本章目录 Table of Contents：13.1 欲界 Desire Boundary，13.1.1 地狱趣 Hell Interest，13.1.2 畜生趣 Livestock Interest，13.1.3 饿鬼趣 Hungry Ghost Interest，13.1.4 修罗趣 Asura Interest，13.1.5 人趣 Human Interest，13.1.6 欲天趣 Desire Sky Interest，13.2 色界Color Boundary，13.3 无色界 Non-color Boundary，13.4 统观大千世界 General View of the Great Grand Worlds

四胜谛是苦谛、集谛、灭谛、和道谛。苦谛谈三千大千世界（如插图13）的众生相是一苦相。集谛说世间众生受苦的因是集。灭谛讲世间人的苦是可以被消灭的，有涅槃（如插图13-2）-那里绝对地没苦，世间人可以依据涅槃建立无忧无虑的中土（如图13-35，是纳瓦特象形文字中土）世界。道谛叙述灭苦得乐之道。四圣谛中苦谛最大，可以统摄其它三圣谛。

The Four Victorious Cruxes are Bitter Crux, Aggregate Crux, Salvation Crux, and Path Crux. Bitter Crux talks that all sentients’ phenomena are bitter phenomena in Three-Grand Great-Grand Worlds (as shown in illustration 13). Aggregate Crux explains that reason of sentients’ bitter is aggregate (i.e., gathering). Salvation Crux says that there is a nirvana (as shown in illustration 13 -2), bitter free absolutely. And Path Crux teaches how to depend on nirvana, to live in a better place, called Middle Earth (as shown in illustration 13 -35, Tenochtitlan). Among the four cruxes, Bitter Crux is the biggest, can assimilate other three cruxes generally.

什么是“三千大千世界”？答：是十亿尘刹土的异名。“尘刹土”是身土义，佛土义。佛的巴利语是Buddha，觉义，身土义，即色香声味触法等法尘义。那十亿怎么变成了 “三千大千” ？古人称一千为小千，一百万为中千，十亿为大千。说三千大千世界，是把十亿读了三遍，实际就是一个大千世界。因为小千、中千、大千，三次言千；古人就把三千作为形容词放在了前面。

What are the " Three-Grand Great-Grand Worlds"? Answer: It is a different name for One Billion Dust Instant Soils. Dust Instant Soil is bodily soil, means perception, Buddha. The Pali word Buddha means perception; therefore, Buddhas means “bodily soils”, are color, smell, sound, taste, touch, etc. juristic dusts. Why does “One Billion” become “Three-Grand Great-Grand”? Ancients call one thousand as a Small Grand, a million as a Median Grand, a billion as a Great Grand. Three-Grand Great-Grand Worlds are “Great-Grand Worlds” factually. The word Great-Grand is from three times of thousand times, so ancients put “three-grand” as adjective to modify “Great-Grand Worlds”.

13.1 欲界 Desire Boundary

界是因义，种子义，是生命之树的四大种之一，参见11.2节的四大种。欲界，如插图13-9至-22所示，义为此界众生，都是从欲望的种子而有，都有饮食、睡眠、性交等色声香味触五欲。那还有没有欲望的人吗？答：有，插图-5至-8是色界，那种境界的人没有男女差别，也没有饮食的欲望，和睡眠的需求；插图-1至-4是无色界，是纯粹的思想意识状态，没有身体的感觉，自然就根本没有饮食、睡眠、和性生活的需求。

Boundary means reason, seed, is one of four big seeds of life tree (refers to section 11.2 Four Big Seeds). In Desire Boundary (refers to illustration 13-9 to -22), all sentient beings have food, drink, sleep, and sexual intercourse etc. desires, have color, sound, smell, taste, and touch, the five desires. Are there any people without the five desires? Answer: yes! People in Color Boundary (refers to illustration -5 to -8) have no male and female differences, and they don’t eat and sleep; and in Non-color Boundary (refers to illustration -1 to -4), those are pure consciousness states, people don’t have body, don’t breathe, certainly they don’t have color sound etc., five desires at all.

古德对根本十戒的遵守与违犯，又把欲界众生分成了六趣，即地狱趣、畜生趣等。根本十戒亦可分为十恶戒和十善戒。十恶戒是：1.杀生，2.偷盗，3.邪淫， 4.妄语，5.绮语（轻佻，挑逗性的语言），6.恶口（骂詈恼人之语），7.两舌（挑拨离间，制造众生之间不和谐的行为），8.悭贪，9.嗔恚，10.邪见（闇昧迷理）。古人根据对十恶戒的违犯程度，把恶人分成了三类，称作三恶趣，或三恶道，分别是地狱趣、畜生趣、和恶鬼趣（如图13-22至-20所示）。

The Ten Fundamental Precepts can also be divided into the Ten Ferocious Precepts and the Ten Benevolent Precepts. The Ten Ferocious Precepts are: 1. killing, 2. stealing, 3. adultery, the first three precepts are bodily precepts; 4. illusive languages, 5. floral language (frivolous, provocative language), 6. ferocious language (swearing and annoying words), 7.two tongues (to sow discord, create disharmonious behavior among all beings), these four are oral precepts; 8. greedy and stingy, 9. irritation and hate, 10. heretical, the last three are intentional precepts.  According to the degree of violation of the ten evil precepts, ancients divided ferocious people into three categories, called three Ferocious Interests or three Ferocious Paths, which are the Hell Interest, Livestock Interest, and Hungry Ghost Interest (as shown in Figure 13-22 to -20).

不作以上十恶，就是十善：一、不杀生，或不唯不行杀害，更能实行救护；二、不偷盗，或不唯不行非予取，更能实行给施；三、不邪淫，或不唯不行淫邪，更能实行清净；四、不妄语，或不唯不行诳惑，更能言说真实语；五、不绮语，或不唯不行魅惑，更能作利益语。

Not doing the above ten evils is the ten goods: 1. Not killing, or not only not killing, but also practicing rescue; 2. Not stealing, or not only not stealing, but also donating; 3. Not only not to practice adultery, but also to behave immaculately; 4. Not to lie, or not only not to lie, but also to speak truthfully; 5. Not to speak of floral language, or not only not to speak enticing language, but also to speak beneficial language.

六、不恶口，或不唯不行粗犷，更能善言安慰；七、不两舌，或不唯不行离间，更能从中调和；八、不悭贪，或不唯不行悭吝，更能进行施舍；九、不嗔恚，或不唯不行愤恚，更能恒生慈念；十、不邪见，或不唯不行邪见，更能信行四谛因果理。

6. Not to speak of ferocious language, or not only not to speak rough hash language, but also  to speak kind words to comfort; 7. Not to speak of two-tongue, or not only not to speak of embrangling language to sow discord, but also to speak of conciliating language; 8. Not to be greedy, or not only not to be stingy, but also to do donation; 9. Not to be irritated, or not only not to be bothersome, but also to bear mercifulness constantly; 10. Not to be heretical, or not only not to be heresy, but also to believe the reason and fruit of Four Cruxes.

古人根据对此十善戒的违犯程度，把善人分成了三类，分别是修罗趣，人趣，和欲天趣。六趣亦作六道；道是说此类人正行进在去往地狱、恶鬼等处的道路上。

According to the degree of violation of the Ten Beneficial Precepts, ancients divided good people into three categories, namely Asura Interest, Human Interest, and Desire-Sky Interest. Six interests are also called Six Paths; path means the kind of people are migrating on the paths to hell, hungry ghost, etc. places.

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