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第一封公開信
送交者: 亦明_ 2022月05月17日14:18:55 於 [教育學術] 發送悄悄話
回  答: 就方舟子剽竊科唬等問題給《新華每日電訊》的八封公開信亦明_ 於 2022-05-17 12:20:11

給《新華每日電訊》總編輯解國記先生的一封公開信

 

 

201274

 

【摘要】

 

綜述20127月以前方舟子在《新華每日電訊》上發表的文章中存在的抄襲剽竊、科唬欺詐問題,向《新華每日電訊》正式實名舉報。

 

【目錄】

 

一、抄襲剽竊

二、販賣無知

三、為利益集團背書

四、假公濟私

五、結論

六、參考文獻

附錄1:方舟子在《新華每日電訊》上發表的六篇抄襲剽竊文章

附錄2:相關網頁截圖

 

***   ***   ***   ***   ***   ***

 

 

尊敬的解國記先生:

 

眾所周知,方舟子是貴報的專欄作家,定期在貴報《草地周刊》發表科普文章。至今,方舟子已經在貴報發表了五十多篇文章。事實是,這五十餘篇文章幾乎每篇都存在着極為嚴重科學問題和道德問題。歸納起來,這些問題可以分為以下四大類:抄襲剽竊、販賣無知、為利益集團背書、假公濟私。分述如下。

 

一、抄襲剽竊

 

大量事實證明,方舟子是整個人類歷史上最大的抄襲剽竊慣犯,其抄襲剽竊歷史始於他的中學時代,並且一直持續至今。目前已經得到證實的方舟子抄襲剽竊案例已經接近百起,這些剽竊文章被方舟子在中國平面媒體上發表了約二百餘次。不僅如此,方舟子還是世界上最大的侵權盜版罪犯,至今盜竊圖片將近兩千餘幅。【1實際上,《中國青年報》之所以在20109月將方舟子一腳踢出門外,就與他在該報發表了大量的抄襲剽竊文章有關。【2】也就是說,《新華每日電訊》是文賊方舟子目前唯一的銷贓渠道。

 

據不完全查證,在過去不到一年的時間裡,方舟子在《新華每日電訊》至少發表了以下六篇抄襲剽竊之作(見下表。詳細論證參見本文附錄)。

 

方舟子在《新華每日電訊》上發表的剽竊文章

標題

新華網上線時間

鼻子才是品嘗美食的最重要器官

[2012-06-08 07:39]

人類喜歡腿長,為美更為健康

[2012-06-01 07:58]

身高的煩惱

[2012-05-11 07:06]

飽生男餓生女?

[2012-04-06 07:41]

我們為什麼會打噴嚏

[2012-02-17 06:08]

新“三人行”:德先生賽先生,還有李先生

[2011-07-15 07:35]

 

由於方舟子自稱靠寫科普文章為生,而《新華每日電訊》又是目前唯一向方舟子提供專欄的媒體,因此可以說,《新華每日電訊》是方舟子盜竊犯罪、非法銷贓的集散地。

 

二、販賣無知

 

《新華每日電訊》為方舟子打出的招牌是“知名科普作家”。但事實是,方舟子在大學本科學的是細胞生物學,博士研究生時期學的是生物化學,而他 “科普”出醜最多的領域,恰恰就是他的所學專業。所以,早在十多年前他剛剛獲得博士學位之際,方舟子就被海外網友蔑稱為“豬油博士”。【3】也就是因為如此,儘管中國不良媒體竭力把方舟子捧為無所不知,儘管毫無羞恥的方舟子在中國社會冒充無所不能,但他卻一直不敢“科普”自己的所學專業。可想而知,這樣一個連自己所學專業都懵懵懂懂之人,在“科普”三教九流、五行八作的知識之時,會是怎樣的捉襟見肘,醜態百出。詳細論述方舟子在《新華每日電訊》上到底販賣了多少無知,需要大量的篇幅,也沒有這個必要。就在兩天前,光明網就發表了美國依阿華大學廖俊林博士的文章,指出方舟子兩個月前在《新華每日電訊》上發表的《當你被蚊子叮上》含有14條知識性錯誤。【4】而早在201110月,廖俊林博士還曾發表文章,揭露方舟子在《傑斐遜的化石》一文中販賣的13條錯誤。【5】事實是,揭露方舟子販賣無知的文章,在網絡上多如牛毛,俯拾皆是,而《新華每日電訊》這家自稱的“中央級新銳主流大報”卻在不斷地向中國社會傾倒科學垃圾。

 

三、為利益集團背書

 

