《新華每日電訊》繼續充當賊窟黑店

──給《新華每日電訊》的第五封公開信

2012年11月30日

【摘要】

2012年11月30日，方舟子在《新華每日電訊》上繼續科唬美國歷史，發表《傑斐遜和赫明斯》一文。就像他的絕大多數文章一樣，這篇文章也是抄襲之作，並且充滿了無知的囈語。

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2012年11月30日，以老偷巨騙聞名於世的方舟子在其獨家贓品銷售店《新華每日電訊》上發表《傑斐遜和赫明斯》一文。不用猜，無才無德無學無識無恥無賴的中國的“阿莫襲夫”（Imathief）方舟子肯定又是剿襲了某人的文章。果然，它抄自英文維基百科“傑斐遜和赫明斯爭論”（Jefferson–Hemings controversy）。簡言之，方舟子的《傑斐遜和赫明斯》共約兩千字，其中大約85%的文字抄自維基百科的這個辭條，另有大約一百字來自該辭條提供的參考文獻。全文比較見本文附錄。

方老偷老是偷

方舟子在《新華每日電訊》上發表的《傑斐遜和赫明斯》一文中，大約85%抄自維基百科的一篇文章

（黃色標記）。

其實，方老偷偷東西並不稀奇，稀奇的是他這個“巨騙”每次行騙都能搞出新的笑點。本來，方舟子以“科普作家”的身份在《新華每日電訊》上賣文，應該炒賣科學才是。可是，這個假冒偽劣美國博士，即使照抄科學，也能把真科學抄成偽科學。所以，他最近又改行以炒賣美國總統來騙取稿費，其中蜻蜓點水般地點綴着幾行“科學”。而這篇《傑斐遜和赫明斯》，全文只有四段話、約七百餘字涉及到科學，並且它們全部來自維基百科的“科普”。但這個“在美國生活時養成了（抄襲）習慣”【1】的“留美十三年的美國博士”【2】、自稱“拿了分子遺傳學研究方向的生物化學博士、做過十來年分子遺傳學前沿研究、至今雖然不再從事具體研究但因為工作需要幾乎每天都還在閱讀分子生物學的最新論文的人”【3】，即便如此，也能出錯。看看方科普作家是怎麼科唬的：

“研究人員採用一個變通方法，找到了傑斐遜叔叔的5個男性後裔，通過分析他們的Y染色體的DNA序列，發現都有一段在歐洲人後裔中罕見的特殊序列，稱為T單倍型組，可作為傑斐遜家族男人的序列特徵。”

實際上，“T單倍型組”（T haplogroup）根本就不是什麼“一段……特殊序列”，而是一種“指紋特徵”。原來，英國科學家在1998年使用DNA指紋技術來確定傑弗遜與其女奴赫明斯後裔的親緣關係。具體地說，就是要通過對Y染色體不同位點進行DNA擴增，然後比較個體之間的異同。一般來說，DNA指紋分析所根據的標記（DNA片段）越多，得出的結果越可靠。並且，標記之間，也需要具有一定的距離。這組科學家在Y染色體上進行了19個標記物的指紋分析，其中的距離，至少有兩千萬個鹼基（～20 Mb，見下圖DYS393與DYS392）的距離。這種跨越了大半個染色體的DNA，還能夠算是“一段”嗎？請問方博士，“研究人員”是怎麼“分析”這“段”“特殊序列”的啊？

Y染色體上短串聯重複序列標記物（Y-STR）的位置

註：DYS393與DYS392是英國科學家使用的標記物中的兩個。

“方分子遺傳學家”不僅對分子遺傳學懵懵懂懂，他對美國歷史也是懵懵懂懂。比如，他說傑弗遜“死時留下遺囑，賣掉部分土地和黑奴還債。”事實是，傑弗遜死時留下的遺囑，除了給外孫留下的財產之外，將全部財產用於償還債務（I subject all my other property to the payment of my debts in the first place）【4】，所以他的女兒後來才會靠救濟生活。

再如，方舟子說：“傑斐遜很早就過着鰥居生活，瑪莎死時他還不到40歲，發誓不再續弦”。事實是，瑪莎去世前，曾要求傑弗遜不要續弦，以免繼母虐待孩子。傑弗遜不過就是在當時做出了承諾（promise）而已。而按照方舟子，好像傑弗遜在瑪莎死後他獨立自主地“發誓不再續弦”似的。

再如，方舟子在文章中至少三次說“傑斐遜一直反對黑白通婚”，但現在有據可查的相關言論也不過就是在1814年71歲時寫的這麼幾個字：

"The amalgamation of whites with blacks produces a degradation to which no lover of his country, no lover of excellence in the human character, can innocently consent."【5】

