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送交者: 亦明_ 2022月05月17日14:18:55 于 [教育学术] 发送悄悄话
回  答: 就方舟子剽窃科唬等问题给《新华每日电讯》的八封公开信亦明_ 于 2022-05-17 12:20:11

给《新华每日电讯》总编辑解国记先生的一封公开信

 

 

201274

 

【摘要】

 

综述20127月以前方舟子在《新华每日电讯》上发表的文章中存在的抄袭剽窃、科唬欺诈问题,向《新华每日电讯》正式实名举报。

 

【目录】

 

一、抄袭剽窃

二、贩卖无知

三、为利益集团背书

四、假公济私

五、结论

六、参考文献

附录1:方舟子在《新华每日电讯》上发表的六篇抄袭剽窃文章

附录2:相关网页截图

 

***   ***   ***   ***   ***   ***

 

 

尊敬的解国记先生:

 

众所周知,方舟子是贵报的专栏作家,定期在贵报《草地周刊》发表科普文章。至今,方舟子已经在贵报发表了五十多篇文章。事实是,这五十余篇文章几乎每篇都存在着极为严重科学问题和道德问题。归纳起来,这些问题可以分为以下四大类:抄袭剽窃、贩卖无知、为利益集团背书、假公济私。分述如下。

 

一、抄袭剽窃

 

大量事实证明,方舟子是整个人类历史上最大的抄袭剽窃惯犯,其抄袭剽窃历史始于他的中学时代,并且一直持续至今。目前已经得到证实的方舟子抄袭剽窃案例已经接近百起,这些剽窃文章被方舟子在中国平面媒体上发表了约二百余次。不仅如此,方舟子还是世界上最大的侵权盗版罪犯,至今盗窃图片将近两千余幅。【1实际上,《中国青年报》之所以在20109月将方舟子一脚踢出门外,就与他在该报发表了大量的抄袭剽窃文章有关。【2】也就是说,《新华每日电讯》是文贼方舟子目前唯一的销赃渠道。

 

据不完全查证,在过去不到一年的时间里,方舟子在《新华每日电讯》至少发表了以下六篇抄袭剽窃之作(见下表。详细论证参见本文附录)。

 

方舟子在《新华每日电讯》上发表的剽窃文章

标题

新华网上线时间

鼻子才是品尝美食的最重要器官

[2012-06-08 07:39]

人类喜欢腿长,为美更为健康

[2012-06-01 07:58]

身高的烦恼

[2012-05-11 07:06]

饱生男饿生女?

[2012-04-06 07:41]

我们为什么会打喷嚏

[2012-02-17 06:08]

新“三人行”:德先生赛先生,还有李先生

[2011-07-15 07:35]

 

由于方舟子自称靠写科普文章为生,而《新华每日电讯》又是目前唯一向方舟子提供专栏的媒体,因此可以说,《新华每日电讯》是方舟子盗窃犯罪、非法销赃的集散地。

 

二、贩卖无知

 

《新华每日电讯》为方舟子打出的招牌是“知名科普作家”。但事实是,方舟子在大学本科学的是细胞生物学,博士研究生时期学的是生物化学,而他 “科普”出丑最多的领域,恰恰就是他的所学专业。所以,早在十多年前他刚刚获得博士学位之际,方舟子就被海外网友蔑称为“猪油博士”。【3】也就是因为如此,尽管中国不良媒体竭力把方舟子捧为无所不知,尽管毫无羞耻的方舟子在中国社会冒充无所不能,但他却一直不敢“科普”自己的所学专业。可想而知,这样一个连自己所学专业都懵懵懂懂之人,在“科普”三教九流、五行八作的知识之时,会是怎样的捉襟见肘,丑态百出。详细论述方舟子在《新华每日电讯》上到底贩卖了多少无知,需要大量的篇幅,也没有这个必要。就在两天前,光明网就发表了美国依阿华大学廖俊林博士的文章,指出方舟子两个月前在《新华每日电讯》上发表的《当你被蚊子叮上》含有14条知识性错误。【4】而早在201110月,廖俊林博士还曾发表文章,揭露方舟子在《杰斐逊的化石》一文中贩卖的13条错误。【5】事实是,揭露方舟子贩卖无知的文章,在网络上多如牛毛,俯拾皆是,而《新华每日电讯》这家自称的“中央级新锐主流大报”却在不断地向中国社会倾倒科学垃圾。

 

三、为利益集团背书

 