筆者早就指出,方舟子販賣的無知之中,有真無知和假無知兩種。所謂真無知,就是因為學識淺薄不懂裝懂,對自己所談論的問題確實無知,所以方舟子才會把錯誤的、過時的、甚至偽造的知識當作真知抄襲過來,到《新華每日電訊》或其他報刊兌換稿費。所謂假無知,則是方舟子為了不可告人的邪惡目的,故意顛倒黑白,裝瘋賣傻,以售其奸。最典型的例子就是他通過造謠、撒謊、弄虛作假、胡編亂造在中國社會鼓吹轉基因食品。【6】而最可顯示其喪心病狂的就是,方舟子一面使用一套獨特的邏輯來推銷轉基因食品(如不需人體實驗就可以“證明”轉基因食品無毒、無害、有益健康),一面卻使用另一套相反的邏輯來瘋狂反中醫(如要求有幾千年臨床實踐的中醫藥都必須通過“科學檢驗”,並且是雙盲檢驗)。實際上,除了瘋狂推銷轉基因和瘋狂反中醫之外,方舟子還是中國乃至整個世界上唯一為毒膠囊、為瘦肉精、為核輻射站台的“科普作家”。看看他在《新華每日電訊》上的這些“業績”:

 

方舟子在《新華每日電訊》販賣毒品的科唬文章

標題

新華網上線時間

環保玉米與環保豬

[2012-04-20 07:55]

日常生活中的輻射對人體有害嗎?

[2012-01-20 07:18] 

青蒿素熱中的冷思考

[2011-09-30 06:59]

別膨大了食品安全問題

[2011-05-27 07:41] 

反對轉基因作物可以,但得以理服人

[2011-05-13 07:01] 

中藥揚威海外神話的破滅

[2011-04-15 07:51] 

有沒有合法安全的瘦肉精

[2011-04-01 07:40] 

鹽荒說”“服碘說”,流言謬在哪裡

[2011-03-18 07:33]

藥物安全監管應該與國際接軌

[2011-02-25 07:23]

 

一個人如果不是邪惡透頂,怎麼會這樣?反過來說,有“中央級新銳主流大報”給這樣的邪惡之徒提供作惡的舞台,他能不“知名”嗎?

 

四、假公濟私

 

方舟子雖然被中國媒體捧為“打假鬥士”,但實際上他本人是中國歷史上最大的假貨。關於這一點,現在已經無需證明了。而這位自稱的“無業游民”,卻極為擅長利用公權來達到自己私人的邪惡目的,其主要手段和渠道,就是在自己的專欄中,發表於自己有利、於自己的對手和死敵不利、甚至直接攻擊對手的文章。比如,2010年底,方舟子早年抄襲美國母校教授的劣跡被揭,他於是就一面通過大打別人抄襲來轉移公眾視線【7】,一面在《新華每日電訊》上發表《抄襲的境界》一文,以重塑自己的“打假鬥士”金身。可是,兩個月剛過,他的老婆、新華社主任記者劉菊花碩士學位論文抄襲醜聞大曝光。無論按照什麼“境界”來界定,這樁抄襲案都是鐵板釘釘。問題是,劉菊花不僅是方舟子的衣食父母,而且還是他的後台二老板,按照方舟子自己所說,打她的假會“給我的生活帶來麻煩”。【8】因此,方舟子就在2011429日的《新華每日電訊》上發表文章,叫囂《大學生不必寫畢業論文》,意思不外是說,他老婆抄襲是“被逼出來的”。【9】也就是說,在《新華每日電訊》這份“中央級新銳主流大報”上,方舟子可以隨心所欲,左右互搏。

 

實際上,就像他曾經利用《中國青年報》、《北京科技報》、《科學新聞》、《南方周末》等報刊公報私仇一樣,《新華每日電訊》也是他打擊仇敵的棍棒。今年五月,因為他打韓寒“代筆門”打得山窮水盡,進退維谷,他於是又一手炮製了韓寒的“身高門”,並且藉機在《新華每日電訊》上發表《身高的煩惱》、《“增高產品”揭秘》這樣的文章,其實質,就是要把輿論向質疑韓寒身高這方面引導,同時要向社會證明,他本人是這方面的專家。真是邪惡成性!