而在1781年，38歲的傑弗遜還曾說過這樣的話：

"The improvement of the blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by every one, and proves that their inferiority is not the effect merely of their condition in life." (同上，p.151)

方英語大師，能不能把這兩段話翻譯翻譯？

如果說假冒偽劣方分子遺傳學家不懂分子遺傳學，假冒偽劣方美國通不懂美國歷史還情有可原的話，那麼這個說着一口字正腔圓福建雲霄英語的“將馬到死”獎獲得者翻譯英語也能出錯，就讓人難以原諒。原來，根據方舟子照抄的維基百科辭條，“傑斐遜和赫明斯”的非常關係一直保持了近40年（lasted nearly four decades），或38年（Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years），但是，方舟子卻說：

“不過他顯然和赫明斯相處得不錯，保持關係達13年之久，65歲時還生了個兒子。”

這句話是怎麼來的呢？原來，這篇文章中，有這樣一句話：

“In 1968 the historian Winthrop Jordan noted that Jefferson was at Monticello "nine months prior to each birth" of Hemings' children,  during a 13-year period when he was often away for months at a time”（1968年，歷史學家喬丹發現在一段13年的時間中，傑弗遜經常長期在外，但在赫明斯每次生產之前的九個月，傑弗遜都在蒙蒂切羅。）

方舟子的不幸，在於他先天智力不足，後天缺乏家教，所以落到了如今一個連當賊人都當不好的地步。不過，俗話說，老天爺餓不死瞎眼的雀兒。方舟子的幸運就是，他有一個不知羞恥的新華社在他的背後給他撐腰。

參考文獻

【1】方舟子：《你還敢喝牛奶嗎？》，《健康管理》2010年6期54-57頁，見新語絲2010年8月9日新到資料。

【2】方舟子：《為劣質翻譯塗脂抹粉——五評〈怎樣當一名科學家〉中譯本》，新語絲2004年3月2日新到資料。

【3】方舟子：《“文史哲”妄人胡說遺傳學——評烏龍茶〈江湖理性主義者的美夢〉》，新語絲2001年12月23日新到資料。

【4】The Writings of Thomas Jefferson: Being His Autobiography, Correspondence, Reports, Messages, Addresses, and Other Writings, Official and Private. Volume 9. Philadelphia, PA.: J. B. Lippincott & Company, 1869. p.512.

【5】Halliday, E. M. Understanding Thomas Jefferson. New York, NY. : HarperCollins Publishers, 2002. p.153.

附錄：方舟子《傑斐遜和赫明斯》一文抄襲剽竊對比

【方文全文照錄，抄自英文部分附上原文原文。如不註明，英文原文來自維基百科Jefferson–Hemings controversy辭條。該辭條由多人撰寫，重複之處很多，所以筆者也儘量照錄。】

傑斐遜和赫明斯

■方舟子 (科普作家)

有一個“著名經濟學家”發微博稱美國第三位總統托馬斯·傑斐遜是“第一個死於貧困的美國總統”，聽了讓人以為傑斐遜死前饑寒交迫。

事實上傑斐遜至死都是個富裕的莊園主，有大量的財產、土地和黑奴，只不過同時也負了很多債。

所以他死時留下遺囑，賣掉部分土地和黑奴還債。

傑斐遜的債務相當一部分是從他的丈人約翰·威爾斯那裡繼承來的，不過他也沒有什麼可抱怨的，因為他同時也繼承了11000英畝的土地和135名黑奴。

In 1773, the year after Jefferson married the young widow Martha Wayles Skelton, her father died. She and Jefferson inherited his estate, including 11,000 acres, 135 slaves, and £4,000 of debt.

其中有個女奴叫薩利·赫明斯，是威爾斯和一名有一半白人血統的黑奴貝蒂·赫明斯的私生女(威爾斯和貝蒂生了6個子女，莎莉是最小的一個)，也就是說，赫明斯是傑斐遜妻子瑪莎的同父異母姐妹。

Sally Hemings was three-fourths white and is believed to be a half-sister to Jefferson's late wife, as her father was likely John Wayles. As a widower, Wayles had six children by his 12-year liaison with his mulatto slave Betty Hemings; the youngest was Sally.

Sally Hemings was three-quarters white, described as "mostly white" and "decidedly attractive", and was the half sister of Jefferson's beloved wife.