笔者早就指出,方舟子贩卖的无知之中,有真无知和假无知两种。所谓真无知,就是因为学识浅薄不懂装懂,对自己所谈论的问题确实无知,所以方舟子才会把错误的、过时的、甚至伪造的知识当作真知抄袭过来,到《新华每日电讯》或其他报刊兑换稿费。所谓假无知,则是方舟子为了不可告人的邪恶目的,故意颠倒黑白,装疯卖傻,以售其奸。最典型的例子就是他通过造谣、撒谎、弄虚作假、胡编乱造在中国社会鼓吹转基因食品。【6】而最可显示其丧心病狂的就是,方舟子一面使用一套独特的逻辑来推销转基因食品(如不需人体实验就可以“证明”转基因食品无毒、无害、有益健康),一面却使用另一套相反的逻辑来疯狂反中医(如要求有几千年临床实践的中医药都必须通过“科学检验”,并且是双盲检验)。实际上,除了疯狂推销转基因和疯狂反中医之外,方舟子还是中国乃至整个世界上唯一为毒胶囊、为瘦肉精、为核辐射站台的“科普作家”。看看他在《新华每日电讯》上的这些“业绩”:

 

方舟子在《新华每日电讯》贩卖毒品的科唬文章

标题

新华网上线时间

环保玉米与环保猪

[2012-04-20 07:55]

日常生活中的辐射对人体有害吗?

[2012-01-20 07:18] 

青蒿素热中的冷思考

[2011-09-30 06:59]

别膨大了食品安全问题

[2011-05-27 07:41] 

反对转基因作物可以,但得以理服人

[2011-05-13 07:01] 

中药扬威海外神话的破灭

[2011-04-15 07:51] 

有没有合法安全的瘦肉精

[2011-04-01 07:40] 

盐荒说”“服碘说”,流言谬在哪里

[2011-03-18 07:33]

药物安全监管应该与国际接轨

[2011-02-25 07:23]

 

一个人如果不是邪恶透顶,怎么会这样?反过来说,有“中央级新锐主流大报”给这样的邪恶之徒提供作恶的舞台,他能不“知名”吗?

 

四、假公济私

 

方舟子虽然被中国媒体捧为“打假斗士”,但实际上他本人是中国历史上最大的假货。关于这一点,现在已经无需证明了。而这位自称的“无业游民”,却极为擅长利用公权来达到自己私人的邪恶目的,其主要手段和渠道,就是在自己的专栏中,发表于自己有利、于自己的对手和死敌不利、甚至直接攻击对手的文章。比如,2010年底,方舟子早年抄袭美国母校教授的劣迹被揭,他于是就一面通过大打别人抄袭来转移公众视线【7】,一面在《新华每日电讯》上发表《抄袭的境界》一文,以重塑自己的“打假斗士”金身。可是,两个月刚过,他的老婆、新华社主任记者刘菊花硕士学位论文抄袭丑闻大曝光。无论按照什么“境界”来界定,这桩抄袭案都是铁板钉钉。问题是,刘菊花不仅是方舟子的衣食父母,而且还是他的后台二老板,按照方舟子自己所说,打她的假会“给我的生活带来麻烦”。【8】因此,方舟子就在2011429日的《新华每日电讯》上发表文章,叫嚣《大学生不必写毕业论文》,意思不外是说,他老婆抄袭是“被逼出来的”。【9】也就是说,在《新华每日电讯》这份“中央级新锐主流大报”上,方舟子可以随心所欲,左右互搏。

 

实际上,就像他曾经利用《中国青年报》、《北京科技报》、《科学新闻》、《南方周末》等报刊公报私仇一样,《新华每日电讯》也是他打击仇敌的棍棒。今年五月,因为他打韩寒“代笔门”打得山穷水尽,进退维谷,他于是又一手炮制了韩寒的“身高门”,并且借机在《新华每日电讯》上发表《身高的烦恼》、《“增高产品”揭秘》这样的文章,其实质,就是要把舆论向质疑韩寒身高这方面引导,同时要向社会证明,他本人是这方面的专家。真是邪恶成性!