 

五、結論

 

任何一個人,只要犯下上述四條之中的任何一條,都會被有良知的媒體和社會所唾棄。而實際上,方舟子四毒俱全,並且毒入膏肓。因此,無論使用什麼樣的標準來衡量,方舟子都沒有資格(包括學術資格和道德資格)在《新華每日電訊》這份“中央級新銳主流大報”上擔任專欄作家——他也根本不具備那樣的能力。從另一個角度來講,《新華每日電訊》這份“中央級新銳主流大報”沒有任何理由、也沒有任何權力為方舟子這個社會敗類敗壞人類社會充當幫凶。因此,本人強烈建議《新華每日電訊》關閉方舟子在貴報的專欄,並且檢討自己的失職,向社會做出鄭重道歉。

 

兩個多月前,我曾對《南方周末》說過這樣的話:

 

“當然,對於上述質疑,《南方周末》如果選擇沉默,世人對他也奈何不得。但是,恰如《南方周末》的一篇倒汪文章的標題所說:‘誰都有權沉默,但必須承擔代價’。(見201092日《南方周末》,http://www.infzm.com/content/49657)。而對於《南方周末》來說,保持沉默、拒不回答質疑的代價就是自己口口聲聲的‘公信力’的完全喪失和徹底破產。”【10

 

這樣的話,對《新華每日電訊》同樣適用:作惡可以,但必須承擔後果!

 

順祝編安!

 

 

葛莘

美國南卡羅萊納州哥倫比亞市

 

抄送:《新華每日電訊·草地周刊》主編田朝暉

 

 

六、參考文獻

 

1】亦明:《方舟子抄襲剽竊年譜》,中國學術評價網,201133日。

 

2】亦明:《方舟子與〈中國青年報〉邪惡同盟的終結》,中國學術評價網,2010105日。

 

3】亦明:《方舟子與〈中國青年報〉邪惡同盟之終結·當一個無知被捧為全知》,中國學術評價網,2011112日。

 

4】廖俊林:《看方舟子如此的蚊子科普》,光明網衛生頻道,2012-07-04 12:06

 

【5】尋正:《清風不識字,何故亂翻書》,原載科學網廖俊林的博客,20111019日;轉載見《新語絲偽打假真造假罪證大全》。

 

6】亦明:《科唬作家方舟子》,中國學術評價網,2010127日。

 

7】亦明:《方舟子為什麼狂咬朱學勤?》,中國學術評價網,2012425日。

 

8】見新語絲讀書論壇:2011-05-03, 16:39:52

 

【9】袁春宇:《打假鬥士方舟子昨走進我省高校回應“抄襲門”、“遇襲門”,處處話藏機鋒:本科生沒必要寫原創論文》,2011年4月9《錢江晚報》;方舟子將之改題為《方舟子杭州演講:學生造假有時候是被逼出來的》發表在201149日新語絲新到資料。

 

10】亦明:《〈南方周末〉為什麼要陷害肖傳國?》,中國學術評價網2012422日。

 

 

附錄1:方舟子在《新華每日電訊》上發表的六篇抄襲剽竊文章

 

 

【1】2011年7月15日,方舟子在《新華每日電訊》上發表《新“三人行”:德先生賽先生,還有李先生》一文。該文三天后以《科學與自由的交融》為題在新語絲網站和方舟子新浪博客上發表。7月19日,美國《科學》雜誌撰稿人、方舟子的長期支持者郝炘在科學網博客上發表文章,《方舟子這樣寫文章不好》,指控方舟子這篇文章涉嫌抄襲美國作家Timonthy Ferris

 

22012217日,方舟子在《新華每日電訊》發表《我們為什麼會打噴嚏?》一文515日,未名空間網友發帖子指出,這篇文章是抄襲之作,抄襲的鐵證就是“原文中的這只是我的觀點(But that is just my opinion)一句被刪除,被方舟子當作真理科普了。”(原文鏈接已經失效,網頁複製見附件《跟着方舟子學抄襲》)。

 

3201246日,方舟子在《新華每日電訊》發表《飽生男餓生女》一文(該文已被《新華每日電訊》網站刪除)。423日,該文在新語絲網站和方舟子新浪博客上發表。同日,網友白字秀才發表文章指出,這是一篇充滿無知的科唬文章,並且含有大量自我抄襲的文字。(白字秀才:《方舟子的一篇自我剽竊、粗製濫造、邏輯混亂的科普》,2012423日星湖沙龍。原文鏈接已經失效,網頁複製見附件《跟着方舟子學抄襲》,或見凱迪網絡轉載:《方舟子的一篇自我剽竊、粗製濫造、邏輯混亂的科普》)。

 

42012511日,方舟子在《新華每日電訊》發表《身高的煩惱》。次日,這篇文章出現在他的新浪博客上(註:20141021日前後被關閉)。13日,未名空間網友G99991揭露,這是抄襲之作(G99991:《跟着方舟子學抄襲》。原文鏈接已經失效)。下面是G99991所作的比較:

 

方舟子:身高的這種增長趨勢,與營養的改善有關。生長最迅速的時期是新生兒和嬰兒時期(02歲),其次是青春期早期(女孩1112歲,男孩1314歲),這兩個時期的營養狀況對身高至關重要。但是一個人的身高同時也受遺傳因素的影響,父母身材比較高的,其子女往往也比較高。那麼先天的遺傳因素和後天的環境因素對身材高低的影響哪個更重要呢?我們可以通過統計親屬(特別是孿生子)的身高計算出遺傳因素所占的比重。如果在一個人群,所有的人都能獲得生長所需的足夠營養,那麼影響身高差異的主要是遺傳因素,例如美國人的身高80%受遺傳因素的影響

維基百科Humans grow fastest (other than in the womb) as infants and toddlers, rapidly declining from a maximum at birth to roughly age 2, tapering to a slowly declining rate, and then during the pubertal growth spurt, a rapid rise to a second maxima (at around 11–12 years for female, and 13–14 years for male), followed by a steady decline to zero. On average, female growth velocity trails off to zero at about 15 or 16 years, whereas the male curve continues for approximately 3 more years, going to zero at about 18–20. These are also critical periods where stressors such as malnutrition (or even severe child neglect) have the greatest effect.


方舟子:例如中國男人的身高65%受遺傳因素影響,中國女人的身高則60%受遺傳因素影響

 

《科學美國人》:For example, in 2004 Miao-Xin Li of Hunan Normal University in China and his colleagues estimated a height heritability of 65 percent, based on a Chinese population of 385 families. (見:Chao-Qiang Lai. How much of human height is genetic and how much is due to nutrition? Scientific American, December 11, 2006.)【註:這篇文章是上面維基百科“身高”辭條引用的一篇文獻。】

 

方舟子:假定一個身高1.75米的中國男子和一個身高1.65米的中國女子結婚,如果生的是兒子,我們可以預測遺傳因素會讓他比平均身高高出0.65x[(175-170)+(165-160)]/2=3.25厘米,如果生的是女兒的話,則是0.6x[(175-170)+(165-160)]/2=3厘米。環境因素有可能會讓兒子再高出0.35x[(175170)+(165-160)]/2=1.75厘米,女兒高出0.4x[(175-170)+(165-160)]/2=2厘米。當然這只是平均值,實際情形會有所差異。如果加強營養,則有可能讓子女長得比父母高。影響身高的最重要的營養素是蛋白質,其次是鈣等礦物質和維生素DA

 

《科學美國人》:For example, say a man 175 cm tall marries a woman 165 cm tall, and both
are from a Chinese population with a population mean of 170 cm for men and 160 cm for women. We can predict the height of their children, assuming the heritability is 65 percent for men and 60 percent for women in this population. For a son, the expected height difference from the population mean is: 0.65 x [(175 - 170) + (165 - 160)] / 2, which equals 3.25cm; for a daughter, the difference is 0.6 x [(175 - 170) + (165 - 160)] / 2,which equals 3 cm. Thus, the expected height of a son is 170 + 3.2, or 173.2cm, and of a daughter 160 + 3, or 163 cm. On the other hand, environmental effects can add 1.75 cm to a son's height: 0.35 x [(175 - 170) + (165 - 160)] /2, and 2 cm to a daughter's: 0.4 x [(175 - 170) + (165 - 160)] / 2. Of course, these predictions only reflect the mean expected height for each of the two siblings (brothers and sisters); the actual observed height may be different. (見:Chao-Qiang Lai.
How much of human height is genetic and how much is due to nutrition?

 

方舟子:如果加強營養,則有可能讓子女長得比父母高。影響身高的最重要的營養素是蛋白質,其次是鈣等礦物質和維生素DA

 

《科學美國人》:Can special treatment and nutrient supplements increase the height further?
The answer is yes. The most important nutrient for final height is protein in childhood. Minerals, in particular calcium, and vitamins A and D also influence height. (見:Chao-Qiang Lai.
How much of human height is genetic and how much is due to nutrition?

