【方舟子涉嫌抄袭剽窃】公示第三号（举报人：洪荞）

送交者: Tse 2011年01月06日09:32:57 于 [教育学术] 发送悄悄话

【方舟子涉嫌抄袭剽窃】公示第三号（举报人：洪荞） (129 Views) 送交者 ： 亦明   【方舟子涉嫌抄袭剽窃】公示第三号（举报人：洪荞） 【说明： 2011年1月1日下午9:59（北京时间），本人以《就〈科学史上著名公案——数学天才伽罗华之死》一文涉嫌抄袭的通知〉为题，给方舟子发出如下邮件： 方舟子先生台鉴： 我是“中国学术评价”网站“方舟子系列”专题“抄袭剽窃”专辑主持人。日前收到网友洪荞的文章，《让方舟子自己说说他这是不是抄袭》，其中认为您在2009年3月在《经济观察报》上发表的《科学史上著名公案——数学天才伽罗华之死》一文，系抄袭自英文维基百科和普林斯顿大学、英国圣安德鲁大学相关网页。 经认真核对，仔细比较，本人认为洪荞的指控成立。按照“中国学术评价”网站《抄袭剽窃案例认定程序》（见：[www.2250s.com]），本人现将洪荞的文章转发给您，请您务必在三天内为自己的行为作出解释或者辩护。本人将根据您的回复，决定是否将其提交本网站评议团裁决。逾期不予回复，此案将自动按照《抄袭剽窃案例认定程序》处理。 特此告知。 顺祝 新禧！ 亦明 谨上 2011年1月1日 至今，五日期限【据《程序》修改稿】已到，但方舟子仍未回信。根据本网站《抄袭剽窃案例认定程序》，现将洪荞网友的举报文章公布出来，提请版主召集评议团就此举报是否成立予以评议。同时，欢迎诸位网友对此案踊跃发表自己的意见。 亦明 《中国学术评价网•方舟子系列专题•抄袭剽窃专辑》主持人 2011年1月6日】 让方舟子自己说说他这是不是抄袭 洪荞 2010/12/22 方舟子于2009年3月在《经济观察报》上发表了“科学史上著名公案——数学天才伽罗华之死”。这篇文章后来改名“数学天才伽罗华之死”被收录在《爱因斯 坦信上帝吗？——方舟子解读科学史著名谜团》一书。文章讲的是数学天才伽罗华与人决斗身亡的故事。经笔者查证，这篇文章的内容几乎全部来自下面三篇文章： [1] [en.wikipedia.org] [2] [www.physics.princeton.edu] [3] [www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk] 这里[1]是WiKi2009年2月5日的版本，[2，3]是[1]中列出的链接。由此看来,“公案”一文充其量是编译,把这样的文章称为原创无疑是造假。现在的问题是，“公案”仅仅是编译还是涉嫌抄袭呢？按方舟子的说法，“判断科普文章、随笔是否抄袭，不在于是否一一标注了文献，而在于文章的主旨、写法和语句是否雷同”，那么下面我们就按照主旨、写法和语句三个方面来看一看“公案”是不是够得上抄袭。 需要声明的是，由于“我打击学术腐败，主要靠的是一种人格的力量”，本文无意讨论方舟子的动机，人格等问题。但由于方舟子是“黑夜中的灯火”，我们还是应该考虑提高标准，就象他曾经说过的：“不管是因为什么原因撰写科普著作的，不管乐不乐意，既然承担了下来，就应该老老实实地写，而不应该靠抄袭来投机取巧。身为院士，更应该严格要求自己。试想，如果一个爱好科学的青少年读者在阅读了两本著作，发现其雷同之后，误以为书也可以靠抄袭来写，‘院士干得我也干得’，那会是多么恶劣的影响！” 好了，言归正传，先说文章的主旨。“公案”一文我们可以说是在介绍历史解读谜团。而[1]是WiKi关于伽罗华网页，[3]是美国一个著名数学史网站上关于伽罗华网页，两个都是在介绍历史。[2]的作者是普林斯顿物理系的一个教授，其内容是探讨这段历史的传说与事实。同“公案”一样，这三篇文章的对象都是普通读者，都是在介绍伽罗华的生平。由此看来，主旨一致是不争的事实了。 现在我们再来看看写法。上面所列的三篇文章基本上是按时间顺序来叙述伽罗华的生平，因此对他的数学工作和政治活动是交替地介绍。反观“公案”一文，读了之后给人一种杂乱无章的感觉。其叙述既不是按时间顺序，也不是以数学政治或事件等主题为顺序。比如关于决斗原因的讨论竟然分散在第四，第七，和第九三个不同的段落里。那么是不是说“公案”一文的结构是其作者自己设计的呢？同WiKi对比我们很容易发现“公案”的第五，第六和第七段与WiKi的“政治狂热”和“最后的日子”两部分有着完全相同的结构（当然我们要除掉WiKi中的数学部分）。两者的顺序都是先讲法国当时的历史背景，然后伽罗华如何卷入政治，最后是决斗的前因后果等（句子的雷同我们下面另外讨论）。由此我们可以看到“公案”主要部分的雏形。当然只凭这一条我们还不能马上断言“公案”是抄袭之作。但是如果我们再把“公案”的前四段与[2]的前三段相比较，我们马上就会有一种原来如此的感觉。请看（中英文的原文附在最后）： “公案”的写法：先是《数学大师》一书中的描写，然后是《数学大师》的浪漫笔调激励了年轻人，最后是1832年5月30日伽罗华决斗身亡 [2]的写法：先是1832年5月30日伽罗华决斗身亡，然后是《数学大师》的浪漫笔调激励了年轻人，最后是《数学大师》一书中的的描写。 不仅结构雷同，而且方舟子对《数学大师》一书中段落的选择以及对《数学大师》那“浪漫”的形容也与[2]完全一致。由此再说“公案”的构思是原创就很难说得通了，因为不可能你和人家都恰好读了相同的一段，都觉得很浪漫，都看到了它对年轻人的激励。通过下面对文字的比较我们会看到方舟子的确是看到了[2]的。对人家这么动人的开头方舟子拿来就用，使得读者以为是方舟子看出了《数学大师》的浪漫笔调，以为自己是被方舟子的文字所感动，这不是对读者的欺骗还是什么呢？用方舟子的话说：“何谓创作？就跟research paper一样，必须是真正属于自己的东西是也，即使英雄所见略同，也绝不会大段大段的相似。整段抄别人的，如果不注明，甚至连个引号都不用，在读者看来，自然而然会把它当成你自己的东西，被揭发出来，就是抄袭：第一侵害了原作者，第二欺骗了读者，第三骗取了名声”。我们已经看到了，“公案”前四段的写法抄袭了[2]，接着三段的写法抄袭了[1]，而剩余的三段则是由[1，2，3]中的其它部分拼凑而成。