 

五、结论

 

任何一个人,只要犯下上述四条之中的任何一条,都会被有良知的媒体和社会所唾弃。而实际上,方舟子四毒俱全,并且毒入膏肓。因此,无论使用什么样的标准来衡量,方舟子都没有资格(包括学术资格和道德资格)在《新华每日电讯》这份“中央级新锐主流大报”上担任专栏作家——他也根本不具备那样的能力。从另一个角度来讲,《新华每日电讯》这份“中央级新锐主流大报”没有任何理由、也没有任何权力为方舟子这个社会败类败坏人类社会充当帮凶。因此,本人强烈建议《新华每日电讯》关闭方舟子在贵报的专栏,并且检讨自己的失职,向社会做出郑重道歉。

 

两个多月前,我曾对《南方周末》说过这样的话:

 

“当然,对于上述质疑,《南方周末》如果选择沉默,世人对他也奈何不得。但是,恰如《南方周末》的一篇倒汪文章的标题所说:‘谁都有权沉默,但必须承担代价’。(见201092日《南方周末》,http://www.infzm.com/content/49657)。而对于《南方周末》来说,保持沉默、拒不回答质疑的代价就是自己口口声声的‘公信力’的完全丧失和彻底破产。”【10

 

这样的话,对《新华每日电讯》同样适用:作恶可以,但必须承担后果!

 

顺祝编安!

 

 

葛莘

美国南卡罗莱纳州哥伦比亚市

 

抄送:《新华每日电讯·草地周刊》主编田朝晖

 

 

六、参考文献

 

1】亦明:《方舟子抄袭剽窃年谱》,中国学术评价网,201133日。

 

2】亦明:《方舟子与〈中国青年报〉邪恶同盟的终结》,中国学术评价网,2010105日。

 

3】亦明:《方舟子与〈中国青年报〉邪恶同盟之终结·当一个无知被捧为全知》,中国学术评价网,2011112日。

 

4】廖俊林:《看方舟子如此的蚊子科普》,光明网卫生频道,2012-07-04 12:06

 

【5】寻正:《清风不识字,何故乱翻书》,原载科学网廖俊林的博客,20111019日;转载见《新语丝伪打假真造假罪证大全》。

 

6】亦明:《科唬作家方舟子》,中国学术评价网,2010127日。

 

7】亦明:《方舟子为什么狂咬朱学勤?》,中国学术评价网,2012425日。

 

8】见新语丝读书论坛:2011-05-03, 16:39:52

 

【9】袁春宇:《打假斗士方舟子昨走进我省高校回应“抄袭门”、“遇袭门”,处处话藏机锋:本科生没必要写原创论文》,2011年4月9《钱江晚报》;方舟子将之改题为《方舟子杭州演讲:学生造假有时候是被逼出来的》发表在201149日新语丝新到资料。

 

10】亦明:《〈南方周末〉为什么要陷害肖传国?》,中国学术评价网2012422日。

 

 

附录1:方舟子在《新华每日电讯》上发表的六篇抄袭剽窃文章

 

 

【1】2011年7月15日,方舟子在《新华每日电讯》上发表《新“三人行”:德先生赛先生,还有李先生》一文。该文三天后以《科学与自由的交融》为题在新语丝网站和方舟子新浪博客上发表。7月19日,美国《科学》杂志撰稿人、方舟子的长期支持者郝炘在科学网博客上发表文章,《方舟子这样写文章不好》,指控方舟子这篇文章涉嫌抄袭美国作家Timonthy Ferris

 

22012217日,方舟子在《新华每日电讯》发表《我们为什么会打喷嚏?》一文515日,未名空间网友发帖子指出,这篇文章是抄袭之作,抄袭的铁证就是“原文中的这只是我的观点(But that is just my opinion)一句被删除,被方舟子当作真理科普了。”(原文链接已经失效,网页复制见附件《跟着方舟子学抄袭》)。

 

3201246日,方舟子在《新华每日电讯》发表《饱生男饿生女》一文(该文已被《新华每日电讯》网站删除)。423日,该文在新语丝网站和方舟子新浪博客上发表。同日,网友白字秀才发表文章指出,这是一篇充满无知的科唬文章,并且含有大量自我抄袭的文字。(白字秀才:《方舟子的一篇自我剽窃、粗制滥造、逻辑混乱的科普》,2012423日星湖沙龙。原文链接已经失效,网页复制见附件《跟着方舟子学抄袭》,或见凯迪网络转载:《方舟子的一篇自我剽窃、粗制滥造、逻辑混乱的科普》)。

 

42012511日,方舟子在《新华每日电讯》发表《身高的烦恼》。次日,这篇文章出现在他的新浪博客上(注:20141021日前后被关闭)。13日,未名空间网友G99991揭露,这是抄袭之作(G99991:《跟着方舟子学抄袭》。原文链接已经失效)。下面是G99991所作的比较:

 