 

5201261日,方舟子在《新華每日電訊》發表《人類喜歡腿長,為美更為健康》一文。68日,這篇文章發表在他的和訊博客新浪博客上(註:該博客於20141021日前後被關閉),方舟子並且在在新浪微博為這篇文章打廣告、發長微博。方舟子在新浪微博打廣告之後兩個多小時,網友“相聲說交大”就發微博指出:

 

“方舟子的科普,不過是翻譯一些外國的文獻(節選)。它剛剛發的博文#人們為什麼愛美腿#,是抄襲的2010年的一篇外國論文Leg Length, Body Proportion, and Healthy: A Review with a Note on Beauty.”(註:該微博已被刪除。)

 

“相聲說交大”沒有做出方舟子抄襲的文字比較,下面是筆者根據這個線索做的對比 (“Leg Length, Body Proportion, and Healthy: A Review with a Note on Beauty”一文的作者是英國Loughborough University的科學家,Barry Bogin * and Maria Inês Varela-Silva,文章發表在Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7, 1047-1075):

 

方舟子:達·芬奇畫過一幅著名的人體比例圖,代表着西方傳統美術對標準人體的看法,作為人體繪畫、雕塑的參考。比如,一個人的身高等於8個頭長。

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaBuilding on the work of Vitruvius, a first century B.C. Roman architect and writer, Leonardo da Vinci (b1452-d1519) developed canons, or rules, for drawing human proportions. According to these canons, human body height is to be the length of eight heads, with an additional one-quarter head for neck length. Leg length is to be four head lengths. Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man (c. 1487) is the iconic illustration of the canons.

 

方舟子:人剛出生的時候,都是大頭娃娃,頭長占了身長的約四分之一;也是短腿娃娃,腿長也只有身長的約四分之一。隨着年齡的增長,身體的發育,頭部相對越來越短,腿部相對越來越長,到成年時,腿長約占了身高的二分之一。

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaHuman adult body proportions are brought about by differential growth of the body segments [21]. At birth, head length is approximately one quarter of total body length, while at 25 years of age the head is only approximately one-eighth of the total length.

 

方舟子:在這個發育過程中,不僅遺傳因素,營養狀況、疾病等因素都會影響到腿部骨骼的生長,從而影響到腿長。腿身比或腿長是判斷兒童營養和發育狀況的一個容易測定的指標。生活條件好的兒童,他們的腿相對較長,反之,生活條件差的兒童則腿相對較短

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaHuman growth is highly plastic during the years of growth and development, responding to the overall quality of living conditions [11]. From the perspective of developmental plasticity, leg length, both in terms of absolute size and relative to total stature, is an indicator of the quality of the environment for growth during infancy, childhood and the juvenile years of development.

 

方舟子:比較在美國出生的瑪雅人和危地馬拉的瑪雅人,發現身高高了11.54厘米,腿長長了6.83厘米,也就是說,身高的增長有大約60%是腿增長引起的

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaLeg length is a sensitive indicator of the quality of the environment. Maya children in the USA show relatively longer legs in proportion to stature than their counterparts in Guatemala. By 2000, Maya migrants to the USA were 11.54 cm taller and 6.83 cm longer-legged than Maya children in Guatemala.

 

方舟子:即使對成年人而言,腿長也與健康狀況有關。腿較長的人得冠心病、糖尿病、高血壓、肝臟疾病、肥胖的風險也相對較低。

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaRelatively shorter legs and shorter stature due to relatively shorter legs may increase the risk for overweight (fatness), coronary heart disease and diabetes [103,112,122-125]. These same proportions are associated with liver dysfunction (increased levels of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase) [126].

 

方舟子:在20052006年,對近萬名50歲以上中國人的調查發現,在消除了年齡、經濟狀況、教育等因素後,腿較長的婦女的後代數量也更多,而男人則沒有這種情況。這表明女性的腿長可能與生育能力有關。身材高的婦女骨盆也比較寬,這有助於生育,減少難產的風險

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaThere are complications in the relationship between LL, health, SES, and better environments for growth. One such complication is noted by Schooling et al. [131,132] in an analysis of a cross-sectional sample from of 9998 Chinese people aged at least 50 years old and measured in 2005–2006. SH and H were measured and LL estimated as H-SH. The growth environment for the 50+ year old adults was estimated via a questionnaire asking about own education, father’s occupation, parental literacy, and parental possessions. The authors find that leg length and height, but not sitting height, vary with some childhood conditions. Participants with two literate parents who owned more possessions have longer legs. Unexpectedly, the participants’ education level and their father’s occupation have no effect on height or leg length. Higher scores for these variables do associate with an earlier age at menarche for women participants. The authors explain that earlier menarche for girls, and earlier puberty for boys, will terminate growth at an earlier age. This may explain why higher SES of the participants and their parents, as measured by education and father’s occupation, did not associate with longer LL. That parental literacy and possessions did associate with LL indicates that researchers must focus on factors that are socially and historically relevant to the population under study, rather than a generic measure of SES.

