英文詩如何劃分“音步”?
一看“音步”中的“音”字,就知道劃分音步只和“發音”有關,而無須顧及一行詩有幾個單詞或幾個句子或語法結構如何。劃分音步涉及到兩個要素:一個是每行有多少音節數,另一個是每個音節是讀輕音還是重音。音節數的計算有時比較寬鬆,如 the,或 a,或 and,或 of 等,有時候會不計算在內,而有些只有一個雙元音的單詞,也可能充當兩個音節。另外輕重音的認定也有通融之處。
為什麼要以“每行”為單位,而不說“每句”?因為英文詩的一行並不見得就等於一個或幾個整句,有時為了湊“音步”數,作者會把句子拆散放入不同的行里。現在就用下面這幾行詩來說明:
I speak of love that comes to mind:
The moon is faithful, although blind;
She moves in thought she cannot speak.
Perfect care has made her bleak.
I never dreamed the sea so deep,
The earth so dark; so long my sleep,
I have become another child
I wake to see the world go wild.
一:先以“音節”為單位把單詞都拆開:
I speak of love that comes to mind:
The moon is faith ful, al though blind;
She moves in thought she can not speak.
Per fect care has made her bleak. (第四行)
I ne ver dreamed the sea so deep,
The earth so dark; so long my sleep,
I have be come a no ther child
I wake to see the world go wild.
再細數,每行都是8個音節。但第四行是7個音節,所以猜它第三個字care,因為是雙元音,應該是被當做兩個音節來用的。
二:再仔細讀一下每個“音節”,找出它們輕讀和重讀的搭配規律,重讀音節前面都給它加個“'”號:
I 'speak of 'love that 'comes to 'mind:
The 'moon is 'faith ful, 'al though 'blind;
She 'moves in 'thought she 'can not 'speak.
Per 'fect ca're has 'made her 'bleak.
I 'ne ver 'dreamed the 'sea so 'deep,
The 'earth so 'dark; so 'long my 'sleep,
I 'have be 'come a 'no ther 'child
I 'wake to 'see the 'world go 'wild.
看:兩個音節以上的單詞,其重讀音節自然是重讀;一個音節的字,髮長音的、其次是雙元音的也是重讀。發現:全篇每行都是8個音節,其發音規律正好是:一輕一重,成為四組。而一輕一重兩個音節合併成一組來讀,正好是英文格律詩中最常見的“抑揚格”。於是就得出這首詩的格律名稱是:“抑揚格四音步”。最後用“/”號把它的音步全部劃分出來:
I 'speak / of 'love / that 'comes / to 'mind:
The 'moon / is 'faith / ful, 'al / though 'blind;
She 'moves / in 'thought / she 'can / not 'speak.
Per 'fect / ca're / has 'made / her 'bleak.
I 'ne / ver 'dreamed / the 'sea / so 'deep,
The 'earth / so 'dark; / so 'long / my 'sleep,
I 'have / be 'come / a 'no / ther 'child
I 'wake / to 'see / the 'world / go 'wild.
以上就是讀一首英文格律詩給它劃分音步的過程。