来观察，而不是实时地听他们，宾夕法尼亚大学语言学家马克·利博曼解释说： In other words, Trump’s digressions and rambles — or, as he says, when “the back of the sentence reverts to the front” — are much easier to follow in person thanks to subtle cues. His style of speaking is conversational, and may even stem from his New York City upbringing. As George Lakoff, a linguist at UC Berkeley, told me, "[The] thing about being a New Yorker is it is polite if you finish their sentences for them. It’s a natural part of conversation." This may be why Trump’s sentences often seem, in transcript form, to trail off with no ending. "He knows his audience can finish his sentences for him," Lakoff says. Watching Trump, it’s easy to see how this plays out. He makes vague implications with a raised eyebrow or a shrug, allowing his audience to reach their own conclusions. And that conversational style can be effective. It’s more intimate than a scripted speech. People walk away from Trump feeling as though he were casually talking to them, allowing them to finish his thoughts. Yet to many linguists, Trump stands out for how often he deploys these conversational tics. "Trump's frequency of divergence is unusual," Liberman says. In other words, he goes off topic way more often than the average person in conversation. Geoffrey Pullum, a linguist at the University of Edinburgh, argues that there’s more going on than just a conversational, I’ll-let-you-fill-in-the-gaps style. Trump’s unorganized sentences and short snippets might suggest something about how his mind works. "His speech suggests a man with scattered thoughts, a short span of attention, and a lack of intellectual discipline and analytical skills," Pullum says. More sophisticated thinkers and speakers (including many past presidents), Pullum argues, are able to use "hypotaxis — that is, embedding of clauses within clauses." Trump can’t seem to do that. Pullum explains further: "When you say something like, 'While Congress shows no interest in doing X, I feel that the American people believe it is essential,' the clause ‘it is essential’ is inside the clause ‘the American people believe it is essential’ which is inside the clause ‘I feel that the American people believe it is essential,’ and so on. You get no such organized thoughts from Trump. It's bursts of noun phrases, self-interruptions, sudden departures from the theme, flashes of memory, odd side remarks. … It's the disordered language of a person with a concentration problem." 爱丁堡大学的语言学家杰弗里·普拉姆（Geoffrey Pullum）认为，不仅仅是一个对话，还有更多的事情，我会让你填补空白的风格。特朗普的无组织的句子和短片可能会提示他的心如何工作。 Pullum说：“他的演讲表明一个人有着分散的想法，短暂的注意力，缺乏知识纪律和分析能力。 Pullum认为，更复杂的思想家和演讲者（包括许多过去的总统）都能够使用“降维 - 即在条款中嵌入子句”。特朗普似乎不能做到这一点。 Pullum进一步解释道：“当你说话时，'国会对X不感兴趣，我觉得美国人认为这是必要的，'条款'是必要的'在条款”美国人民相信是必要的“，这是在”我觉得美国人民认为它是必不可少的“这个条款里面。你从特朗普没有这样有组织的想法，它是名词短语，自我中断，突然离开主题，闪光的记忆，奇怪的一面说...这是一个有浓度问题的人的无序的语言。 Trump’s speeches can be appealing because he uses a lot of salesmen’s tricks Lakoff has an explanation for why Trump’s style of speaking is so appealing to many. Many of Trump’s most famous catchphrases are actually versions of time-tested speech mechanisms that salespeople use. They’re powerful because they help shape our unconscious. Take, for example, Trump’s frequent use of "Many people are saying…" or "Believe me" — often right after saying something that is baseless or untrue. This tends to sound more trustworthy to listeners than just outright stating the baseless claim, since Trump implies that he has direct experience with what he’s talking about. At a base level, Lakoff argues, people are more inclined to believe something that seems to have been shared. And when Trump kept calling Clinton "crooked," or referring to terrorists as "radical Muslims," he strengthened the association through repetition. He also calls his supporters "folks," to show he is one of them (though many politicians employ this trick). Trump doesn’t repeat phrases and adjectives because he is stalling for time, Liberman says; for the most part, he’s providing emphasis and strengthening the association. These are normal techniques, particularly in conversational speech. "Is he reading cognitive science? No. He has 50 years of experience as a salesman who doesn’t care who he is selling to," Lakoff says. On this account, Trump used similar methods in his QVC-style pitch of steaks and vodka as he does when he talks about his plan to stop ISIS. "He has been doing this for a very long time as a salesman — that’s what he is best at," Lakoff says. People understand Trump on an emotional levelTrump’s style proved to be successful — he beat out a highly competitive field of lifelong Republicans and a seasoned politician in Hillary Clinton. He's