 

Leg length and proportion are important in the perception of human beauty, which is often considered a sign of health and fertility

 

方舟子:如果我們把人和類人猿相比,會發現人類的腿相對較長,而手(前肢)相對較短。相對於前肢骨頭長度,人的腿部骨頭平均來說比類人猿長了34%。長腿是人類的特徵,這個特徵在400多萬年前人類祖先與黑猩猩祖先分手時就已經出現了。當時人類開始了直立行走,而只有當腿相對較長,長度達到約占身高的二分之一時, 直立行走、奔跑的效率才會最高,才有更好的生存能力

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaThe human species is distinguished from the non-human primates by several anatomical features. Among these are proportions of the arms and legs relative to total body length. The human difference is illustrated in Figure 5. In proportion to total body length, measured as stature, modern human adults have relatively long legs and short arms. Quantitative differences between adult humans, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are given in Table 1. The combined values for the intermembral index and the humerofemoral index show that humans have leg bones averaging 34% longer then the non-human apes, relative to the length of arm bones. The primary reason for this is human bipedal locomotion, a behavior which evolved at least by 4.4 million years ago (MYA), as shown in the fossil hominin species Ardipithecus ramidus. Leg length must approximate 50 percent of total stature to achieve the biomechanical efficiency of the human striding bipedal gait. In modern humans this happens at the end of the childhood life history stage, which occurs at about 7.0 years of age [11]. By adulthood, human species-specific body proportions allow for not only the bipedal striding gait, but also—as has been observed, experimentally tested, or speculatively proposed—for technological manipulation [12], more efficient thermoregulation in a tropical savannah environment [13-16], the freeing of the hands for carrying objects and infants [17], for long distance running [18], and for gesticulation, communication, language, and social-emotional contact [19].

 

實際上,方舟子還抄襲了另外一篇文章:Piotr Sorokowski. 2010. Attractiveness of Legs Length in Poland and Great Britain.  J Hum Ecol, 31(3): 145-149.

 

方舟子:女模特的平均身高不僅高於一般女性,腿長也相對較長。例如,波蘭女模特的平均身高比普通波蘭婦女高出7.93厘米,腿長則高出6.54厘米。這還不夠。美工在製作廣告時,往往還要把畫上的模特的腿加工得長一點

 

Piotr SorokowskiUntil now, the LBR preferences were investigated only in a few countries. The preference for proportionately longer-legged individuals might therefore be a phenomenon specific to Western cultures. For example, it could be a result of exposure to media images in which women with relatively longer legs are presented as more attractive (as e.g. the preferences for thinness and fatness of a body – Feldman et al. 1988). Sorokowski (2009) found that female models (N=86) were 7.93 centimeters taller than the average Polish women. Moreover, the models had legs 6.53 cm longer than the average students of the University of Wroclaw (N=200).

 

方舟子:有一些調查也發現,長腿會被認為比較性感。例如,拿一個人的照片,改變其腿部的長度,然後讓人對其性感程度打分。腿縮短或過分延長的照片得分較低,得分最高的是稍微延長一些的(比原來長5%)。其他一些調查也發現,女性的腿身比(腿長和身高的比例)較高時,也就是腿部相對較長時,會被認為是比較有吸引力的。男性這點倒不明顯。不過,有研究發現,不管是男性還是女性,腿身比低於平均值,也就是腿長相對比一般人短的,都被認為是比較沒有吸引力的

 

Piotr SorokowskiSwami et al. (2006) examined 71 British students. The results showed that the highest LBR was rated as most attractive in women, whereas in men the lowest LBR was preferred. Sorokowski and Pawlowski (2008) examined 218 Polish people. Their results showed that pictures of both males and females with legs shorter than average were perceived as less attractive. Although longer legs appeared to be more attractive, this was true only for the slight (5%) leg length increase; excessively long legs decreased body attractiveness for both sexes.

 

6201268日,方舟子在《新華每日電訊》發表《鼻子才是品嘗美食的最重要器官》。612日,方舟子將這篇文章以《我們怎麼品嘗食物的味道?》為題,發表在自己的和訊博客新浪博客上發表,並且在新浪微博上打廣告方舟子微博廣告發出之後三個小時,網友“相聲說交大”就發微博指控方舟子抄襲:

 

@方舟子抄襲新作#我們怎麼品嘗食物的味道#這次不去抄襲別人的學術論文,而是去抄襲人家加迪夫大學生物系的一個科普介紹。難道科普就是可以抄襲的麼?”(註:該微博已被刪除。)

 

