【方舟子涉嫌抄襲剽竊】公示第三號（舉報人：洪蕎）

送交者: Tse 2011年01月06日09:32:57 於 [教育學術] 發送悄悄話

【方舟子涉嫌抄襲剽竊】公示第三號（舉報人：洪蕎） (129 Views) 送交者 ： 亦明   【方舟子涉嫌抄襲剽竊】公示第三號（舉報人：洪蕎） 【說明： 2011年1月1日下午9:59（北京時間），本人以《就〈科學史上著名公案——數學天才伽羅華之死》一文涉嫌抄襲的通知〉為題，給方舟子發出如下郵件： 方舟子先生台鑒： 我是“中國學術評價”網站“方舟子系列”專題“抄襲剽竊”專輯主持人。日前收到網友洪蕎的文章，《讓方舟子自己說說他這是不是抄襲》，其中認為您在2009年3月在《經濟觀察報》上發表的《科學史上著名公案——數學天才伽羅華之死》一文，系抄襲自英文維基百科和普林斯頓大學、英國聖安德魯大學相關網頁。 經認真核對，仔細比較，本人認為洪蕎的指控成立。按照“中國學術評價”網站《抄襲剽竊案例認定程序》（見：[www.2250s.com]），本人現將洪蕎的文章轉發給您，請您務必在三天內為自己的行為作出解釋或者辯護。本人將根據您的回覆，決定是否將其提交本網站評議團裁決。逾期不予回復，此案將自動按照《抄襲剽竊案例認定程序》處理。 特此告知。 順祝 新禧！ 亦明 謹上 2011年1月1日 至今，五日期限【據《程序》修改稿】已到，但方舟子仍未回信。根據本網站《抄襲剽竊案例認定程序》，現將洪蕎網友的舉報文章公布出來，提請版主召集評議團就此舉報是否成立予以評議。同時，歡迎諸位網友對此案踴躍發表自己的意見。 亦明 《中國學術評價網•方舟子系列專題•抄襲剽竊專輯》主持人 2011年1月6日】 讓方舟子自己說說他這是不是抄襲 洪蕎 2010/12/22 方舟子於2009年3月在《經濟觀察報》上發表了“科學史上著名公案——數學天才伽羅華之死”。這篇文章後來改名“數學天才伽羅華之死”被收錄在《愛因斯 坦信上帝嗎？——方舟子解讀科學史著名謎團》一書。文章講的是數學天才伽羅華與人決鬥身亡的故事。經筆者查證，這篇文章的內容幾乎全部來自下面三篇文章： [1] [en.wikipedia.org] [2] [www.physics.princeton.edu] [3] [www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk] 這裡[1]是WiKi2009年2月5日的版本，[2，3]是[1]中列出的鏈接。由此看來,“公案”一文充其量是編譯,把這樣的文章稱為原創無疑是造假。現在的問題是，“公案”僅僅是編譯還是涉嫌抄襲呢？按方舟子的說法，“判斷科普文章、隨筆是否抄襲，不在於是否一一標註了文獻，而在於文章的主旨、寫法和語句是否雷同”，那麼下面我們就按照主旨、寫法和語句三個方面來看一看“公案”是不是夠得上抄襲。 需要聲明的是，由於“我打擊學術腐敗，主要靠的是一種人格的力量”，本文無意討論方舟子的動機，人格等問題。但由於方舟子是“黑夜中的燈火”，我們還是應該考慮提高標準，就象他曾經說過的：“不管是因為什麼原因撰寫科普著作的，不管樂不樂意，既然承擔了下來，就應該老老實實地寫，而不應該靠抄襲來投機取巧。身為院士，更應該嚴格要求自己。試想，如果一個愛好科學的青少年讀者在閱讀了兩本著作，發現其雷同之後，誤以為書也可以靠抄襲來寫，‘院士幹得我也幹得’，那會是多麼惡劣的影響！” 好了，言歸正傳，先說文章的主旨。“公案”一文我們可以說是在介紹歷史解讀謎團。而[1]是WiKi關於伽羅華網頁，[3]是美國一個著名數學史網站上關於伽羅華網頁，兩個都是在介紹歷史。[2]的作者是普林斯頓物理系的一個教授，其內容是探討這段歷史的傳說與事實。同“公案”一樣，這三篇文章的對象都是普通讀者，都是在介紹伽羅華的生平。由此看來，主旨一致是不爭的事實了。 現在我們再來看看寫法。上面所列的三篇文章基本上是按時間順序來敘述伽羅華的生平，因此對他的數學工作和政治活動是交替地介紹。反觀“公案”一文，讀了之後給人一種雜亂無章的感覺。其敘述既不是按時間順序，也不是以數學政治或事件等主題為順序。比如關於決鬥原因的討論竟然分散在第四，第七，和第九三個不同的段落里。那麼是不是說“公案”一文的結構是其作者自己設計的呢？同WiKi對比我們很容易發現“公案”的第五，第六和第七段與WiKi的“政治狂熱”和“最後的日子”兩部分有着完全相同的結構（當然我們要除掉WiKi中的數學部分）。兩者的順序都是先講法國當時的歷史背景，然後伽羅華如何捲入政治，最後是決鬥的前因後果等（句子的雷同我們下面另外討論）。由此我們可以看到“公案”主要部分的雛形。當然只憑這一條我們還不能馬上斷言“公案”是抄襲之作。但是如果我們再把“公案”的前四段與[2]的前三段相比較，我們馬上就會有一種原來如此的感覺。請看（中英文的原文附在最後）： “公案”的寫法：先是《數學大師》一書中的描寫，然後是《數學大師》的浪漫筆調激勵了年輕人，最後是1832年5月30日伽羅華決鬥身亡 [2]的寫法：先是1832年5月30日伽羅華決鬥身亡，然後是《數學大師》的浪漫筆調激勵了年輕人，最後是《數學大師》一書中的的描寫。 不僅結構雷同，而且方舟子對《數學大師》一書中段落的選擇以及對《數學大師》那“浪漫”的形容也與[2]完全一致。由此再說“公案”的構思是原創就很難說得通了，因為不可能你和人家都恰好讀了相同的一段，都覺得很浪漫，都看到了它對年輕人的激勵。通過下面對文字的比較我們會看到方舟子的確是看到了[2]的。對人家這麼動人的開頭方舟子拿來就用，使得讀者以為是方舟子看出了《數學大師》的浪漫筆調，以為自己是被方舟子的文字所感動，這不是對讀者的欺騙還是什麼呢？用方舟子的話說：“何謂創作？就跟research paper一樣，必須是真正屬於自己的東西是也，即使英雄所見略同，也絕不會大段大段的相似。整段抄別人的，如果不註明，甚至連個引號都不用，在讀者看來，自然而然會把它當成你自己的東西，被揭發出來，就是抄襲：第一侵害了原作者，第二欺騙了讀者，第三騙取了名聲”。我們已經看到了，“公案”前四段的寫法抄襲了[2]，接着三段的寫法抄襲了[1]，而剩餘的三段則是由[1，2，3]中的其它部分拼湊而成。