按照方舟子的原则，“公案”当属剽窃无疑。现在回过头来看，“公案”的杂乱无章正是这种拼凑的结果。 虽然结构雷同，但“公案”并不是一字不差地完全照抄我们上面提到的[1，2]的章节。“公案”的做法是以这些章节为基础，再把[1，2，3]中的一些其它细节加进来。这事实上是方诌子科普的标准模式。别人这么做时方舟子曾尖锐地批评：“如此大面积的照抄照搬，即使注明了出处也有剽窃之嫌，更何况对原作者、原文只字不提，以“有关的文章”一语带过，让读者以为是他自己根据原始材料综述而成的，这不是剽窃是什么？我花了许多时间看许多资料费心构思写成的文章，就怎么轻松地像无主之物一般粘贴复制过去，最后加一段感想就成了自己的东西，整个写作过程估计不会超过一个小时，这样的文章未免太好写，这样的教授未免太好当了吧？”如此的义正言辞，可到了方舟子自己抄袭的时侯，这些话就全都无影无踪了。 现在我们来比较一下语句方面的雷同。我们还是先听一听方舟子是怎么指责他人的：“杨雄里院士抄袭的方法，基本上是忠实地翻译，个别地方对语序做了改动，结果反而与原意不符，出现了错误”，“抄袭的痕迹是非常明显的，而且秋实在抄时，故意做了篡改”，“上面这段话，曹文只是把高文略做改动而已，调换了句子顺序而已”。我们想要看看的是这些话能不能用在方舟子身上。因为这部分比较长，所以被附在文章的后面。这里我们只看几个例子（全部来自[1]）。 1832年5月30日清晨，伽罗华在决斗中被击中腹部，被路过的农民送往医院。第二天早晨10点他死于医院，临终前拒绝接受神甫的祈祷，对他的弟弟阿尔佛 雷德说：“不要哭，阿尔佛雷德！我需要全部的勇气在20岁时死去。” On 30 May 1832, early in the morning, he was shot in the abdomen and died the following day at ten in the Cochin hospital (probably of peritonitis) after refusing the offices of a priest. He was 20 years old. His last words to his brother Alfred were: Don't cry, Alfred! I need all my courage to die at twenty. 但是到了1830年，议会中的自由派占了多数，查理十世面临被废黜的危险，于是他在这一年的7月颁布敕令，这激起了街头革命。查理十世被迫逊位，议会推举 路易－菲利浦继承王位。 and by 1830 the opposition liberal party became the majority. Charles, faced with abdication, staged a coup d'état, and issued his notorious July Ordinances, touching off the July Revolution which ended with Louis-Philippe becoming king. 伽罗华高举匕首高呼“为路易－菲利浦国王干杯”，第二天以“企图暗杀国王”的罪名被捕。一个多月后被宣告无罪获释。7月14日“巴士底日”（后来的法国国 庆节）那天，伽罗华身穿炮兵队制服，携带步枪、手枪和匕首，与法律系的学生杜沙特雷一起带领群众在街上示威，再次被捕，被判入狱6个月。1832年4月 29日伽罗华获释。 Galois proposed a toast to King Louis-Philippe with a dagger above his cup, which was interpreted as a threat against the king's life. He was arrested the following day, but was later acquitted on June 15. On the following Bastille Day, Galois was at the head of a protest, wearing the uniform of the disbanded artillery, and came heavily armed with several pistols, a rifle, and a dagger. For this, he was again arrested, this time sentenced to six months in prison for illegally wearing a uniform. He was released on April 29, 1832. 方舟子曾明确指出：“有可能构成语句方面的剽窃的是那些有特异性、有一定的长度的语句，由不同的人来书写会有不同的表述，不可能独立地碰巧写出雷同的句子”。 看了上面的例子，方舟子会说什么呢？ 方舟子对抄袭质疑曾这样回答：“说是“翻译”，就请把我翻译的“原文”给列出来一一做个对比，看我是如何“翻译”的，否则乃是地地道道的无中生有的诽 谤”，“请松鼠会具体地证明我哪篇文章是“直接是英语文章翻过来的”。我指控别人抄袭，都是列出了证据的，... 松鼠会想要反过来指控我抄袭，也应该学着证明之，可别自己抄袭英语文章抄惯了，就想当然地以为别人也难免和你一样”。对这次抄袭质疑，方舟子的这个回答已 经不再管用了。笔者期待方舟子能给出一个更有创意的辩解，以娱乐广大网民。 最后指出“公案”中的一个小错误：“其实她是伽罗华出狱后居住的旅店的医生的女儿”。看了这句话读者肯定会感到奇怪，旅店要医生干什么？WiKi的原文是 the daughter of the physician at the hostel where Galois remained during the final months of his life。如果把hostel当成旅店那是典型的望文生义。