方舟子:身高的这种增长趋势,与营养的改善有关。生长最迅速的时期是新生儿和婴儿时期(02岁),其次是青春期早期(女孩1112岁,男孩1314岁),这两个时期的营养状况对身高至关重要。但是一个人的身高同时也受遗传因素的影响,父母身材比较高的,其子女往往也比较高。那么先天的遗传因素和后天的环境因素对身材高低的影响哪个更重要呢?我们可以通过统计亲属(特别是孪生子)的身高计算出遗传因素所占的比重。如果在一个人群,所有的人都能获得生长所需的足够营养,那么影响身高差异的主要是遗传因素,例如美国人的身高80%受遗传因素的影响

维基百科Humans grow fastest (other than in the womb) as infants and toddlers, rapidly declining from a maximum at birth to roughly age 2, tapering to a slowly declining rate, and then during the pubertal growth spurt, a rapid rise to a second maxima (at around 11–12 years for female, and 13–14 years for male), followed by a steady decline to zero. On average, female growth velocity trails off to zero at about 15 or 16 years, whereas the male curve continues for approximately 3 more years, going to zero at about 18–20. These are also critical periods where stressors such as malnutrition (or even severe child neglect) have the greatest effect.


方舟子:例如中国男人的身高65%受遗传因素影响,中国女人的身高则60%受遗传因素影响

 

《科学美国人》:For example, in 2004 Miao-Xin Li of Hunan Normal University in China and his colleagues estimated a height heritability of 65 percent, based on a Chinese population of 385 families. (见:Chao-Qiang Lai. How much of human height is genetic and how much is due to nutrition? Scientific American, December 11, 2006.)【注:这篇文章是上面维基百科“身高”辞条引用的一篇文献。】

 

方舟子:假定一个身高1.75米的中国男子和一个身高1.65米的中国女子结婚,如果生的是儿子,我们可以预测遗传因素会让他比平均身高高出0.65x[(175-170)+(165-160)]/2=3.25厘米,如果生的是女儿的话,则是0.6x[(175-170)+(165-160)]/2=3厘米。环境因素有可能会让儿子再高出0.35x[(175170)+(165-160)]/2=1.75厘米,女儿高出0.4x[(175-170)+(165-160)]/2=2厘米。当然这只是平均值,实际情形会有所差异。如果加强营养,则有可能让子女长得比父母高。影响身高的最重要的营养素是蛋白质,其次是钙等矿物质和维生素DA

 

《科学美国人》:For example, say a man 175 cm tall marries a woman 165 cm tall, and both
are from a Chinese population with a population mean of 170 cm for men and 160 cm for women. We can predict the height of their children, assuming the heritability is 65 percent for men and 60 percent for women in this population. For a son, the expected height difference from the population mean is: 0.65 x [(175 - 170) + (165 - 160)] / 2, which equals 3.25cm; for a daughter, the difference is 0.6 x [(175 - 170) + (165 - 160)] / 2,which equals 3 cm. Thus, the expected height of a son is 170 + 3.2, or 173.2cm, and of a daughter 160 + 3, or 163 cm. On the other hand, environmental effects can add 1.75 cm to a son's height: 0.35 x [(175 - 170) + (165 - 160)] /2, and 2 cm to a daughter's: 0.4 x [(175 - 170) + (165 - 160)] / 2. Of course, these predictions only reflect the mean expected height for each of the two siblings (brothers and sisters); the actual observed height may be different. (见:Chao-Qiang Lai.
How much of human height is genetic and how much is due to nutrition?

 

方舟子:如果加强营养,则有可能让子女长得比父母高。影响身高的最重要的营养素是蛋白质,其次是钙等矿物质和维生素DA

 

《科学美国人》:Can special treatment and nutrient supplements increase the height further?
The answer is yes. The most important nutrient for final height is protein in childhood. Minerals, in particular calcium, and vitamins A and D also influence height. (见:Chao-Qiang Lai.
How much of human height is genetic and how much is due to nutrition?