按照方舟子的原則，“公案”當屬剽竊無疑。現在回過頭來看，“公案”的雜亂無章正是這種拼湊的結果。 雖然結構雷同，但“公案”並不是一字不差地完全照抄我們上面提到的[1，2]的章節。“公案”的做法是以這些章節為基礎，再把[1，2，3]中的一些其它細節加進來。這事實上是方謅子科普的標準模式。別人這麼做時方舟子曾尖銳地批評：“如此大面積的照抄照搬，即使註明了出處也有剽竊之嫌，更何況對原作者、原文隻字不提，以“有關的文章”一語帶過，讓讀者以為是他自己根據原始材料綜述而成的，這不是剽竊是什麼？我花了許多時間看許多資料費心構思寫成的文章，就怎麼輕鬆地像無主之物一般粘貼複製過去，最後加一段感想就成了自己的東西，整個寫作過程估計不會超過一個小時，這樣的文章未免太好寫，這樣的教授未免太好當了吧？”如此的義正言辭，可到了方舟子自己抄襲的時侯，這些話就全都無影無蹤了。 現在我們來比較一下語句方面的雷同。我們還是先聽一聽方舟子是怎麼指責他人的：“楊雄里院士抄襲的方法，基本上是忠實地翻譯，個別地方對語序做了改動，結果反而與原意不符，出現了錯誤”，“抄襲的痕跡是非常明顯的，而且秋實在抄時，故意做了篡改”，“上面這段話，曹文只是把高文略做改動而已，調換了句子順序而已”。我們想要看看的是這些話能不能用在方舟子身上。因為這部分比較長，所以被附在文章的後面。這裡我們只看幾個例子（全部來自[1]）。 1832年5月30日清晨，伽羅華在決鬥中被擊中腹部，被路過的農民送往醫院。第二天早晨10點他死於醫院，臨終前拒絕接受神甫的祈禱，對他的弟弟阿爾佛 雷德說：“不要哭，阿爾佛雷德！我需要全部的勇氣在20歲時死去。” On 30 May 1832, early in the morning, he was shot in the abdomen and died the following day at ten in the Cochin hospital (probably of peritonitis) after refusing the offices of a priest. He was 20 years old. His last words to his brother Alfred were: Don't cry, Alfred! I need all my courage to die at twenty. 但是到了1830年，議會中的自由派占了多數，查理十世面臨被廢黜的危險，於是他在這一年的7月頒布敕令，這激起了街頭革命。查理十世被迫遜位，議會推舉 路易－菲利浦繼承王位。 and by 1830 the opposition liberal party became the majority. Charles, faced with abdication, staged a coup d'état, and issued his notorious July Ordinances, touching off the July Revolution which ended with Louis-Philippe becoming king. 伽羅華高舉匕首高呼“為路易－菲利浦國王乾杯”，第二天以“企圖暗殺國王”的罪名被捕。一個多月後被宣告無罪獲釋。7月14日“巴士底日”（後來的法國國 慶節）那天，伽羅華身穿炮兵隊制服，攜帶步槍、手槍和匕首，與法律系的學生杜沙特雷一起帶領群眾在街上示威，再次被捕，被判入獄6個月。1832年4月 29日伽羅華獲釋。 Galois proposed a toast to King Louis-Philippe with a dagger above his cup, which was interpreted as a threat against the king's life. He was arrested the following day, but was later acquitted on June 15. On the following Bastille Day, Galois was at the head of a protest, wearing the uniform of the disbanded artillery, and came heavily armed with several pistols, a rifle, and a dagger. For this, he was again arrested, this time sentenced to six months in prison for illegally wearing a uniform. He was released on April 29, 1832. 方舟子曾明確指出：“有可能構成語句方面的剽竊的是那些有特異性、有一定的長度的語句，由不同的人來書寫會有不同的表述，不可能獨立地碰巧寫出雷同的句子”。 看了上面的例子，方舟子會說什麼呢？ 方舟子對抄襲質疑曾這樣回答：“說是“翻譯”，就請把我翻譯的“原文”給列出來一一做個對比，看我是如何“翻譯”的，否則乃是地地道道的無中生有的誹 謗”，“請松鼠會具體地證明我哪篇文章是“直接是英語文章翻過來的”。我指控別人抄襲，都是列出了證據的，... 松鼠會想要反過來指控我抄襲，也應該學着證明之，可別自己抄襲英語文章抄慣了，就想當然地以為別人也難免和你一樣”。對這次抄襲質疑，方舟子的這個回答已 經不再管用了。筆者期待方舟子能給出一個更有創意的辯解，以娛樂廣大網民。 最後指出“公案”中的一個小錯誤：“其實她是伽羅華出獄後居住的旅店的醫生的女兒”。看了這句話讀者肯定會感到奇怪，旅店要醫生幹什麼？WiKi的原文是 the daughter of the physician at the hostel where Galois remained during the final months of his life。如果把hostel當成旅店那是典型的望文生義。