有四分之三白人血統的赫明斯育有6個子女，4個活到成年，其中有2個成年時在傑斐遜的允許下“逃走”，剩下的2個傑斐遜遺囑讓他們自由。他們有八分之七白人血統，根據當時的法律屬於白人，自由後也融入了白人社會。傑斐遜的遺囑同時還讓赫明斯的3個親戚自由。赫明斯是傑斐遜的黑奴中唯一一家全部獲得自由的。

Hemings' children were seven-eighths European in ancestry and legally white according to Virginia law of the time. Of the four who survived to adulthood: William Beverley, Harriet Hemings, Madison Hemings and Eston Hemings, all but Madison eventually identified as white and lived as adults in white communities.

Since 1998 and the DNA study, most historians have accepted that the widower Jefferson had a long intimate relationship with Hemings, and fathered six children with her, four of whom survived to adulthood.

He allowed Beverley (male) and Harriet to "escape" in 1822 at ages 23 and 21, although Jefferson was already struggling financially and would be $100,000 in debt at his death.^[28]

In his 1826 will, Jefferson freed the younger brothers Madison and Eston Hemings, who were approaching the age of 21.

For instance, Madison Hemings' account was supported by the fact that Jefferson freed all of Sally Hemings' children, although he was deeply in debt. Hers was the only family whose members were all freed; Sally's daughter Harriet was the only female slave he ever freed.^[18]

Most importantly, Jefferson freed all the Hemings children; theirs was the only slave family to all go free from Monticello, they were the only slaves freed as they came of age, and Harriet Hemings was the only female slave he ever freed.^[29]

Jefferson also freed three older males related to Sally Hemings; they had each served him for decades.

另外的130名黑奴被賣掉了還債。

In 1827 the remaining 130 slaves at Monticello were sold to pay the debts of Jefferson's estate.

傑斐遜為何如此特殊對待赫明斯一家?一直有傳言稱傑斐遜長期與赫明斯保持不正當關係，赫明斯其實是傑斐遜的小妾，她的6個子女都是和傑斐遜生的。傑斐遜很早就過着鰥居生活，瑪莎死時他還不到40歲，發誓不再續弦，如果此後有情人倒也是人之常情。但與黑奴私通、生子在當時卻是很不光彩的一件事，何況傑斐遜一直反對白人與黑人通婚。

傑斐遜本人從未對此有過公開回應。

Jefferson made no public comment on the matter,

但到傑斐遜莊園拜訪的客人會注意到，赫明斯的子女和傑斐遜長得很像。

"she [Hemings] had children which resembled Mr. Jefferson so closely that it was plain that they had his blood in their veins.... He [Randolph] said in one instance, a gentleman dining with Mr. Jefferson, looked so startled as he raised his eyes from the latter to the servant behind him, that his discovery of the resemblance was perfectly obvious to all."^[11]

赫明斯的後人一直聲稱他們是傑斐遜的後代，傑斐遜的後人則予以否認。

傑斐遜的女兒舉出一個有力反證：在赫明斯生某個子女時，傑斐遜已離家15個月，不可能是父親。

According to an 1868 letter by Jefferson biographer Henry Randall to the historian James Parton, Jefferson's grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, said that Jefferson's daughter, Martha, stated on her deathbed, that Jefferson had been away from Monticello for 15 months before one of Hemings' children was born, so could not be the father.

Martha Randolph, Jefferson's daughter, had made a deathbed claim that Jefferson was away for a 15-month period during which one of the Hemings' children was conceived.

怎麼解釋赫明斯的子女和傑斐遜長得很像呢?那得把父親算到傑斐遜的某個親戚頭上。

傑斐遜的外孫說此人是傑斐遜的外甥彼特·卡爾，而傑斐遜的外孫女則說是彼特的兄弟山繆爾。

Jefferson's grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, told a historian in the 1850s that the late Peter Carr, a nephew of Jefferson's, had fathered Hemings' children.

Randolph then told Randall that the late Peter Carr, Jefferson's nephew and a married man at the time, had fathered Hemings' children, as explanation for the 'startling' close resemblance that every visitor to Monticello could see.

In the 1970s, as part of his six-volume biography of Jefferson, Malone was the first to publish a letter by Ellen Randolph Coolidge, Randolph's sister, who claimed the late Samuel Carr (also a married man), rather than his brother Peter, had fathered Hemings' children.

長期以來美國歷史學界都採納傑斐遜家人的說法。

Historians generally asserted this denial for nearly 180 years.

他們相信傑斐遜的道德品質，一個譴責白人與黑人通婚的政治家怎麼可能自己去和黑奴私通呢?