 

5201261日,方舟子在《新华每日电讯》发表《人类喜欢腿长,为美更为健康》一文。68日,这篇文章发表在他的和讯博客新浪博客上(注:该博客于20141021日前后被关闭),方舟子并且在在新浪微博为这篇文章打广告、发长微博。方舟子在新浪微博打广告之后两个多小时,网友“相声说交大”就发微博指出:

 

“方舟子的科普,不过是翻译一些外国的文献(节选)。它刚刚发的博文#人们为什么爱美腿#,是抄袭的2010年的一篇外国论文Leg Length, Body Proportion, and Healthy: A Review with a Note on Beauty.”(注:该微博已被删除。)

 

“相声说交大”没有做出方舟子抄袭的文字比较,下面是笔者根据这个线索做的对比 (“Leg Length, Body Proportion, and Healthy: A Review with a Note on Beauty”一文的作者是英国Loughborough University的科学家,Barry Bogin * and Maria Inês Varela-Silva,文章发表在Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7, 1047-1075):

 

方舟子:达·芬奇画过一幅著名的人体比例图,代表着西方传统美术对标准人体的看法,作为人体绘画、雕塑的参考。比如,一个人的身高等于8个头长。

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaBuilding on the work of Vitruvius, a first century B.C. Roman architect and writer, Leonardo da Vinci (b1452-d1519) developed canons, or rules, for drawing human proportions. According to these canons, human body height is to be the length of eight heads, with an additional one-quarter head for neck length. Leg length is to be four head lengths. Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man (c. 1487) is the iconic illustration of the canons.

 

方舟子:人刚出生的时候,都是大头娃娃,头长占了身长的约四分之一;也是短腿娃娃,腿长也只有身长的约四分之一。随着年龄的增长,身体的发育,头部相对越来越短,腿部相对越来越长,到成年时,腿长约占了身高的二分之一。

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaHuman adult body proportions are brought about by differential growth of the body segments [21]. At birth, head length is approximately one quarter of total body length, while at 25 years of age the head is only approximately one-eighth of the total length.

 

方舟子:在这个发育过程中,不仅遗传因素,营养状况、疾病等因素都会影响到腿部骨骼的生长,从而影响到腿长。腿身比或腿长是判断儿童营养和发育状况的一个容易测定的指标。生活条件好的儿童,他们的腿相对较长,反之,生活条件差的儿童则腿相对较短

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaHuman growth is highly plastic during the years of growth and development, responding to the overall quality of living conditions [11]. From the perspective of developmental plasticity, leg length, both in terms of absolute size and relative to total stature, is an indicator of the quality of the environment for growth during infancy, childhood and the juvenile years of development.

 

方舟子:比较在美国出生的玛雅人和危地马拉的玛雅人,发现身高高了11.54厘米,腿长长了6.83厘米,也就是说,身高的增长有大约60%是腿增长引起的

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaLeg length is a sensitive indicator of the quality of the environment. Maya children in the USA show relatively longer legs in proportion to stature than their counterparts in Guatemala. By 2000, Maya migrants to the USA were 11.54 cm taller and 6.83 cm longer-legged than Maya children in Guatemala.

 

方舟子:即使对成年人而言,腿长也与健康状况有关。腿较长的人得冠心病、糖尿病、高血压、肝脏疾病、肥胖的风险也相对较低。

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaRelatively shorter legs and shorter stature due to relatively shorter legs may increase the risk for overweight (fatness), coronary heart disease and diabetes [103,112,122-125]. These same proportions are associated with liver dysfunction (increased levels of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase) [126].

 

方舟子:在20052006年,对近万名50岁以上中国人的调查发现,在消除了年龄、经济状况、教育等因素后,腿较长的妇女的后代数量也更多,而男人则没有这种情况。这表明女性的腿长可能与生育能力有关。身材高的妇女骨盆也比较宽,这有助于生育,减少难产的风险

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaThere are complications in the relationship between LL, health, SES, and better environments for growth. One such complication is noted by Schooling et al. [131,132] in an analysis of a cross-sectional sample from of 9998 Chinese people aged at least 50 years old and measured in 2005–2006. SH and H were measured and LL estimated as H-SH. The growth environment for the 50+ year old adults was estimated via a questionnaire asking about own education, father’s occupation, parental literacy, and parental possessions. The authors find that leg length and height, but not sitting height, vary with some childhood conditions. Participants with two literate parents who owned more possessions have longer legs. Unexpectedly, the participants’ education level and their father’s occupation have no effect on height or leg length. Higher scores for these variables do associate with an earlier age at menarche for women participants. The authors explain that earlier menarche for girls, and earlier puberty for boys, will terminate growth at an earlier age. This may explain why higher SES of the participants and their parents, as measured by education and father’s occupation, did not associate with longer LL. That parental literacy and possessions did associate with LL indicates that researchers must focus on factors that are socially and historically relevant to the population under study, rather than a generic measure of SES.