在WiKi上查hostel我们可以看到In a few countries, the word hostel sometimes also refers to establishments providing longer-term accommodation (often to specific classes of clientèle such as nurses, students, drug addicts, court defendants on bail) where the hostels are sometimes run by Housing Associations and charities. 如果方舟子认真一点，从[2，3]就可以看到事实上为了避免霍乱伽罗华和其它犯人们被安置到这个hostel(当时伽罗华并未被释放），而那里有个医生。 这个例子也从一个侧面证明了方舟子对他写的这个故事一无所知，因此文章不可能是他的原创。 作为结尾，我们当然还是要再列上几句方舟子的名言： 这种文章，只要读得懂英文就可以写， 像这样翻译外文资料，拼凑起来就当成自己的文章的，在当前中国学界，是并不罕见的现象。 抄了就是抄了，整理不能抄袭文字，你要在美国的话，你会被开除的。当然在中国，天下文章一大抄，你习惯了，就觉得没错。 如果真的只有一小部分抄袭，甚至只抄了一、两段的话，就不能算抄袭吗？答案是否定的。2002年，美国著名历史学家安布罗斯的一本畅销著作被发现有几小段 直接抄自另一位历史学家的著作，虽然他用脚注注明了出处，还是全美舆论大哗，被指控是抄袭。可见，即使注明了出处也必须对引用别人的部分用自己的语言进行 复述，才不会被视为抄袭。 我被人称为“学术打假人士”，整天揭发别人抄袭，如果自己也干抄袭的勾当，这样的“人”是该被分到最卑劣的一群里头去的。 让我们问一下方舟子，你承认你的这篇文章是抄袭之作吗？ 附件 1. 文字的对比 其中最令人心酸的莫过于对在20岁时死于决斗的法国数学天才伽罗华的描写：在决斗的前夜（1832年5月29日晚），伽罗华预料到自己将会死去，通宵达旦 奋笔疾书，与时间赛跑，力图把他的所有数学成果纪录下来，时不时在一旁写下“我没有时间”、“我没有时间”。贝尔说：“他在黎明前那些绝望的最后时刻写下 的东西，将会使一代代数学家忙上几百年。”“他一劳永逸地发现了一个折磨了数学家几个世纪的谜团的答案：在什么条件下一个方程有解？” The most memorable chapter ... describes the life and death of the French mathematician Galois, who was killed in a duel at the age of twenty. ... All night long he had spent the fleeting hours feverishly dashing off his scientific last will and testament, writing against time to glean a few of the great things in his teeming mind before the death he saw could overtake him. Time after time he broke off to scribble in the margin "I have not time; I have not time," and passed on to the next frantically scrawled outline. What he wrote in those last desperate hours before the dawn will keep generations of mathematicians busy for hundreds of years. He had found, once and for all, the true solution of a riddle which had tormented mathematicians for centuries: underwhat conditions can an equation be solved?[2] 《数学大师》的浪漫笔调激励了许多年轻人投身于数学研究，the romantic prose of E.T. Bell's Men of Mathematics, ... has awakened many people of my generation to the beauties of mathematics. ... The legend ... has fired the imagination of generations of mathematics students.[2] 后来的科普文章在介绍伽罗华时也多沿用贝尔的描述。Much of the drama surrounding the legend of his death has been attributed to one source, Eric Temple Bell's Men of Mathematics.[1] 被20世纪著名数学家赫曼•威尔称为“可能是人类全部文献中最重大的一篇文稿”。 Hermann Weyl, one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century, said of this testament, "This letter, if judged by the novelty and profundity of ideas it contains, is perhaps the most substantial piece of writing in the whole literature of mankind."[1] 群论的创建足以使数学家忙上几百年，但并非一夜之间的事。Galois had indeed helped to create a field which would keep mathematicians busy for hundreds of years but not "in those last desperate hours before the dawn."