在WiKi上查hostel我們可以看到In a few countries, the word hostel sometimes also refers to establishments providing longer-term accommodation (often to specific classes of clientèle such as nurses, students, drug addicts, court defendants on bail) where the hostels are sometimes run by Housing Associations and charities. 如果方舟子認真一點，從[2，3]就可以看到事實上為了避免霍亂伽羅華和其它犯人們被安置到這個hostel(當時伽羅華並未被釋放），而那裡有個醫生。 這個例子也從一個側面證明了方舟子對他寫的這個故事一無所知，因此文章不可能是他的原創。 作為結尾，我們當然還是要再列上幾句方舟子的名言： 這種文章，只要讀得懂英文就可以寫， 像這樣翻譯外文資料，拼湊起來就當成自己的文章的，在當前中國學界，是並不罕見的現象。 抄了就是抄了，整理不能抄襲文字，你要在美國的話，你會被開除的。當然在中國，天下文章一大抄，你習慣了，就覺得沒錯。 如果真的只有一小部分抄襲，甚至只抄了一、兩段的話，就不能算抄襲嗎？答案是否定的。2002年，美國著名歷史學家安布羅斯的一本暢銷著作被發現有幾小段 直接抄自另一位歷史學家的著作，雖然他用腳註註明了出處，還是全美輿論大嘩，被指控是抄襲。可見，即使註明了出處也必須對引用別人的部分用自己的語言進行 複述，才不會被視為抄襲。 我被人稱為“學術打假人士”，整天揭發別人抄襲，如果自己也干抄襲的勾當，這樣的“人”是該被分到最卑劣的一群裡頭去的。 讓我們問一下方舟子，你承認你的這篇文章是抄襲之作嗎？ 附件 1. 文字的對比 其中最令人心酸的莫過於對在20歲時死於決鬥的法國數學天才伽羅華的描寫：在決鬥的前夜（1832年5月29日晚），伽羅華預料到自己將會死去，通宵達旦 奮筆疾書，與時間賽跑，力圖把他的所有數學成果紀錄下來，時不時在一旁寫下“我沒有時間”、“我沒有時間”。貝爾說：“他在黎明前那些絕望的最後時刻寫下 的東西，將會使一代代數學家忙上幾百年。”“他一勞永逸地發現了一個折磨了數學家幾個世紀的謎團的答案：在什麼條件下一個方程有解？” The most memorable chapter ... describes the life and death of the French mathematician Galois, who was killed in a duel at the age of twenty. ... All night long he had spent the fleeting hours feverishly dashing off his scientific last will and testament, writing against time to glean a few of the great things in his teeming mind before the death he saw could overtake him. Time after time he broke off to scribble in the margin "I have not time; I have not time," and passed on to the next frantically scrawled outline. What he wrote in those last desperate hours before the dawn will keep generations of mathematicians busy for hundreds of years. He had found, once and for all, the true solution of a riddle which had tormented mathematicians for centuries: underwhat conditions can an equation be solved?[2] 《數學大師》的浪漫筆調激勵了許多年輕人投身於數學研究，the romantic prose of E.T. Bell's Men of Mathematics, ... has awakened many people of my generation to the beauties of mathematics. ... The legend ... has fired the imagination of generations of mathematics students.[2] 後來的科普文章在介紹伽羅華時也多沿用貝爾的描述。Much of the drama surrounding the legend of his death has been attributed to one source, Eric Temple Bell's Men of Mathematics.[1] 被20世紀著名數學家赫曼•威爾稱為“可能是人類全部文獻中最重大的一篇文稿”。 Hermann Weyl, one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century, said of this testament, "This letter, if judged by the novelty and profundity of ideas it contains, is perhaps the most substantial piece of writing in the whole literature of mankind."[1] 群論的創建足以使數學家忙上幾百年，但並非一夜之間的事。Galois had indeed helped to create a field which would keep mathematicians busy for hundreds of years but not "in those last desperate hours before the dawn."