“相聲說交大”沒有做出方舟子抄襲的文字比較,下面是筆者根據這個線索做的對比(註:“相聲說交大” 所說的“加迪夫大學生物系的一個科普介紹”為英國Cardiff University生物科學教授Tim Jacob編輯的關於味覺和嗅覺的網頁,內容十分豐富,並且列有參考文獻。由於方舟子抄襲了內容分散在兩個網頁,並且還抄襲了維基百科,筆者在每段之後給出該段文字的鏈接。)

 

方舟子:一種食物的滋味,是由氣味、味道、口感、溫度等多方面綜合而成的,其中最重要的不是味道,而是氣味。被我們說成味道的東西其實百分之八、九十來自香味。這些香味是揮發性的氣體,它們從鼻孔或嘴巴飄進鼻腔,一直飄到鼻子根部、眼睛下面,和那裡的嗅覺受體結合,產生了嗅覺。如果沒有香味的話,你將無法分辨很多食物,更不要說品嘗美食。不信的話,捏緊鼻子,閉上眼睛,你會發現你甚至分不清茶和咖啡,分辨不出剁碎的洋蔥和剁碎的蘋果。感冒後覺得吃什麼東西都沒有味道,不是因為像民間所說的舌苔厚,而是因為鼻子不通,嗅覺不靈。鼻子才是我們欣賞美食的最重要器官。

 

Tim JacobWhat we refer to as taste is actually flavour. Flavour is a combination of taste and smell sensory information.

 

"As much as 80% of what we call "taste" actually is aroma" (Dr Susan Schiffman quoted in Chicago Tribune, 3 May 1990)

 

"Ninety percent of what is perceived as taste is actually smell" (Dr Alan Hirsch of the Taste Treatment and Research Foundation in Chicago, quoted in MX, Melbourne, Australia, 28 Jan 2003).

 

Smell is more sensitive than taste: threshold for sucrose (taste) is between 12 and 30mM (millimolar) depending upon test used. Strychnine is a very powerful taste (apparently), and can be tasted at 10-6M (one micromolar). As for smell, mercaptan can be detected at 7x10-13Molar. Taking into account the relative volumes needed for taste and smell (you sniff a greater volume of air than you taste a liquid), smell is 10,000 times more sensitive than taste (Moncrieff, R.W.The Chemical Senses", 3rd ed., Leonard Hill, London, 1967.)

 

Taste is mainly smell. Hold your nose, close your eyes, and try to tell the difference between coffee or tea, red or white wine, brandy or whisky. In fact, with blocked nose (clothes peg or similar) you can't tell the difference between grated apple and grated onion - try it! Of course, this is because what we often call taste is in fact flavour. Flavour is a combination of taste, smell, texture (touch sensation) and other physical features (eg. temperature).

(見:Strange taste facts.)。

 

方舟子:我們的嗅覺要比味覺敏感得多,要敏感一萬倍。我們能分辨的氣味種類也要比味道種類多得多。基本的味道只有五種,即酸、甜、苦、咸、鮮(辣並不是一種味道,而是一種灼熱痛覺)。而氣味通常估計有4千到1萬種,而事實上沒有兩種物質具有完全相同的氣味,在理論上我們能夠分辨的氣味種類是無限的。

 

Tim JacobYou will read in the literature that we can smell between 4,000 and 10,000 different odours. In fact, no two substances smell exactly alike and the current understanding of smell discrimination means that there is an infinite number of odours to which we would be sensitive.

(見:Odour code.

 

方舟子:即使是對味覺的感受,也不限於舌尖,甚至不限於舌頭。只要有味蕾的地方,就能感受到味道。味蕾不僅分布在舌頭的各個部分,而且還分布在軟齶(齶的後)和會厭(舌根後方的小舌頭),這些地方都能感受味道。

 

Tim JacobIn mammals taste buds are located throughout the oral cavity, in the pharynx, the laryngeal epiglottis and at the entrance of the eosophagus. Taste buds on the dorsal lingual epithelium are the most numerous (total number of taste buds, all classes, = 4600 per tongue) and best-studied taste end-organs. Here, taste buds are contained within four major classes of papillae.

(見:Anatomy and Physiology of Gustation.