[2] 自17岁起伽罗华就在从事这方面的研究，并写了几篇论文, Galois had been submitting papers on the subject since the age of 17.[2] 他的遗书中的相当篇幅是在为这些论文做注释和更正。至于那句著名的“我没有时间”，则只在遗书手稿的旁边注释中出现了一次：“要完成这个证明还需要做些工 作。我没有时间。” During the course of the night he annotated and made corrections to some of his papers. He comes across a note ... writes directly beneath it: "There are a few things left to be completed in this proof. I have not the time". This famous inscription appears only once [2] 1832年5月30日清晨，伽罗华在决斗中被击中腹部，被路过的农民送往医院。第二天早晨10点他死于医院，临终前拒绝接受神甫的祈祷，对他的弟弟阿尔佛 雷德说：“不要哭，阿尔佛雷德！我需要全部的勇气在20岁时死去。”On 30 May 1832, early in the morning, he was shot in the abdomen and died the following day at ten in the Cochin hospital (probably of peritonitis) after refusing the offices of a priest. He was 20 years old. His last words to his brother Alfred were: Don't cry, Alfred! I need all my courage to die at twenty.[1] Evariste Galois confronted an adversary in a duel to be fought with pistols, and was shot through the stomach. Hours later, lying wounded and alone, Galois was found by a passing peasant. [2] 但是阿尔佛雷德认为他是被谋杀的， Alfred Galois, unjustifiably in his view, did maintain that his older brother was murdered.[2] 他生活在法国历史上一个动荡不安的历史时期。Galois lived during a time of political turmoil in France.[1] 1815年，拿破仑在滑铁卢惨败后，法王路易十八复位，1824年路易十八死后，由其弟弟查理十世继位。The year 1815 saw the famous one hundred days. Napoleon entered Paris on March 20, was defeated at Waterloo on 18 June and abdicated for the second time on 22 June. Louis XVIII was reinstated as King but died in September 1824, Charles X becoming the new King.[3] 但是到了1830年，议会中的自由派占了多数，查理十世面临被废黜的危险，于是他在这一年的7月颁布敕令，这激起了街头革命。查理十世被迫逊位，议会推举 路易－菲利浦继承王位。and by 1830 the opposition liberal party became the majority. Charles, faced with abdication, staged a coup d'état, and issued his notorious July Ordinances, touching off the July Revolution which ended with Louis-Philippe becoming king.[1] “七月革命”爆发时，伽罗华正在巴黎师范学校读书，该校校长为阻止学生上街作战，关闭校门，使伽罗华失去参加革命的机会。伽罗华在报上发表来信攻击校长， 被开除。 The July revolution of 1830 reared its head. The Director of l'Ecole Normale, M. Guigniault, locked the students in so that they would not be able to fight on the streets. Galois ... in doing so missed the revolution. ... Galois saw his chance for attack and jumped into the squabble with a blistering letter to the Gazette des Ecoles. ... the result is what might have been anticipated: Galois was expelled.[2] 在正式被开除之前，伽罗华已离开学校，参加拥护共和的国民卫队炮兵队，Even before his expulsion from Normale was to take effect on January 4, 1831, Galois joined the staunchly Republican artillery unit of the National Guard.