[2] 自17歲起伽羅華就在從事這方面的研究，並寫了幾篇論文, Galois had been submitting papers on the subject since the age of 17.[2] 他的遺書中的相當篇幅是在為這些論文做注釋和更正。至於那句著名的“我沒有時間”，則只在遺書手稿的旁邊注釋中出現了一次：“要完成這個證明還需要做些工 作。我沒有時間。” During the course of the night he annotated and made corrections to some of his papers. He comes across a note ... writes directly beneath it: "There are a few things left to be completed in this proof. I have not the time". This famous inscription appears only once [2] 1832年5月30日清晨，伽羅華在決鬥中被擊中腹部，被路過的農民送往醫院。第二天早晨10點他死於醫院，臨終前拒絕接受神甫的祈禱，對他的弟弟阿爾佛 雷德說：“不要哭，阿爾佛雷德！我需要全部的勇氣在20歲時死去。”On 30 May 1832, early in the morning, he was shot in the abdomen and died the following day at ten in the Cochin hospital (probably of peritonitis) after refusing the offices of a priest. He was 20 years old. His last words to his brother Alfred were: Don't cry, Alfred! I need all my courage to die at twenty.[1] Evariste Galois confronted an adversary in a duel to be fought with pistols, and was shot through the stomach. Hours later, lying wounded and alone, Galois was found by a passing peasant. [2] 但是阿爾佛雷德認為他是被謀殺的， Alfred Galois, unjustifiably in his view, did maintain that his older brother was murdered.[2] 他生活在法國歷史上一個動盪不安的歷史時期。Galois lived during a time of political turmoil in France.[1] 1815年，拿破崙在滑鐵盧慘敗後，法王路易十八復位，1824年路易十八死後，由其弟弟查理十世繼位。The year 1815 saw the famous one hundred days. Napoleon entered Paris on March 20, was defeated at Waterloo on 18 June and abdicated for the second time on 22 June. Louis XVIII was reinstated as King but died in September 1824, Charles X becoming the new King.[3] 但是到了1830年，議會中的自由派占了多數，查理十世面臨被廢黜的危險，於是他在這一年的7月頒布敕令，這激起了街頭革命。查理十世被迫遜位，議會推舉 路易－菲利浦繼承王位。and by 1830 the opposition liberal party became the majority. Charles, faced with abdication, staged a coup d'état, and issued his notorious July Ordinances, touching off the July Revolution which ended with Louis-Philippe becoming king.[1] “七月革命”爆發時，伽羅華正在巴黎師範學校讀書，該校校長為阻止學生上街作戰，關閉校門，使伽羅華失去參加革命的機會。伽羅華在報上發表來信攻擊校長， 被開除。 The July revolution of 1830 reared its head. The Director of l'Ecole Normale, M. Guigniault, locked the students in so that they would not be able to fight on the streets. Galois ... in doing so missed the revolution. ... Galois saw his chance for attack and jumped into the squabble with a blistering letter to the Gazette des Ecoles. ... the result is what might have been anticipated: Galois was expelled.[2] 在正式被開除之前，伽羅華已離開學校，參加擁護共和的國民衛隊炮兵隊，Even before his expulsion from Normale was to take effect on January 4, 1831, Galois joined the staunchly Republican artillery unit of the National Guard.