confident enough to address large crowds conversationally and ad-lib on stage. That said, his rise can’t be attributed purely to his speaking style. It certainly has a lot to do with what he is actually saying. "If the content were different, I think it would come across as rambling and flabby and ineffective," Liberman says. In other words, when Trump’s audience finishes his sentences for him, the blanks are filled with sentiments that resonate: fears of joblessness, worries about the United States losing its status as a major world power, concerns about foreign terrorist organizations. Trump validates their insecurities and justifies their anger. He connects on an emotional level, Du Mez says. "For listeners who identify with Trump, there is little they need to do but claim what they’re entitled to," she says. "No need for sacrifice, for compromise, for complexity. He taps into fear and insecurity, but then enables his audience to express that fear through anger. And anger gives the illusion of empowerment." That doesn’t mean it will translate to effective leadership, however. As much as the American people look for authenticity and spontaneity in a president, which Trump seems to have mastered, they are also known to value discipline. "Leadership is hard; it needs discipline, concentration, and an ability to ignore what's irrelevant or needless or personal or silly," Pullum says. "There is no sign of it from Trump. This man talks honestly enough that you can see what he's like: He's an undisciplined narcissist who craves power but doesn't have the intellectual capacity to exercise it wisely." Have We Ever Had a President Like Donald Trump? Yes, we have—but you have to go back to the nineteenth century. 从前我们有过像唐纳德·川普这样的总统吗？ 有过，那得从十九世纪说起 BY JOSHUA KENDALL March 25, 2016 He is the presidential candidate with no filter, a man compelled to reveal all the thoughts that pop into his head—no matter how violent or crude—including his sexual fantasies about his own daughter. While many have accused Donald Trump of having an abnormally large ego, the opposite is true: His ego happens to be so small that it is barely able to control any of the rumblings of his own id. Whenever Trump feels slighted, he finds it necessary to start a holy war—with Fox News anchor Megyn Kelly, the world’s 1.5 billion Muslims, or even Pope Francis himself. Simply put, he does not bond with the rest of humankind. He may know everyone who is anyone, but he has few real friends. As MSNBC’s Joe Scarborough recently told The New York Times, “I have known this guy for a decade and have never once had lunch with him alone?” Trump trusts hardly anyone besides his third wife, his children, and his lackeys. He’s a suspicious loner who has convinced himself that he has little need for advisers. As he said earlier this month, before finally naming a handful of unfamiliar, press-averse foreign policy advisers, “I’m speaking with myself.” Have Americans ever placed anyone with the curious characterological make-up of the Donald in the White House before? To find comparable presidents, we have to go back to the nineteenth century: John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson and John Tyler. While these four nineteenth-century presidents were all more qualified than Trump to set foot in the White House—each had previously served in a high-elective office—they did share his reckless temperament. This history lesson should make Americans wary of Trump, as three of the four were doomed to unsuccessful one-term presidencies. 美国人有没有把任何人与唐纳德在好奇的性格组成的白宫？ 为了找到可比的总统，我们必须回到十九世纪：约翰·亚当斯，约翰·昆西亚当斯，安德鲁·杰克逊和约翰·泰勒。 虽然这四个十九世纪的总统比特朗普更有资格进入白宫 - 每个人以前曾在一个高选择性的办公室工作 - 他们分享了他的鲁莽的气质。 这个历史课应该使美国人警惕特朗普，因为四个人中有三个注定失败的一个任期的主席。 Though John Adams was an intellectual powerhouse, his fiery disposition caused him problems throughout his political career. As biographer John Ferling has noted, “Adams’s great failing seemed to be his volcanic temper, which could explode with such suddenness and so little provocation that some of his colleagues feared that passion occasionally eclipsed reason.” At the Continental Congress, fellow delegates liked to pick Adams’s brain, but they saw him as too unstable to be a leader. Thus, the admission of Adams’s character in the musical 1776 that he was too “obnoxious and disliked” to draft the Declaration of Independence hews closely to reality. As president, Adams exhibited a Trump-like contempt for his cabinet, most of whom disagreed strongly with his policies. And like Trump, the only advisor Adams ever took seriously was a member of his own family: his wife, Abigail. In early 1800, Secretary of War James McHenry resigned in the wake