[1] 并加入当时最激进的秘密革命组织“人民之友社”。 Galois probably joined the Society of Friends of the People, one of the most extreme republican secret societies [2] 不久，政府解散国民卫队炮兵队，并逮捕其19名军官，指控他们阴谋推翻政府。这些军官后被无罪释放。1831年5月9日，在庆祝这些军官获释的宴会上，伽 罗华高举匕首高呼“为路易－菲利浦国王干杯”，第二天以“企图暗杀国王”的罪名被捕。一个多月后被宣告无罪获释。7月14日“巴士底日”（后来的法国国庆 节）那天，伽罗华身穿炮兵队制服，携带步枪、手枪和匕首，与法律系的学生杜沙特雷一起带领群众在街上示威，再次被捕，被判入狱6个月。1832年4月29 日伽罗华获释，1个月后就迎来了那场致命的决斗。on December 31, 1830,the artillery of the National Guard was disbanded out of fear that they might destabilize the government. At around the same time, nineteen officers of Galois' former unit were arrested and charged with conspiracy to overthrow the government.In April, all nineteen officers were acquitted of all charges, and on May 9, 1831, a banquet was celebrated in their honor, ... Galois proposed a toast to King Louis-Philippe with a dagger above his cup, which was interpreted as a threat against the king's life. He was arrested the following day, but was later acquitted on June 15. On the following Bastille Day, Galois was at the head of a protest, wearing the uniform of the disbanded artillery, and came heavily armed with several pistols, a rifle, and a dagger. For this, he was again arrested, this time sentenced to six months in prison for illegally wearing a uniform. He was released on April 29, 1832 ... A month after his release, on May 30, was Galois' fatal duel. [1] 其实她是伽罗华出狱后居住的旅店的医生的女儿。伽罗华为了她主动挑起决斗。和伽罗华决斗的人是谁？伽罗华在遗书中说约他决斗的是两名“爱国者”。根据大仲 马的回忆录，决斗者是当初被捕的19名军官之一德艾尔宾维尔。但是根据决斗几天后一家报纸的报道，与伽罗华决斗的是和他一起被捕的“人民之友社”成员、他 的好友杜沙特雷。 the woman he was in love with was apparently a certain Mademoiselle Stéphanie-Felicie Poterin du Motel, the daughter of the physician at the hostel where Galois remained during the final months of his life ... and this might have prompted him to provoke the duel himself on her behalf. ... As to his opponent in the duel, Alexandre Dumas names Pescheux d'Herbinville, one of the nineteen artillery officers ... However, Dumas is alone in this assertion, and extant newspaper clippings from only a few days after the duel give a description of his opponent which is inconsistent with d'Herbinville, and more accurately describes one of Galois' Republican friends, most probably Ernest Duchatelet, who was also imprisoned with Galois on the same charges.[1] Galois also writes another, similar letter ... I have been provoked by two patriots [2] 由于是朋友决斗，所以没有采取手枪对射的方式，而是采用“俄罗斯轮盘赌”，用枪口互相顶着对方开枪，其中只有一把枪装着子弹。 