[1] 並加入當時最激進的秘密革命組織“人民之友社”。 Galois probably joined the Society of Friends of the People, one of the most extreme republican secret societies [2] 不久，政府解散國民衛隊炮兵隊，並逮捕其19名軍官，指控他們陰謀推翻政府。這些軍官後被無罪釋放。1831年5月9日，在慶祝這些軍官獲釋的宴會上，伽 羅華高舉匕首高呼“為路易－菲利浦國王乾杯”，第二天以“企圖暗殺國王”的罪名被捕。一個多月後被宣告無罪獲釋。7月14日“巴士底日”（後來的法國國慶 節）那天，伽羅華身穿炮兵隊制服，攜帶步槍、手槍和匕首，與法律系的學生杜沙特雷一起帶領群眾在街上示威，再次被捕，被判入獄6個月。1832年4月29 日伽羅華獲釋，1個月後就迎來了那場致命的決鬥。on December 31, 1830,the artillery of the National Guard was disbanded out of fear that they might destabilize the government. At around the same time, nineteen officers of Galois' former unit were arrested and charged with conspiracy to overthrow the government.In April, all nineteen officers were acquitted of all charges, and on May 9, 1831, a banquet was celebrated in their honor, ... Galois proposed a toast to King Louis-Philippe with a dagger above his cup, which was interpreted as a threat against the king's life. He was arrested the following day, but was later acquitted on June 15. On the following Bastille Day, Galois was at the head of a protest, wearing the uniform of the disbanded artillery, and came heavily armed with several pistols, a rifle, and a dagger. For this, he was again arrested, this time sentenced to six months in prison for illegally wearing a uniform. He was released on April 29, 1832 ... A month after his release, on May 30, was Galois' fatal duel. [1] 其實她是伽羅華出獄後居住的旅店的醫生的女兒。伽羅華為了她主動挑起決鬥。和伽羅華決鬥的人是誰？伽羅華在遺書中說約他決鬥的是兩名“愛國者”。根據大仲 馬的回憶錄，決鬥者是當初被捕的19名軍官之一德艾爾賓維爾。但是根據決鬥幾天后一家報紙的報道，與伽羅華決鬥的是和他一起被捕的“人民之友社”成員、他 的好友杜沙特雷。 the woman he was in love with was apparently a certain Mademoiselle Stéphanie-Felicie Poterin du Motel, the daughter of the physician at the hostel where Galois remained during the final months of his life ... and this might have prompted him to provoke the duel himself on her behalf. ... As to his opponent in the duel, Alexandre Dumas names Pescheux d'Herbinville, one of the nineteen artillery officers ... However, Dumas is alone in this assertion, and extant newspaper clippings from only a few days after the duel give a description of his opponent which is inconsistent with d'Herbinville, and more accurately describes one of Galois' Republican friends, most probably Ernest Duchatelet, who was also imprisoned with Galois on the same charges.[1] Galois also writes another, similar letter ... I have been provoked by two patriots [2] 由於是朋友決鬥，所以沒有採取手槍對射的方式，而是採用“俄羅斯輪盤賭”，用槍口互相頂着對方開槍，其中只有一把槍裝着子彈。 