 

Leg length and proportion are important in the perception of human beauty, which is often considered a sign of health and fertility

 

方舟子:如果我们把人和类人猿相比,会发现人类的腿相对较长,而手(前肢)相对较短。相对于前肢骨头长度,人的腿部骨头平均来说比类人猿长了34%。长腿是人类的特征,这个特征在400多万年前人类祖先与黑猩猩祖先分手时就已经出现了。当时人类开始了直立行走,而只有当腿相对较长,长度达到约占身高的二分之一时, 直立行走、奔跑的效率才会最高,才有更好的生存能力

 

Bogin & Varela-SilvaThe human species is distinguished from the non-human primates by several anatomical features. Among these are proportions of the arms and legs relative to total body length. The human difference is illustrated in Figure 5. In proportion to total body length, measured as stature, modern human adults have relatively long legs and short arms. Quantitative differences between adult humans, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and bonobos (Pan paniscus) are given in Table 1. The combined values for the intermembral index and the humerofemoral index show that humans have leg bones averaging 34% longer then the non-human apes, relative to the length of arm bones. The primary reason for this is human bipedal locomotion, a behavior which evolved at least by 4.4 million years ago (MYA), as shown in the fossil hominin species Ardipithecus ramidus. Leg length must approximate 50 percent of total stature to achieve the biomechanical efficiency of the human striding bipedal gait. In modern humans this happens at the end of the childhood life history stage, which occurs at about 7.0 years of age [11]. By adulthood, human species-specific body proportions allow for not only the bipedal striding gait, but also—as has been observed, experimentally tested, or speculatively proposed—for technological manipulation [12], more efficient thermoregulation in a tropical savannah environment [13-16], the freeing of the hands for carrying objects and infants [17], for long distance running [18], and for gesticulation, communication, language, and social-emotional contact [19].

 

实际上,方舟子还抄袭了另外一篇文章:Piotr Sorokowski. 2010. Attractiveness of Legs Length in Poland and Great Britain.  J Hum Ecol, 31(3): 145-149.

 

方舟子:女模特的平均身高不仅高于一般女性,腿长也相对较长。例如,波兰女模特的平均身高比普通波兰妇女高出7.93厘米,腿长则高出6.54厘米。这还不够。美工在制作广告时,往往还要把画上的模特的腿加工得长一点

 

Piotr SorokowskiUntil now, the LBR preferences were investigated only in a few countries. The preference for proportionately longer-legged individuals might therefore be a phenomenon specific to Western cultures. For example, it could be a result of exposure to media images in which women with relatively longer legs are presented as more attractive (as e.g. the preferences for thinness and fatness of a body – Feldman et al. 1988). Sorokowski (2009) found that female models (N=86) were 7.93 centimeters taller than the average Polish women. Moreover, the models had legs 6.53 cm longer than the average students of the University of Wroclaw (N=200).

 

方舟子:有一些调查也发现,长腿会被认为比较性感。例如,拿一个人的照片,改变其腿部的长度,然后让人对其性感程度打分。腿缩短或过分延长的照片得分较低,得分最高的是稍微延长一些的(比原来长5%)。其他一些调查也发现,女性的腿身比(腿长和身高的比例)较高时,也就是腿部相对较长时,会被认为是比较有吸引力的。男性这点倒不明显。不过,有研究发现,不管是男性还是女性,腿身比低于平均值,也就是腿长相对比一般人短的,都被认为是比较没有吸引力的

 

Piotr SorokowskiSwami et al. (2006) examined 71 British students. The results showed that the highest LBR was rated as most attractive in women, whereas in men the lowest LBR was preferred. Sorokowski and Pawlowski (2008) examined 218 Polish people. Their results showed that pictures of both males and females with legs shorter than average were perceived as less attractive. Although longer legs appeared to be more attractive, this was true only for the slight (5%) leg length increase; excessively long legs decreased body attractiveness for both sexes.

 

6201268日,方舟子在《新华每日电讯》发表《鼻子才是品尝美食的最重要器官》。612日,方舟子将这篇文章以《我们怎么品尝食物的味道?》为题,发表在自己的和讯博客新浪博客上发表,并且在新浪微博上打广告方舟子微博广告发出之后三个小时,网友“相声说交大”就发微博指控方舟子抄袭:

 

@方舟子抄袭新作#我们怎么品尝食物的味道#这次不去抄袭别人的学术论文,而是去抄袭人家加迪夫大学生物系的一个科普介绍。难道科普就是可以抄袭的么?”(注:该微博已被删除。)

 