In addition, they determined he would not have had such a relationship because of his expressed antipathy to blacks and miscegenation in his writings, combined with his perceived moral character.^[18]

1953年傑斐遜莊園的記錄被重新發現並出版，它詳細記載了傑斐遜莊園每個黑奴的生日、死亡日期、銷售情況。

In 1953 Jefferson's Farm Book was published, after having been rediscovered. Its records of slave births, deaths, purchases and sales provided researchers with considerable data about the lives of slaves at Monticello.

1968年，有歷史學家根據這一記載發現，傑斐遜的女兒不是說假話就是記錯了，雖然傑斐遜長時間離家在外，但赫明斯在生每個子女時，傑斐遜離家的時間從未超過9個月，傑斐遜有可能是所有這些子女的父親。

In 1968 the historian Winthrop Jordan noted that Jefferson was at Monticello "nine months prior to each birth" of Hemings' children, during a 13-year period when he was often away for months at a time.^[19] Fawn McKay Brodie also used this information in her biography of Jefferson, which contributed to her conclusion that he had fathered Hemings' children.^[20] The source for the birth dates of the children is Jefferson's Farm Book.

美國歷史學界爭議又起。

進入上世紀90年代後，有可能通過比較基因序列來確定兩個人的親緣關係，分子遺傳學家也對這個問題感興趣，想要看看傑斐遜的後人和赫明斯的後人是否享有某段少見基因片段，以此可以知道他們是否是親戚。

Researchers tested Y-chromosomal DNA from living male claimed descendants of Jefferson and Hemings.

英國萊斯特大學研究人員想到要比較Y染色體序列。

In 1998 Dr. Eugene Foster with researchers at the University of Leicester tested the Y-DNA of male descendants of the Jefferson, Carr and Eston Hemings lines in an attempt to determine whether Thomas Jefferson or one of the Carrs had fathered Sally Hemings' children.

Y染色體是決定一個人的男性性別的性染色體，只由男人傳給兒子，而且由於Y染色體只有一條，遺傳時不發生重組，所以和其他染色體不同，Y染色體的遺傳非常穩定，基本不變，同一個家族的男人的Y染色體序列都會相當一致。

Because most of the Y chromosome is passed unchanged from father to son, apart from occasional mutations, DNA analysis of the Y chromosome can reveal whether or not individuals are likely to be male-line relatives. （Foster, EA, et al. 1998. Jefferson fathered slave's last child. Nature 396: 27–28.）

但是傑斐遜和瑪莎只有女兒活到成年。

Jefferson had no acknowledged male descendant

傑斐遜的後人又不同意開棺從傑斐遜遺骨中提取DNA。

Wayles-Jefferson descendants declined to have Thomas Jefferson's remains disturbed.^[38]

研究人員採用一個變通方法，找到了傑斐遜叔叔的5個男性後裔，通過分析他們的Y染色體的DNA序列，發現都有一段在歐洲人後裔中罕見的特殊序列，稱為T單倍型組，可作為傑斐遜家族男人的序列特徵。

Thomas Jefferson did not have a surviving son from his marriage to Martha Wayles Skelton and thus did not have an acknowledged direct male descendant as a positive control. The team located male-line descendants of Thomas Jefferson's paternal uncle, Field Jefferson, who had the same Y-chromosomal DNA. Five such descendants (J41, J42, J47, J49, and J50) were located and their DNA was analyzed.

The five descendants of Field Jefferson (which are proxies for Thomas Jefferson) have nearly identical Y-chromosome DNA alleles, except for a single difference at J50.

赫明斯有三個兒子活到了成年，其中一個沒有男性後代，一個後代不詳，還有一個——最年輕的兒子——則至今還能找到一個男性後裔。

The team located a male-line descendant of Sally Hemings' youngest son Eston Hemings Jefferson for genealogical DNA testing, as the other sons were not known to have direct male-line descendants.^[33]

研究人員分析了他的Y染色體，發現他的確有那段特殊序列。

研究人員同時分析了另一個嫌疑對象卡爾家族的3個男性後裔的Y染色體，發現他們共享一段特殊的序列，但是沒有那段傑斐遜家族的特殊序列。

Three Carr male descendants of Peter and Samuel Carr, the nephews in question, were tested. The results showed a consensus Carr haplotype for the male line. It was conclusively different from that of the Hemings descendant and the Jefferson male line. Foster said, "The simplest and most probable explanations for our molecular findings are that Thomas Jefferson, rather than one of the Carr brothers, was the father of Eston Hemings Jefferson. . ."^[40]