because of their old friendship they could not bear to look at one another and left the decision to blind fate. At point-blank range they were each armed with a pistol and fired. Only one pistol was charged ... deciding the outcome by a gruesome version of Russian roulette [2] 第一次是在1829年，在他中学最后一年，提交了关于群论初步研究结果的论文，审稿人是著名数学家柯西。柯西意识到这一论文的重要性，曾在一封信中提及将 在科学院的会议上对之做介绍。但是在那次会议上柯西却只介绍自己的工作。为何柯西没有按计划介绍伽罗华的工作，成了一个谜。有人猜测是因为柯西建议伽罗华 将其研究写成更完整的论文参加科学院的数学大奖赛。伽罗华于1830年2月提交论文参加该大奖赛，寄给当时科学院终身秘书傅立叶，但傅立叶在5月去世，伽 罗华的论文也没了着落。On May 25 and June 1, 1829, while still only 17, he submitted to the Academy his first researches on the solubility of equations of prime degree. Cauchy was appointed referee. ... a letter of Cauchy ...proves that ... he had planned to present them to the Academy in January 1830. ... Cauchy was ... very likely aware of their importance. At the following session on 25 January, however, Cauchy, while presenting his own memoir, did not present Galois's work. Taton hypothesizes that between January 18 and January 25, Cauchy persuaded Galois to combine his researches into a single memoir to be submitted for the Grand Prize in Mathematics, for which the deadline was March 1. Whether or not Cauchy actually made the suggestion cannot yet be proved, but in February Galois did submit such an entry to Fourier in his capacity of perpetual secretary of mathematics and physics for the Academy. ... the death of Fourier on May 16, 1830. Galois's entry could not be found among Fourier's papers. [2] 1831年1月，应泊松的邀请，伽罗华再次向科学院投稿。但泊松又以伽罗华的工作无法理解为由退稿。接到退稿时伽罗华正因政治活动入狱，Simeon Poisson asked him to submit his work on the theory of equations, which he submitted on January 17. Around July 4, Poisson declared Galois' work "incomprehensible", ... the rejection report ... took some time for it to reach Galois, which it finally did in October that year, while he was imprisoned. [1] 在一次酒醉后曾试图用匕首自杀，被同牢犯人制止。While in Sainte-Pélagie prison Galois attempted to commit suicide by stabbing himself with a dagger but the other prisoners prevented him.[3] 有两、三千名共和党人参加了他的葬礼。two or three thousand republicans later attended the funeral[2] 伽罗华被埋在一块普通墓地，很快就被人遗忘，现在已找不到其坟墓。 Galois's body was interred in a common burial ground of which no trace remains today.[2] 附件 2. “公案”的开头： 美国数学家埃里克•坦普尔•贝尔在1937年出版了一部至今还在印刷的科普名著《数学大师》，其中最令人心酸的莫过于对在20岁时死于决斗的法国数学天才 伽罗华的描写：在决斗的前夜（1832年5月29日晚），伽罗华预料到自己将会死去，通宵达旦奋笔疾书，与时间赛跑，力图把他的所有数学成果纪录下来，时 不时在一旁写下“我没有时间”、“我没有时间”。贝尔说：“他在黎明前那些绝望的最后时刻写下的东西，将会使一代代数学家忙上几百年。”“他一劳永逸地发 现了一个折磨了数学家几个世纪的谜团的答案：在什么条件下一个方程有解？” 《数学大师》的浪漫笔调激励了许多年轻人投身于数学研究，甚至成为著名数学家，其中包括诺贝尔经济学奖获得者约翰•纳什。后来的科普文章在介绍伽罗华时也 多沿用贝尔的描述。据称，伽罗华在这一晚写就的几十页手稿开创了数学一个极为重要的分支——群论，被20世纪著名数学家赫曼•威尔称为“可能是人类全部文 献中最重大的一篇文稿”。还有一种说法是，由于伽罗华的不幸早逝，人类数学研究的进展推迟了几十年。 这些描写和评论都是为了增添天才早逝的悲剧色彩的夸大其词。