“相声说交大”没有做出方舟子抄袭的文字比较,下面是笔者根据这个线索做的对比(注:“相声说交大” 所说的“加迪夫大学生物系的一个科普介绍”为英国Cardiff University生物科学教授Tim Jacob编辑的关于味觉和嗅觉的网页,内容十分丰富,并且列有参考文献。由于方舟子抄袭了内容分散在两个网页,并且还抄袭了维基百科,笔者在每段之后给出该段文字的链接。)

 

方舟子:一种食物的滋味,是由气味、味道、口感、温度等多方面综合而成的,其中最重要的不是味道,而是气味。被我们说成味道的东西其实百分之八、九十来自香味。这些香味是挥发性的气体,它们从鼻孔或嘴巴飘进鼻腔,一直飘到鼻子根部、眼睛下面,和那里的嗅觉受体结合,产生了嗅觉。如果没有香味的话,你将无法分辨很多食物,更不要说品尝美食。不信的话,捏紧鼻子,闭上眼睛,你会发现你甚至分不清茶和咖啡,分辨不出剁碎的洋葱和剁碎的苹果。感冒后觉得吃什么东西都没有味道,不是因为像民间所说的舌苔厚,而是因为鼻子不通,嗅觉不灵。鼻子才是我们欣赏美食的最重要器官。

 

Tim JacobWhat we refer to as taste is actually flavour. Flavour is a combination of taste and smell sensory information.

 

"As much as 80% of what we call "taste" actually is aroma" (Dr Susan Schiffman quoted in Chicago Tribune, 3 May 1990)

 

"Ninety percent of what is perceived as taste is actually smell" (Dr Alan Hirsch of the Taste Treatment and Research Foundation in Chicago, quoted in MX, Melbourne, Australia, 28 Jan 2003).

 

Smell is more sensitive than taste: threshold for sucrose (taste) is between 12 and 30mM (millimolar) depending upon test used. Strychnine is a very powerful taste (apparently), and can be tasted at 10-6M (one micromolar). As for smell, mercaptan can be detected at 7x10-13Molar. Taking into account the relative volumes needed for taste and smell (you sniff a greater volume of air than you taste a liquid), smell is 10,000 times more sensitive than taste (Moncrieff, R.W.The Chemical Senses", 3rd ed., Leonard Hill, London, 1967.)

 

Taste is mainly smell. Hold your nose, close your eyes, and try to tell the difference between coffee or tea, red or white wine, brandy or whisky. In fact, with blocked nose (clothes peg or similar) you can't tell the difference between grated apple and grated onion - try it! Of course, this is because what we often call taste is in fact flavour. Flavour is a combination of taste, smell, texture (touch sensation) and other physical features (eg. temperature).

(见:Strange taste facts.)。

 

方舟子:我们的嗅觉要比味觉敏感得多,要敏感一万倍。我们能分辨的气味种类也要比味道种类多得多。基本的味道只有五种,即酸、甜、苦、咸、鲜(辣并不是一种味道,而是一种灼热痛觉)。而气味通常估计有4千到1万种,而事实上没有两种物质具有完全相同的气味,在理论上我们能够分辨的气味种类是无限的。

 

Tim JacobYou will read in the literature that we can smell between 4,000 and 10,000 different odours. In fact, no two substances smell exactly alike and the current understanding of smell discrimination means that there is an infinite number of odours to which we would be sensitive.

(见:Odour code.

 

方舟子:即使是对味觉的感受,也不限于舌尖,甚至不限于舌头。只要有味蕾的地方,就能感受到味道。味蕾不仅分布在舌头的各个部分,而且还分布在软腭(腭的后)和会厌(舌根后方的小舌头),这些地方都能感受味道。

 

Tim JacobIn mammals taste buds are located throughout the oral cavity, in the pharynx, the laryngeal epiglottis and at the entrance of the eosophagus. Taste buds on the dorsal lingual epithelium are the most numerous (total number of taste buds, all classes, = 4600 per tongue) and best-studied taste end-organs. Here, taste buds are contained within four major classes of papillae.

(见:Anatomy and Physiology of Gustation.