 

方舟子:有一種很流行的說法,認為舌頭的不同部位感受不同的味道,舌尖感受甜味,舌尖兩側感受鹹味,舌體兩側感受酸味,舌根感受苦味。這種說法已流傳了一百多年,被寫入了教材,但是卻是錯誤的,很容易證偽:你可以自己往舌尖上放一點食鹽試試,同樣會覺得很咸。事實上舌頭的各個部位都能感受五種基本味道。至於舌頭的不同部位對不同味道的敏感程度是否不一樣,目前還沒有定論,即使有差異,也與流行的說法不一致。有一項實驗表明,舌頭各個部位以及軟齶對甜味、鹹味和苦味的敏感性並無區別,軟齶對酸味的敏感性不如舌尖,而男人的軟齶對酸味的敏感性甚至還不如舌根。

 

維基百科The tongue map or taste map is a common misconception that different sections of the tongue are exclusively responsible for different basic tastes. It is illustrated with a schematic map of the tongue, with certain parts of the tongue labeled for each taste. Although widely taught in schools, this was scientifically disproven by later research; all taste sensations come from all regions of the tongue, although parts may be more sensitive to certain flavors.

 

方舟子:不同的人對味道的敏感性也存在差異。1931年,杜邦公司的化學家亞瑟·福克斯在實驗室里合成苯硫脲,不小心把它吹到空中。旁邊一位同事抱怨說這東西嘗起來真苦,而福克斯自己卻沒有任何感覺。福克斯也讓親戚、朋友都來嘗嘗苯硫脲,發現有的能嘗出苦味,有的不能。隨後的研究發現能否嘗出苯硫脲的味道是基因決定的。

 

維基百科In 1931, A.L. Fox, a DuPont chemist, discovered that some individuals found phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) to be bitter while others found it tasteless.[4][5] At the 1931 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fox collaborated with Blakeslee (a geneticist) to have attendees taste PTC: 65% found it bitter, 28% found it tasteless and 6% described other taste qualities. Subsequent work revealed that the ability to taste PTC was genetic in nature.

 

方舟子:我們現在知道,那些不能嘗出苯硫脲的苦味的人,他們舌頭上的味覺乳頭要比一般人少(每平方厘米有117個味覺乳頭)。這些無品味者在人口中大約占25%。正常品味者的舌頭每平方厘米有127個味覺乳頭,他們占了人口的約50%。剩下的25%的人屬於超級品味者,他們的舌頭每平方厘米有165個味覺乳頭,對味道非常敏感。對味道的敏感程度會影響到一個人的生活習慣。超級品味者會覺得一些蔬菜的味道苦得難以入口,所以他們往往不喜歡吃蔬菜。

 

Tim JacobIt has been found that some people have more than the normal number of taste papillae (and taste buds). They are distinguished by their increased density of fungiform papillae and their exterme sensitivity to the chemical n-propylthiouracil (PROP). Supertasters - 25% of the population (and more women than men) - tend not to like green vegetables and fatty foods.

 


% of   population

*density of   taste papillae cm-2

supertasters

25

165

normal tasters

50

127

non-tasters

25

117

* at the tip of the tongue (from Yackinous & Guinard, Appetite (2000) 38, 201-209).

(見:Supertasters.

 

方舟子:基本味道雖然只有五種,但這五種味道卻分別代表着對我們的身體有益或有害的東西,與我們的身體健康甚至生命安全息息相關。我們喜歡甜味,因為那是糖的味道,而糖能為我們提供生命活動所需要的能量,對一食難求的我們的祖先來說,這種能量是多多益善的,所以我們對甜味的喜愛幾乎是沒有止境的,只有在食物過剩的現代社會這才成了問題。我們喜歡鮮味,因為那是穀氨酸的味道,有它,就意味着對我們的營養至關重要的蛋白質。我們喜歡鹹味,因為那是鈉離子的味道,能維持體內的電解質平衡。我們通常會避免偏酸的食物,酸味是氫離子的味道,偏酸的食物要麼是不成熟的,要麼是腐敗的。我們不喜歡苦味,因為很多有毒物質都是苦的。藥物通常也是苦的,因為藥物其實就是變相的毒物。

 

Tim JacobTaste drives appetite and protects us from poisons. So, we like the taste of sugar because we have an absolute requirement for carbohydrates (sugars etc.). We get cravings for salt because we must have sodium chloride (common salt) in our diet. Bitter and sour cause aversive, avoidance reactions because most poisons are bitter (most bitter substances are bad for you - certainly in excess) and off food goes sour (acidic). Why do medicines all taste bitter? Because they are, in fact, poisons and if you take too much they will harm you. We have an absolute need for protein, and amino acids are the building blocks for proteins, so the "new" taste quality umami (pronounced: oo-marmi) which is the meaty, savoury taste drives our appetite for amino acids. This taste has been known to the Japanese for a long time - but has only recently been recognised by the West. Bacon really hits our umami receptors because it is a rich source of amino acids.

(見:Why do we have taste?

 

 


 

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註:此信已經發給《新華每日電訊》信箱,並且抄送《草地周刊》信箱,並且收到回執。

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