Because of mid-19th c. family testimony by Jefferson's grandchildren that one of his nephews, Peter or Samuel Carr, was the biological father of Hemings' children, historians had long asserted this. To test this tradition, researchers tested three male-line descendants (C27, C29, and C31) of Samuel and Peter Carr.^[33]

The three Carr descendants studied in the DNA analysis have "closely related haplotypes, with one (C29) showing a single microsatellite unit difference at one locus and a single MSY1 unit difference", probably due to mutation. Their consensus haplotype "differs substantially from the Jefferson family haplotype, even showing a biallelic marker difference, and thus the two families are readily distinguished."^[42] They are distinctly different from the Hemings and Woodson descendants. Thus, the Carrs were disproved as the ancestor of the Eston Hemings descendant, and the focus returned to Thomas Jefferson, as other historic evidence supported his paternity.

這個結果可以確定卡爾兄弟不可能是赫明斯子女的父親，但是卻無法肯定傑斐遜就是父親，因為傑斐遜的兄弟和父親這一支的親戚也都有那段特殊序列(後來發現英國姓傑斐遜的人也有這段序列)，都有嫌疑。

While another Jefferson male from his line would have had the same DNA as Thomas Jefferson, no other candidate from his male line had ever been identified as a possible father during the nearly 200 years of the historic controversy.

Because the Jefferson male line was found to be the K2 haplogroup (since 2008 referred to as haplogroup T (Y-DNA)), relatively rare in Europe, researchers in 2007 did additional studies to determine if it was represented among other Jefferson-surname males in England. As it was found among other Jefferson males unrelated to Jefferson's family, they concluded that the haplotype had likely become "indigenous" to England after some random, ancient migration.

The descendant of Eston Hemings has the same set of Y-chromosome DNA alleles as the Jefferson male line (simply, he "carries the Jefferson family haplotype."^[42]). This supports the claim that Thomas Jefferson could have been the father of Eston Hemings. It is impossible to prove absolutely that no other Jefferson fathered the child. (1) That would be proving a negative, and (2) any male who had the same Y-chromosome as Thomas Jefferson (other descendants of a common male ancestor) could have been the father, provided that this person had relations with Sally Hemings nine months before the birth of Eston Hemings. But, there is no historical evidence that Hemings had more than one partner.

這個結果在1998年公布後，力主傑斐遜清白的人就是這麼為傑斐遜辯護的，他們改口說傑斐遜的弟弟才是赫明斯子女的父親，雖然記錄表明傑斐遜的弟弟其實不常上傑斐遜家。

The Scholars Commission Report (2001) and other scholars argue against Jefferson's paternity; they generally favor his younger brother Randolph Jefferson as a candidate as father of Hemings' children, although he was never seriously proposed before the results of the DNA study.

但是在歷史上，嫌疑人只有兩個，卡爾和傑斐遜，而既然卡爾被Y染色體的證據排除了，Y染色體的證據又支持傑斐遜是父親的結論，再結合其他方面的證據，傑斐遜是赫明斯子女的父親的結論就被普遍認可了。

The study team acknowledged the historical body of evidence and said that the simplest explanation was that Thomas Jefferson was most likely the father. For instance, he was documented at Monticello at the time of each of Sally Heming's conceptions, and she never conceived when he was not there. Other circumstantial evidence supports his paternity (see historiography discussion above).

傑斐遜一直反對黑白通婚，認為白人和黑人和諧相處是不可能的。

不過他顯然和赫明斯相處得不錯，保持關係達13年之久，65歲時還生了個兒子。

In 1968 the historian Winthrop Jordan noted that Jefferson was at Monticello "nine months prior to each birth" of Hemings' children, during a 13-year period when he was often away for months at a time.^[19]

He is believed to have had a relationship with Sally Hemings that lasted nearly four decades, until his death, and six children by her.

This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood.

這種關係在當時是很常見的，傑斐遜的丈人鰥居後也與赫明斯的母親長期保持不正當關係。

As a widower, Wayles had six children by his 12-year liaison with his mulatto slave Betty Hemings; the youngest was Sally. As the historians Philip D. Morgan and Joshua D. Rothman have noted, this was one of numerous interracial relationships in the Wayles-Hemings-Jefferson families, which were also common in Virginia and the Upper South.

赫明斯是傑斐遜的女奴，是他的財產，在這種男女關係中也許難有愛情。在瑪莎死後，傑斐遜倒是另有真愛，他在巴黎當大使期間結識的一個已婚英國女人瑪麗亞·科斯維，那是另一個與科學無關的“頭腦對心靈”的故事了。