 

方舟子:有一种很流行的说法,认为舌头的不同部位感受不同的味道,舌尖感受甜味,舌尖两侧感受咸味,舌体两侧感受酸味,舌根感受苦味。这种说法已流传了一百多年,被写入了教材,但是却是错误的,很容易证伪:你可以自己往舌尖上放一点食盐试试,同样会觉得很咸。事实上舌头的各个部位都能感受五种基本味道。至于舌头的不同部位对不同味道的敏感程度是否不一样,目前还没有定论,即使有差异,也与流行的说法不一致。有一项实验表明,舌头各个部位以及软腭对甜味、咸味和苦味的敏感性并无区别,软腭对酸味的敏感性不如舌尖,而男人的软腭对酸味的敏感性甚至还不如舌根。

 

维基百科The tongue map or taste map is a common misconception that different sections of the tongue are exclusively responsible for different basic tastes. It is illustrated with a schematic map of the tongue, with certain parts of the tongue labeled for each taste. Although widely taught in schools, this was scientifically disproven by later research; all taste sensations come from all regions of the tongue, although parts may be more sensitive to certain flavors.

 

方舟子:不同的人对味道的敏感性也存在差异。1931年,杜邦公司的化学家亚瑟·福克斯在实验室里合成苯硫脲,不小心把它吹到空中。旁边一位同事抱怨说这东西尝起来真苦,而福克斯自己却没有任何感觉。福克斯也让亲戚、朋友都来尝尝苯硫脲,发现有的能尝出苦味,有的不能。随后的研究发现能否尝出苯硫脲的味道是基因决定的。

 

维基百科In 1931, A.L. Fox, a DuPont chemist, discovered that some individuals found phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) to be bitter while others found it tasteless.[4][5] At the 1931 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fox collaborated with Blakeslee (a geneticist) to have attendees taste PTC: 65% found it bitter, 28% found it tasteless and 6% described other taste qualities. Subsequent work revealed that the ability to taste PTC was genetic in nature.

 

方舟子:我们现在知道,那些不能尝出苯硫脲的苦味的人,他们舌头上的味觉乳头要比一般人少(每平方厘米有117个味觉乳头)。这些无品味者在人口中大约占25%。正常品味者的舌头每平方厘米有127个味觉乳头,他们占了人口的约50%。剩下的25%的人属于超级品味者,他们的舌头每平方厘米有165个味觉乳头,对味道非常敏感。对味道的敏感程度会影响到一个人的生活习惯。超级品味者会觉得一些蔬菜的味道苦得难以入口,所以他们往往不喜欢吃蔬菜。

 

Tim JacobIt has been found that some people have more than the normal number of taste papillae (and taste buds). They are distinguished by their increased density of fungiform papillae and their exterme sensitivity to the chemical n-propylthiouracil (PROP). Supertasters - 25% of the population (and more women than men) - tend not to like green vegetables and fatty foods.

 


% of   population

*density of   taste papillae cm-2

supertasters

25

165

normal tasters

50

127

non-tasters

25

117

* at the tip of the tongue (from Yackinous & Guinard, Appetite (2000) 38, 201-209).

(见:Supertasters.

 

方舟子:基本味道虽然只有五种,但这五种味道却分别代表着对我们的身体有益或有害的东西,与我们的身体健康甚至生命安全息息相关。我们喜欢甜味,因为那是糖的味道,而糖能为我们提供生命活动所需要的能量,对一食难求的我们的祖先来说,这种能量是多多益善的,所以我们对甜味的喜爱几乎是没有止境的,只有在食物过剩的现代社会这才成了问题。我们喜欢鲜味,因为那是谷氨酸的味道,有它,就意味着对我们的营养至关重要的蛋白质。我们喜欢咸味,因为那是钠离子的味道,能维持体内的电解质平衡。我们通常会避免偏酸的食物,酸味是氢离子的味道,偏酸的食物要么是不成熟的,要么是腐败的。我们不喜欢苦味,因为很多有毒物质都是苦的。药物通常也是苦的,因为药物其实就是变相的毒物。

 

Tim JacobTaste drives appetite and protects us from poisons. So, we like the taste of sugar because we have an absolute requirement for carbohydrates (sugars etc.). We get cravings for salt because we must have sodium chloride (common salt) in our diet. Bitter and sour cause aversive, avoidance reactions because most poisons are bitter (most bitter substances are bad for you - certainly in excess) and off food goes sour (acidic). Why do medicines all taste bitter? Because they are, in fact, poisons and if you take too much they will harm you. We have an absolute need for protein, and amino acids are the building blocks for proteins, so the "new" taste quality umami (pronounced: oo-marmi) which is the meaty, savoury taste drives our appetite for amino acids. This taste has been known to the Japanese for a long time - but has only recently been recognised by the West. Bacon really hits our umami receptors because it is a rich source of amino acids.

(见:Why do we have taste?

 

 


 

附录2:相关网页截图

 

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注:此信已经发给《新华每日电讯》信箱,并且抄送《草地周刊》信箱,并且收到回执。

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