英文诗如何划分“音步”?
一看“音步”中的“音”字,就知道划分音步只和“发音”有关,而无须顾及一行诗有几个单词或几个句子或语法结构如何。划分音步涉及到两个要素:一个是每行有多少音节数,另一个是每个音节是读轻音还是重音。音节数的计算有时比较宽松,如 the,或 a,或 and,或 of 等,有时候会不计算在内,而有些只有一个双元音的单词,也可能充当两个音节。另外轻重音的认定也有通融之处。
为什么要以“每行”为单位,而不说“每句”?因为英文诗的一行并不见得就等于一个或几个整句,有时为了凑“音步”数,作者会把句子拆散放入不同的行里。现在就用下面这几行诗来说明:
I speak of love that comes to mind:
The moon is faithful, although blind;
She moves in thought she cannot speak.
Perfect care has made her bleak.
I never dreamed the sea so deep,
The earth so dark; so long my sleep,
I have become another child
I wake to see the world go wild.
一:先以“音节”为单位把单词都拆开:
I speak of love that comes to mind:
The moon is faith ful, al though blind;
She moves in thought she can not speak.
Per fect care has made her bleak. (第四行)
I ne ver dreamed the sea so deep,
The earth so dark; so long my sleep,
I have be come a no ther child
I wake to see the world go wild.
再细数,每行都是8个音节。但第四行是7个音节,所以猜它第三个字care,因为是双元音,应该是被当做两个音节来用的。
二:再仔细读一下每个“音节”,找出它们轻读和重读的搭配规律,重读音节前面都给它加个“'”号:
I 'speak of 'love that 'comes to 'mind:
The 'moon is 'faith ful, 'al though 'blind;
She 'moves in 'thought she 'can not 'speak.
Per 'fect ca're has 'made her 'bleak.
I 'ne ver 'dreamed the 'sea so 'deep,
The 'earth so 'dark; so 'long my 'sleep,
I 'have be 'come a 'no ther 'child
I 'wake to 'see the 'world go 'wild.
看:两个音节以上的单词,其重读音节自然是重读;一个音节的字,发长音的、其次是双元音的也是重读。发现:全篇每行都是8个音节,其发音规律正好是:一轻一重,成为四组。而一轻一重两个音节合并成一组来读,正好是英文格律诗中最常见的“抑扬格”。于是就得出这首诗的格律名称是:“抑扬格四音步”。最后用“/”号把它的音步全部划分出来:
I 'speak / of 'love / that 'comes / to 'mind:
The 'moon / is 'faith / ful, 'al / though 'blind;
She 'moves / in 'thought / she 'can / not 'speak.
Per 'fect / ca're / has 'made / her 'bleak.
I 'ne / ver 'dreamed / the 'sea / so 'deep,
The 'earth / so 'dark; / so 'long / my 'sleep,
I 'have / be 'come / a 'no / ther 'child
I 'wake / to 'see / the 'world / go 'wild.
以上就是读一首英文格律诗給它划分音步的过程。