because of their old friendship they could not bear to look at one another and left the decision to blind fate. At point-blank range they were each armed with a pistol and fired. Only one pistol was charged ... deciding the outcome by a gruesome version of Russian roulette [2] 第一次是在1829年，在他中學最後一年，提交了關於群論初步研究結果的論文，審稿人是著名數學家柯西。柯西意識到這一論文的重要性，曾在一封信中提及將 在科學院的會議上對之做介紹。但是在那次會議上柯西卻只介紹自己的工作。為何柯西沒有按計劃介紹伽羅華的工作，成了一個謎。有人猜測是因為柯西建議伽羅華 將其研究寫成更完整的論文參加科學院的數學大獎賽。伽羅華於1830年2月提交論文參加該大獎賽，寄給當時科學院終身秘書傅立葉，但傅立葉在5月去世，伽 羅華的論文也沒了着落。On May 25 and June 1, 1829, while still only 17, he submitted to the Academy his first researches on the solubility of equations of prime degree. Cauchy was appointed referee. ... a letter of Cauchy ...proves that ... he had planned to present them to the Academy in January 1830. ... Cauchy was ... very likely aware of their importance. At the following session on 25 January, however, Cauchy, while presenting his own memoir, did not present Galois's work. Taton hypothesizes that between January 18 and January 25, Cauchy persuaded Galois to combine his researches into a single memoir to be submitted for the Grand Prize in Mathematics, for which the deadline was March 1. Whether or not Cauchy actually made the suggestion cannot yet be proved, but in February Galois did submit such an entry to Fourier in his capacity of perpetual secretary of mathematics and physics for the Academy. ... the death of Fourier on May 16, 1830. Galois's entry could not be found among Fourier's papers. [2] 1831年1月，應泊松的邀請，伽羅華再次向科學院投稿。但泊松又以伽羅華的工作無法理解為由退稿。接到退稿時伽羅華正因政治活動入獄，Simeon Poisson asked him to submit his work on the theory of equations, which he submitted on January 17. Around July 4, Poisson declared Galois' work "incomprehensible", ... the rejection report ... took some time for it to reach Galois, which it finally did in October that year, while he was imprisoned. [1] 在一次酒醉後曾試圖用匕首自殺，被同牢犯人制止。While in Sainte-Pélagie prison Galois attempted to commit suicide by stabbing himself with a dagger but the other prisoners prevented him.[3] 有兩、三千名共和黨人參加了他的葬禮。two or three thousand republicans later attended the funeral[2] 伽羅華被埋在一塊普通墓地，很快就被人遺忘，現在已找不到其墳墓。 Galois's body was interred in a common burial ground of which no trace remains today.[2] 附件 2. “公案”的開頭： 美國數學家埃里克•坦普爾•貝爾在1937年出版了一部至今還在印刷的科普名著《數學大師》，其中最令人心酸的莫過於對在20歲時死於決鬥的法國數學天才 伽羅華的描寫：在決鬥的前夜（1832年5月29日晚），伽羅華預料到自己將會死去，通宵達旦奮筆疾書，與時間賽跑，力圖把他的所有數學成果紀錄下來，時 不時在一旁寫下“我沒有時間”、“我沒有時間”。貝爾說：“他在黎明前那些絕望的最後時刻寫下的東西，將會使一代代數學家忙上幾百年。”“他一勞永逸地發 現了一個折磨了數學家幾個世紀的謎團的答案：在什麼條件下一個方程有解？” 《數學大師》的浪漫筆調激勵了許多年輕人投身於數學研究，甚至成為著名數學家，其中包括諾貝爾經濟學獎獲得者約翰•納什。後來的科普文章在介紹伽羅華時也 多沿用貝爾的描述。據稱，伽羅華在這一晚寫就的幾十頁手稿開創了數學一個極為重要的分支——群論，被20世紀著名數學家赫曼•威爾稱為“可能是人類全部文 獻中最重大的一篇文稿”。還有一種說法是，由於伽羅華的不幸早逝，人類數學研究的進展推遲了幾十年。 這些描寫和評論都是為了增添天才早逝的悲劇色彩的誇大其詞。