Logic
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For other uses, see Logic (disambiguation).
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Logic (from Classical Greek 朦泔?logos; meaning word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle) is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

As a xxxxal science, logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of xxxxal systems of inference and through the study of arguments in natural language. The field of logic ranges from core topics such as the study of fallacies and paradoxes, to specialized analysis of reasoning using probability and to arguments involving causality. Logic is also commonly used today in argumentation theory. [1]

Traditionally, logic is studied as a branch of philosophy, one part of the classical trivium, which consisted of grammar, logic, and rhetoric. Since the mid-nineteenth century xxxxal logic has been studied in the context of foundations of mathematics, where it was often called symbolic logic. In 1903 Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell attempted to establish logic xxxxally as the cornerstone of mathematics with the publication of Principia Mathematica.[2] However, the system of Principia is no longer much used, having been largely supplanted by set theory. As the study of xxxxal logic expanded, research no longer focused solely on foundational issues, and the study of several resulting areas of mathematics came to be called mathematical logic. The development of xxxxal logic and its implementation in computing machinery is the foundation of computer science.