本章目錄 Table of Contents：13.1 欲界 Desire Boundary，13.1.1 地獄趣 Hell Interest，13.1.2 畜生趣 Livestock Interest，13.1.3 餓鬼趣 Hungry Ghost Interest，13.1.4 修羅趣 Asura Interest，13.1.5 人趣 Human Interest，13.1.6 欲天趣 Desire Sky Interest，13.2 色界Color Boundary，13.3 無色界 Non-color Boundary，13.4 統觀大千世界 General View of the Great Grand Worlds

四勝諦是苦諦、集諦、滅諦、和道諦。苦諦談三千大千世界（如插圖13）的眾生相是一苦相。集諦說世間眾生受苦的因是集。滅諦講世間人的苦是可以被消滅的，有涅槃（如插圖13-2）-那裡絕對地沒苦，世間人可以依據涅槃建立無憂無慮的中土（如圖13-35，是納瓦特象形文字中土）世界。道諦敘述滅苦得樂之道。四聖諦中苦諦最大，可以統攝其它三聖諦。

The Four Victorious Cruxes are Bitter Crux, Aggregate Crux, Salvation Crux, and Path Crux. Bitter Crux talks that all sentients’ phenomena are bitter phenomena in Three-Grand Great-Grand Worlds (as shown in illustration 13). Aggregate Crux explains that reason of sentients’ bitter is aggregate (i.e., gathering). Salvation Crux says that there is a nirvana (as shown in illustration 13 -2), bitter free absolutely. And Path Crux teaches how to depend on nirvana, to live in a better place, called Middle Earth (as shown in illustration 13 -35, Tenochtitlan). Among the four cruxes, Bitter Crux is the biggest, can assimilate other three cruxes generally.

什麼是“三千大千世界”？答：是十億塵剎土的異名。“塵剎土”是身土義，佛土義。佛的巴利語是Buddha，覺義，身土義，即色香聲味觸法等法塵義。那十億怎麼變成了 “三千大千” ？古人稱一千為小千，一百萬為中千，十億為大千。說三千大千世界，是把十億讀了三遍，實際就是一個大千世界。因為小千、中千、大千，三次言千；古人就把三千作為形容詞放在了前面。

What are the " Three-Grand Great-Grand Worlds"? Answer: It is a different name for One Billion Dust Instant Soils. Dust Instant Soil is bodily soil, means perception, Buddha. The Pali word Buddha means perception; therefore, Buddhas means “bodily soils”, are color, smell, sound, taste, touch, etc. juristic dusts. Why does “One Billion” become “Three-Grand Great-Grand”? Ancients call one thousand as a Small Grand, a million as a Median Grand, a billion as a Great Grand. Three-Grand Great-Grand Worlds are “Great-Grand Worlds” factually. The word Great-Grand is from three times of thousand times, so ancients put “three-grand” as adjective to modify “Great-Grand Worlds”.

13.1 欲界 Desire Boundary

界是因義，種子義，是生命之樹的四大種之一，參見11.2節的四大種。欲界，如插圖13-9至-22所示，義為此界眾生，都是從欲望的種子而有，都有飲食、睡眠、性交等色聲香味觸五欲。那還有沒有欲望的人嗎？答：有，插圖-5至-8是色界，那種境界的人沒有男女差別，也沒有飲食的欲望，和睡眠的需求；插圖-1至-4是無色界，是純粹的思想意識狀態，沒有身體的感覺，自然就根本沒有飲食、睡眠、和性生活的需求。

Boundary means reason, seed, is one of four big seeds of life tree (refers to section 11.2 Four Big Seeds). In Desire Boundary (refers to illustration 13-9 to -22), all sentient beings have food, drink, sleep, and sexual intercourse etc. desires, have color, sound, smell, taste, and touch, the five desires. Are there any people without the five desires? Answer: yes! People in Color Boundary (refers to illustration -5 to -8) have no male and female differences, and they don’t eat and sleep; and in Non-color Boundary (refers to illustration -1 to -4), those are pure consciousness states, people don’t have body, don’t breathe, certainly they don’t have color sound etc., five desires at all.

古德對根本十戒的遵守與違犯，又把欲界眾生分成了六趣，即地獄趣、畜生趣等。根本十戒亦可分為十惡戒和十善戒。十惡戒是：1.殺生，2.偷盜，3.邪淫， 4.妄語，5.綺語（輕佻，挑逗性的語言），6.惡口（罵詈惱人之語），7.兩舌（挑撥離間，製造眾生之間不和諧的行為），8.慳貪，9.嗔恚，10.邪見（闇昧迷理）。古人根據對十惡戒的違犯程度，把惡人分成了三類，稱作三惡趣，或三惡道，分別是地獄趣、畜生趣、和惡鬼趣（如圖13-22至-20所示）。

The Ten Fundamental Precepts can also be divided into the Ten Ferocious Precepts and the Ten Benevolent Precepts. The Ten Ferocious Precepts are: 1. killing, 2. stealing, 3. adultery, the first three precepts are bodily precepts; 4. illusive languages, 5. floral language (frivolous, provocative language), 6. ferocious language (swearing and annoying words), 7.two tongues (to sow discord, create disharmonious behavior among all beings), these four are oral precepts; 8. greedy and stingy, 9. irritation and hate, 10. heretical, the last three are intentional precepts.  According to the degree of violation of the ten evil precepts, ancients divided ferocious people into three categories, called three Ferocious Interests or three Ferocious Paths, which are the Hell Interest, Livestock Interest, and Hungry Ghost Interest (as shown in Figure 13-22 to -20).

不作以上十惡，就是十善：一、不殺生，或不唯不行殺害，更能實行救護；二、不偷盜，或不唯不行非予取，更能實行給施；三、不邪淫，或不唯不行淫邪，更能實行清淨；四、不妄語，或不唯不行誑惑，更能言說真實語；五、不綺語，或不唯不行魅惑，更能作利益語。

Not doing the above ten evils is the ten goods: 1. Not killing, or not only not killing, but also practicing rescue; 2. Not stealing, or not only not stealing, but also donating; 3. Not only not to practice adultery, but also to behave immaculately; 4. Not to lie, or not only not to lie, but also to speak truthfully; 5. Not to speak of floral language, or not only not to speak enticing language, but also to speak beneficial language.

六、不惡口，或不唯不行粗獷，更能善言安慰；七、不兩舌，或不唯不行離間，更能從中調和；八、不慳貪，或不唯不行慳吝，更能進行施捨；九、不嗔恚，或不唯不行憤恚，更能恒生慈念；十、不邪見，或不唯不行邪見，更能信行四諦因果理。

6. Not to speak of ferocious language, or not only not to speak rough hash language, but also  to speak kind words to comfort; 7. Not to speak of two-tongue, or not only not to speak of embrangling language to sow discord, but also to speak of conciliating language; 8. Not to be greedy, or not only not to be stingy, but also to do donation; 9. Not to be irritated, or not only not to be bothersome, but also to bear mercifulness constantly; 10. Not to be heretical, or not only not to be heresy, but also to believe the reason and fruit of Four Cruxes.

古人根據對此十善戒的違犯程度，把善人分成了三類，分別是修羅趣，人趣，和欲天趣。六趣亦作六道；道是說此類人正行進在去往地獄、惡鬼等處的道路上。

According to the degree of violation of the Ten Beneficial Precepts, ancients divided good people into three categories, namely Asura Interest, Human Interest, and Desire-Sky Interest. Six interests are also called Six Paths; path means the kind of people are migrating on the paths to hell, hungry ghost, etc. places.

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