of a vicious tirade by the president. In writing of the incident to a family member, McHenry described Adams as “totally insane.” Adams also had little tolerance for dissenters in the media. On the ninth anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, he signed the Alien and Sedition Acts, which punished journalists who made what were deemed “false, scandalous and malicious” statements against government officials with both hefty fines and prison sentences. While Adams tried to pass off this draconian measure as the handiwork of his fellow Federalist Alexander Hamilton, the former treasury secretary considered it an act of tyranny; Hamilton also argued that an “ungovernable temper” made Adams unfit to govern. American voters apparently agreed: Adams lost the election of 1800 to Thomas Jefferson by 23 points. Adams’s eldest son, John Quincy, had an even harder time getting along with his fellow man. As our sixth president wrote in his diary, “my political adversaries [call me] a gloomy misanthropist; and my personal enemies, an unsocial savage.” Biographer Paul Nagel, describes him as “notorious for his harshness, tactlessness and even rudeness.” Like Trump, who was once a Democrat, Adams had no use for party loyalty. His only allegiance was to himself. As a young Federalist senator from Massachusetts, he repeatedly sided with the Democratic-Republicans; the Federalist party honchos were greatly relieved when he resigned his seat in 1808. This undiplomatic man turned out to be a good diplomat, but his success had more to do with his towering intellect than his people skills. As the chief negotiator of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, he managed to get the Brits to agree to accept the status quo ante bellum (though he was unable to maintain cordial relations with fellow U.S. delegates such as Albert Gallatin, the treasury secretary under Jefferson). And as James Monroe’s two-term secretary of state, he authored the Monroe Doctrine. But his presidency was a disaster. As Gallatin observed, the temperamental Adams lacked “that most essential quality—a sound and correct judgment.” On the domestic front, he launched a host of ambitious proposals—including a national university and a vast network of roads and canals—but he refused to curry favor to build support for them. Pennsylvanian Congressman Samuel Ingram noted in the last year of Adams’s administration, “[The president] has always been hostile to the government and particularly to its great bulwark—the right of suffrage.” In his bid for re-election in 1828, Adams was trounced by Andrew Jackson, who earned more than twice as many electoral votes. The ten-year-old John Tyler bound and gagged his schoolmaster, whom he left for dead. Just as a second-grade Donald Trump punched his music teacher, the ten-year-old John Tyler bound and gagged his schoolmaster, whom he left for dead. And like Trump, our tenth president was not only combative, but lusty; he, too, liked to fling around sexually explicit language. In his first speech on the floor of the House, the 26-year-old Virginia congressman compared popularity to “a coquette—the more you woo her, the more she is apt to elude your embrace.” In 1844, a couple of years after the death of his first wife, Tyler, then in his final year in the White House, married a raven-haired beauty with an hourglass figure, Julia Gardiner, who was 30 years his junior. For the rest of his life, Tyler would brag about his sexual prowess, noting, for example, after the birth of their fifth child, that at least his name would not “become extinct.” Within a few months of assuming the presidency after the sudden death of William Henry Harrison in April 1841, the headstrong former vice president who demanded absolute allegiance from his political allies alienated just about everyone in Washington. That September, after he twice vetoed banking legislation that he had promised to sign, five of his six cabinet members tendered their resignations. Suddenly, the former Whig was, as the influential Senator Henry Clay put it, “a president without a party.” Hardly anyone came to Tyler’s defense. That fall, future president Millard Fillmore, then a Whig Congressman from upstate New York, noted, “I have heard of but two Tyler men in this city [Buffalo]…and both of these are applicants for jobs.” In 1844, Tyler had to create his own party to mount a re-election bid, but when he found few takers, he was forced to drop out of the race. Andrew Jackson, who served for two terms in between John Quincy Adams and Tyler, was the one fiery president who ranks high in polls taken by historians. Like Trump and Tyler, the young Jackson