群论的创建足以使数学家忙上几百年，但并非一夜之间的事。自17岁起伽罗华就在从事这方面的研 究，并写了几篇论文，送交法国科学院或在期刊上发表，其中有3篇在1830年发表。他的遗书中的相当篇幅是在为这些论文做注释和更正。至于那句著名的“我 没有时间”，则只在遗书手稿的旁边注释中出现了一次：“要完成这个证明还需要做些工作。我没有时间。” 1832年5月30日清晨，伽罗华在决斗中被击中腹部，被路过的农民送往医院。第二天早晨10点他死于医院，临终前拒绝接受神甫的祈祷，对他的弟弟阿尔佛 雷德说：“不要哭，阿尔佛雷德！我需要全部的勇气在20岁时死去。”按照伽罗华在决斗前夕留下的遗书中的说法，他是做为“一个下流的风骚女人的牺牲品”而 死去的，但是阿尔佛雷德认为他是被谋杀的，后来也有很多人怀疑这是一个保王党清除激进的共和党人的政治阴谋。 [2] 的开头： In Paris, on the obscure morning of May 30, 1832, near a pond not far from the pension Sieur Faultrier, Evariste Galois confronted an adversary in a duel to be fought with pistols, and was shot through the stomach. Hours later, lying wounded and alone, Galois was found by a passing peasant. He was taken to the Hospital Cochin where he died the following day in the arms of his brother Alfred, after having refused the services of a priest. Had Galois lived another five months, until October 25, he would have attained the age of twenty-one. The legend of Evariste Galois, one of the creators of group theory, has fired the imagination of generations of mathematics students. Many of us have experienced the excitement of Freeman Dyson who writes: In those days, my head was full of the romantic prose of E.T. Bell's Men of Mathematics, a collection of biographies of the great mathematicians. This is a splendid book for a young boy to read (unfortunately, there is not much in it to inspire a girl, with Sonya Kovalevsky allotted only half a chapter), and it has awakened many people of my generation to the beauties of mathematics. The most memorable chapter is called "Genius and Stupidity" and describes the life and death of the French mathematician Galois, who was killed in a duel at the age of twenty. Dyson goes on to quote Bell's famous description of Galois's last night before the duel: All night long he had spent the fleeting hours feverishly dashing off his scientific last will and testament, writing against time to glean a few of the great things in his teeming mind before the death he saw could overtake him. Time after time he broke off to scribble in the margin "I have not time; I have not time," and passed on to the next frantically scrawled outline. What he wrote in those last desperate hours before the dawn will keep generations of mathematicians busy for hundreds of years. He had found, once and for all, the true solution of a riddle which had tormented mathematicians for centuries: under what conditions can an equation be solved?         Edited 1 time(s). Last edit at 01/06/2011 07:47AM by 亦明. 打开附件(190.9 KB)   打开附件(101.1 KB)   打开附件(47 KB)

0%(0)

0%(0)

	标 题 (必选项): 内 容 (选填项):

	实用资讯