群論的創建足以使數學家忙上幾百年，但並非一夜之間的事。自17歲起伽羅華就在從事這方面的研 究，並寫了幾篇論文，送交法國科學院或在期刊上發表，其中有3篇在1830年發表。他的遺書中的相當篇幅是在為這些論文做注釋和更正。至於那句著名的“我 沒有時間”，則只在遺書手稿的旁邊注釋中出現了一次：“要完成這個證明還需要做些工作。我沒有時間。” 1832年5月30日清晨，伽羅華在決鬥中被擊中腹部，被路過的農民送往醫院。第二天早晨10點他死於醫院，臨終前拒絕接受神甫的祈禱，對他的弟弟阿爾佛 雷德說：“不要哭，阿爾佛雷德！我需要全部的勇氣在20歲時死去。”按照伽羅華在決鬥前夕留下的遺書中的說法，他是做為“一個下流的風騷女人的犧牲品”而 死去的，但是阿爾佛雷德認為他是被謀殺的，後來也有很多人懷疑這是一個保王黨清除激進的共和黨人的政治陰謀。 [2] 的開頭： In Paris, on the obscure morning of May 30, 1832, near a pond not far from the pension Sieur Faultrier, Evariste Galois confronted an adversary in a duel to be fought with pistols, and was shot through the stomach. Hours later, lying wounded and alone, Galois was found by a passing peasant. He was taken to the Hospital Cochin where he died the following day in the arms of his brother Alfred, after having refused the services of a priest. Had Galois lived another five months, until October 25, he would have attained the age of twenty-one. The legend of Evariste Galois, one of the creators of group theory, has fired the imagination of generations of mathematics students. Many of us have experienced the excitement of Freeman Dyson who writes: In those days, my head was full of the romantic prose of E.T. Bell's Men of Mathematics, a collection of biographies of the great mathematicians. This is a splendid book for a young boy to read (unfortunately, there is not much in it to inspire a girl, with Sonya Kovalevsky allotted only half a chapter), and it has awakened many people of my generation to the beauties of mathematics. The most memorable chapter is called "Genius and Stupidity" and describes the life and death of the French mathematician Galois, who was killed in a duel at the age of twenty. Dyson goes on to quote Bell's famous description of Galois's last night before the duel: All night long he had spent the fleeting hours feverishly dashing off his scientific last will and testament, writing against time to glean a few of the great things in his teeming mind before the death he saw could overtake him. Time after time he broke off to scribble in the margin "I have not time; I have not time," and passed on to the next frantically scrawled outline. What he wrote in those last desperate hours before the dawn will keep generations of mathematicians busy for hundreds of years. He had found, once and for all, the true solution of a riddle which had tormented mathematicians for centuries: under what conditions can an equation be solved?         Edited 1 time(s). Last edit at 01/06/2011 07:47AM by 亦明. 打開附件(190.9 KB)   打開附件(101.1 KB)   打開附件(47 KB)

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