liked to punch people out, and rage attacks would remain a constant throughout his life. As one biographer put it, “He could hate with a Biblical fury and would resort to petty and vindictive acts to nurture his hatred and keep it bright and strong and ferocious.” Of his brief career as a senator from Tennessee in the late 1790s, Thomas Jefferson observed, “He could never speak on account of the rashness of his feelings.” But over time, Jackson gained more self-control and most historians insist that what enabled Jackson to thrive as the country’s leader was his ability to harness his anger to good effect. Jackson’s strong-armed tactics led to his major accomplishments as president. When southerners tried to get around the “Tariff of Abominations” by invoking their right to nullify federal laws, Jackson put his foot down, declaring, “Disunion by armed force is treason,” and threatened punitive measures. He also pushed through legislation that gave him the power to use the military to collect import duties. “Again and again at crucial moments of his public life,” concluded biographer HW Brands, “Jackson carried the day because opponents were terrified of his temper.” Jackson was constantly threatening to let his wrath loose on his opponents—and because of his record of getting carried away in duels and brawls, everyone was forced to listen to him carefully. Trump has no such equivalent in more recent American history. Even our most labile twentieth-century presidents had enough sense to keep their rage attacks private. According to Evan Thomas’s Ike’s Bluff, when President Dwight Eisenhower (aka “the Terrible-Tempered Mr. Bang”) told aides that his mother had taught him how to control his emotions, they would respond sotto voce, “And she didn’t do a very good job.” But Ike was self-aware enough to hire his son, John, as his Assistant Staff Secretary in his second term. In John’s presence, Ike would give himself permission to lose it, figuring that he would thus be able to keep himself in check the rest of the time—a strategy that was largely successful. In 1965,in discussing the situation in Cyprus, Lyndon Johnson did tell the Greek ambassador to the US to “f…your constitution.” But for the most part, LBJ tended to confine his potty-mouthed rages to his private discussions with White House insiders such as those he held from his perch on the potty. Likewise, Richard Nixon could not stop going off on paranoid rants against “disloyal” Jews and other political enemies, but most Americans did not find out about this dark side until the release of his Oval Office tapes. Trump hasn’t even secured the Republican nomination, and already he makes both LBJ and Nixon seem prudish. The 60 most commonly used words by Donald Trump are: 唐纳德·川普最常使用的60个英语单词： Going2271 Times Know1608 Times People1504 Times Want911 Times Think753 Times Great728 Times Right608 Times Country556 Times Lot453 Times Money438 Times Look435 Times Good407 Times Mean395 Times Way391 Times Make375 Times Really367 Times Love339 Times Time331 Times Doing331 Times Trump321 Times Tell315 Times Win314 Times Big304 Times Thing280 Times Things273 Times Believe271 Times World257 Times Okay256 Times Come255 Times Deal249 Times Everybody246 Times Guy246 Times China243 Times Years226 Times Million225 Times Thank220 Times President211 Times Wall211 Times Happen199 Times Talk199 Times Number190 Times Actually186 Times Talking182 Times America181 Times Mexico177 Times Little167 Times Saying166 Times Trade164 Times Hillary160 Times States159 Times Better155 Times Incredible147 Times Remember147 Times Person147 Times Problem143 Times Amazing142 Times Probably140 Times Billion140 Times Tremendous136 Times Somebody135 Times Linguistic Analysis: Donald Trump Talks Like a 4th Grader 语言学角度分析：说话像个9岁孩子、四年级小学生的唐纳德·川普 What Happens When You Ask Donald Trump Real Questions? 当你严肃地询问唐纳德·川普同志一个正经问题 ...... 川普說話的藝術 ( 中文字幕 ) Geoff James Nugent (born 14 February 1977), known professionally as Jim Jefferies (and previously Jim Jeffries), is an Australian stand-up comedian, actor, and writer. Jim Jefferies -- 為何川普會是個可怕的總統 ( 中文字幕 ) “我呢，也有一点点好像川普，比如说，“Fuck, let's do it.”” 扣扣熊调侃川普：你摊上大事了 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OzQG7-7EYA Allan Lichtman: President Trump will be impeached 唐纳德·川普一定会被弹劾 像这位爷一样，做女人真好 |
|
 |
 |
| 实用资讯 | |
|
|
| 一周点击热帖 | 更多>> |
| 一周回复热帖 |
| 历史上的今天：回复热帖 |
| 2016: | 朝鲜问题解决起来很简单,对中共党员来 | |
| 2016: | 哈哈哈。附加题。别说我没给机会你们。 | |
| 2015: | 今天下午快下班的时候去院里看科研统计 | |
| 2015: | ZT: 汉朝初年历史 | |
| 2014: | 食品安全欧洲比美国好，美国比中国好， | |
| 2014: | 同意老情一把。我也认为滥用转基因会加 | |
| 2013: | 听许多朋友说如果请中国同胞 | |
| 2013: | 苏武牧羊 | |
| 2012: | 香港也是中国的一部分，香港人也是中国 | |
| 2012: | 孔庆东评中国渔民杀韩国海警：外交部是 | |
